North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA)

Section A - Agriculture

Article 701: Scope and Coverage

1. This Section applies to measures adopted or maintained by a Party relating to agricultural trade.

2. In the event of any inconsistency between this Section and another provision of this Agreement,
this Section shall prevail to the extent of the inconsistency.

Article 702: International Obligations

1. Annex 702.1 applies to the Parties specified in that Annex with respect to agricultural trade under
certain agreements between them.

2. Prior to adopting pursuant to an intergovernmental commodity agreement, a measure that may
affect trade in an agricultural good between the Parties, the Party proposing to adopt the measure
shall consult with the other Parties with a view to avoiding nullification or impairment of a concession
granted by that Party in its Schedule to Annex 302.2.

3. Annex 702.3 applies to the Parties specified in that Annex with respect to measures adopted or
maintained pursuant to an intergovernmental coffee agreement.

Article 703: Market Access

1. The Parties shall work together to improve access to their respective markets through the
reduction or elimination of import barriers to trade between them in agricultural goods.

Customs Duties, Quantitative Restrictions, and Agricultural Grading and Marketing
Standards

2. Annex 703.2 applies to the Parties specified in that Annex with respect to customs duties and
quantitative restrictions, trade in sugar and syrup goods, and agricultural grading and marketing
standards.

Special Safeguard Provisions

3. Each Party may, in accordance with its Schedule to Annex 302.2, adopt or maintain a special
safeguard in the form of a tariff rate quota on an agricultural good listed in its Section of Annex
703.3. Notwithstanding Article 302.2, a Party may not apply an over-quota tariff rate under a special
safeguard that exceeds the lesser of:

a) the most-favored-nation (MFN) rate as of July 1, 1991; and

b) the prevailing MFN rate.

4. No Party may, with respect to the same good and the same country, at the same time:

a) apply an over-quota tariff rate under paragraph 3; and

b) take an emergency action covered by Chapter Eight (Emergency Action).

Article 704: Domestic Support

The Parties recognize that domestic support measures can be of crucial importance to their
agricultural sectors but may also have trade distorting and production effects and that domestic
support reduction commitments may result from agricultural multilateral trade negotiations under the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Accordingly, where a Party supports its
agricultural producers, that Party should endeavor to work toward domestic support measures that:

a) have minimal or no trade distorting or production effects; or

b) are exempt from any applicable domestic support reduction commitments that may be
negotiated under the GATT.

The Parties further recognize that a Party may change its domestic support measures, including those
that may be subject to reduction commitments, at the Party's discretion, subject to its rights and
obligations under the GATT.

Article 705: Export Subsidies

1. The Parties share the objective of the multilateral elimination of export subsidies for agricultural
goods and shall cooperate in an effort to achieve an agreement under the GATT to eliminate those
subsidies.

2. The Parties recognize that export subsidies for agricultural goods may prejudice the interests of
importing and exporting Parties and, in particular, may disrupt the markets of importing Parties.
Accordingly, in addition to the rights and obligations of the Parties specified in Annex 702.1, the
Parties affirm that it is inappropriate for a Party to provide an export subsidy for an agricultural good
exported to the territory of another Party where there are no other subsidized imports of that good
into the territory of that other Party.

3. Except as provided in Annex 702.1, where an exporting Party considers that a non-Party is
exporting an agricultural good to the territory of another Party with the benefit of export subsidies, the
importing Party shall, on written request of the exporting Party, consult with the exporting Party with
a view to agreeing on specific measures that the importing Party may adopt to counter the effect of
any such subsidized imports. If the importing Party adopts the agreed-upon measures, the exporting
Party shall refrain from applying, or immediately cease to apply, any export subsidy to exports of
such good to the territory of the importing Party.

4. Except as provided in Annex 702.1, an exporting Party shall deliver written notice to the importing
Party at least three days, excluding weekends, prior to adopting an export subsidy measure on an
agricultural good exported to the territory of another Party. The exporting Party shall consult with the
importing Party within 72 hours of receipt of the importing Party's written request, with a view to
eliminating the subsidy or minimizing any adverse impact on the market of the importing Party for that
good. The importing Party shall, when requesting consultations with the exporting Party, at the same
time, deliver written notice to a third Party of the request. A third Party may request to participate in
such consultations.

5. Each Party shall take into account the interests of the other Parties in the use of any export subsidy
on an agricultural good, recognizing that such subsidies may have prejudicial effects on the interests of
the other Parties.

6. The Parties hereby establish a Working Group on Agricultural Subsidies, comprising
representatives of each Party, which shall meet at least semi-annually or as the Parties may otherwise
agree, to work toward elimination of all export subsidies affecting agricultural trade between the
Parties. The functions of the Working Group shall include:

a) monitoring the volume and price of imports into the territory of any Party of agricultural
goods that have benefitted from export subsidies;

b) providing a forum for the Parties to develop mutually acceptable criteria and procedures for
reaching agreement on the limitation or elimination of export subsidies for imports of
agricultural goods into the territories of the Parties; and

c) reporting annually to the Committee on Agricultural Trade, established under Article 706,
on the implementation of this Article.

7. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article:

a) if the importing and exporting Parties agree to an export subsidy for an agricultural good
exported to the territory of the importing Party, the exporting Party or Parties may adopt or
maintain such subsidy; and

b) each Party retains its rights to apply countervailing duties to subsidized imports of
agricultural goods from the territory of a Party or non-Party.

Article 706: Committee on Agricultural Trade

1. The Parties hereby establish a Committee on Agricultural Trade, comprising representatives of
each Party.

2. The Committee's functions shall include:

a) monitoring and promoting cooperation on the implementation and administration of this
Section;

b) providing a forum for the Parties to consult on issues related to this Section at least
semi-annually and as the Parties may otherwise agree; and

c) reporting annually to the Commission on the implementation of this Section.

Article 707: Advisory Committee on Private Commercial Disputes regarding Agricultural
Goods

The Committee shall establish an Advisory Committee on Private Commercial Disputes regarding
Agricultural Goods, comprising persons with expertise or experience in the resolution of private
commercial disputes in agricultural trade. The Advisory Committee shall report and provide
recommendations to the Committee for the development of systems in the territory of each Party to
achieve the prompt and effective resolution of such disputes, taking into account any special
circumstance, including the perishability of certain agricultural goods.

Article 708: Definitions

For purposes of this Section:

agricultural good means a good provided for in any of the following:

Note: (For purposes of reference only, descriptions are provided next to the corresponding
tariff provision.)

(a) Harmonized System (HS) Chapters 1 through 24 (other than a fish or fish
product); or
(b) HS subheading 2905.43 manitol
HS subheading 2905.44 sorbitol
HS heading 33.01 essential oils
HS headings 35.01 to 35.05 albuminoidal substances, modified
starches, glues
HS subheading 3809.10 finishing agents
HS subheading 3823.60 sorbitol n.e.p.
HS headings 41.01 to 41.03 hides and skins
HS heading 43.01 raw furskins
HS headings 50.01 to 50.03 raw silk and silk waste
HS headings 51.01 to 51.03 wool and animal hair
HS headings 52.01 to 52.03 raw cotton, cotton waste and cotton
carded or combed
HS heading 53.01 raw flax
HS heading 53.02 raw hemp

customs duty means "customs duty" as defined in Article 318 (National Treatment and Market
Access for Goods - Definitions);

duty-free means "duty-free" as defined in Article 318;

fish or fish product means a fish or crustacean, mollusc or other aquatic invertebrate, marine
mammal, or a product thereof provided for in any of the following:

HS Chapter 03 fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic
invertebrates
HS heading 05.07 tortoise-shell, whalebone and whalebone hair and
those fish or crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic
invertebrates, marine mammals, and their products
within this heading
HS heading 05.08 coral and similar materials
HS heading 05.09 natural sponges of animal origin
HS heading 05.11 products of fish or crustaceans,
molluscs or other aquatic invertebrates; dead animals
of Chapter 3
HS heading 15.04 fats and oils and their fractions, of fish or
marine mammals
HS heading 16.03 "non-meat" extracts and juices
HS heading 16.04 prepared or preserved fish
HS heading 16.05 prepared preserved crustaceans, molluscs and
other aquatic invertebrates;
HS subheading 2301.20 flours, meals, pellets of fish

material means "material" as defined in Article 415 (Rules of Origin - Definitions);

over-quota tariff rate means the rate of customs duty to be applied to quantities in excess of the
quantity specified under a tariff rate quota;

sugar or syrup good means "sugar or syrup good" as defined in Annex 703.2;

tariff item means a "tariff item" as defined in Annex 401; and

tariff rate quota means a mechanism that provides for the application of a customs duty at a certain
rate to imports of a particular good up to a specified quantity (in-quota quantity), and at a different
rate to imports of that good that exceed that quantity.

Annex 702.1: Incorporation of Trade Provisions

1. Articles 701, 702, 704, 705, 706, 707, 710 and 711 of the Canada - United States Free Trade
Agreement apply, as between Canada and the United States, which Articles are hereby
incorporated into and made a part of this Agreement.

2. The definitions of the terms specified in Article 711 of the Canada - United States Free Trade
Agreement shall apply to the Articles incorporated by paragraph 1.

3. For purposes of this incorporation, any reference to Chapter Eighteen of the Canada -United
States Free Trade Agreement shall be deemed to be a reference to Chapter Twenty (Institutional
Arrangements and Dispute Settlement Procedures) of this Agreement.

4. The Parties understand that Article 710 of the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement
incorporates the GATT rights and obligations of Canada and the United States with respect to
agricultural, food, beverage and certain related goods, including exemptions by virtue of paragraph
(1)(b) of the Protocol of Provisional Application of the GATT and waivers granted under Article
XXV of the GATT.

Annex 702.3: Intergovernmental Coffee Agreement

Notwithstanding Article 2101 (General Exceptions), neither Canada nor Mexico may adopt or
maintain a measure, pursuant to an intergovernmental coffee agreement, that restricts trade in coffee
between them.

Annex 703.2: Market Access

Section A - Mexico and the United States

1. This Section applies only as between Mexico and the United States.

Customs Duties and Quantitative Restrictions

2. With respect to agricultural goods, Article 309(1) and (2) (Import and Export Restrictions) applies
only to qualifying goods.

3. Each Party waives its rights under Article XI:2(c) of the GATT, and those rights as incorporated
by Article 309, regarding any measure adopted or maintained with respect to the importation of
qualifying goods.

4. Except with respect to a good set out in Section B or C of Annex 703.3 or Appendix 703.2.A.4,
where a Party applies an over-quota tariff rate to a qualifying good pursuant to a tariff rate quota set
out in its Schedule to Annex 302.2, or increases a customs duty for a sugar or syrup good to a rate,
in accordance with paragraph 18, that exceeds the rate of customs duty for that good set out in its
GATT Schedule of Tariff Concessions as of July 1, 1991, the other Party waives its rights under the
GATT with respect to the application of that rate of customs duty.

5. Notwithstanding Article 302(2) (Tariff Elimination), where an agreement resulting from agricultural
multilateral trade negotiations under the GATT enters into force with respect to a Party pursuant to
which it has agreed to convert a prohibition or restriction on its importation of an agricultural good
into a tariff rate quota or a customs duty, that Party may not apply to such good that is a qualifying
good an over-quota tariff rate that is higher than the lower of the over-quota tariff rate set out in:

a) its Schedule to Annex 302.2, and

b) that agreement, and paragraph 4 shall no longer apply to the other Party with respect to that
good.

6. Each Party may count the in-quota quantity under a tariff rate quota applied to a qualifying good in
accordance with its Schedule to Annex 302.2 toward the satisfaction of commitments regarding an
in-quota quantity of a tariff rate quota or level of access under a restriction on the importation of that
good:

a) that have been agreed under the GATT, including as set out in its GATT Schedule of Tariff
Concessions; or

b) undertaken by the Party as a result of any agreement resulting from agricultural multilateral
trade negotiations under the GATT.

7. Neither Party may count toward the satisfaction of a commitment regarding an in-quota quantity of
a tariff rate quota in its Schedule to Annex 302.2 an agricultural good admitted or entered into a
maquiladora or foreign-trade zone and re-exported, including subsequent to processing.

8. The United States shall not adopt or maintain, with respect to the importation of an agricultural
qualifying good, any fee applied pursuant to section 22 of the U.S. Agricultural Adjustment Act.

9. Neither Party may seek a voluntary restraint agreement from the other Party with respect to the
exportation of meat that is a qualifying good.

10. Notwithstanding Chapter Four (Rules of Origin), for purposes of applying a rate of customs duty
to a good, the United States may consider as if it were non-originating a good provided for in:

a) heading 12.02 that is exported from the territory of Mexico, if the good is not wholly
obtained in the territory of Mexico;

b) subheading 2008.11 that is exported from the territory of Mexico, if any material provided
for in heading 12.02 used in the production of that good is not wholly obtained in the territory
of Mexico; or

c) U.S. tariff item 1806.10.42 or 2106.90.12 that is exported from the territory of Mexico, if
any material provided for in HS heading 1701.99 used in the production of that good is not a
qualifying good.

11. Notwithstanding Chapter Four, for purposes of applying a rate of customs duty to a good,
Mexico may consider as if it were non-originating a good provided for in:

a) HS heading 12.02 that is exported from the territory of the United States, if that good is not
wholly obtained in the territory of the United States;

b) HS subheading 2008.11 that is exported from the territory of the United States, if any
material provided for in heading 12.02 used in the production of that good is not wholly
obtained in the territory of the United States; or

c) Mexican tariff item 1806.10.01 (except those with a sugar content less than 90 percent) or
2106.90.05 (except those that contain added flavoring matter) that is exported from the
territory of the United States, if any material provided for in HS subheading 1701.99 used in
the production of that good is not a qualifying good.

Restriction on Same-Condition Substitution Duty Drawback

12. Beginning on the date of entry into force of this Agreement, neither Mexico nor the United States
may refund the amount of customs duties paid, or waive or reduce the amount of customs duties
owed, on any agricultural good imported into its territory that is substituted for an identical or similar
good that is subsequently exported to the territory of the other Party.

Trade in Sugar and Syrup Goods

13. The Parties shall consult by July 1 of each of the first 14 years beginning with 1994 to determine
jointly, in accordance with Appendix 703.2.A.13, whether, and if so, by what quantity either Party:

a) is projected to be a net surplus producer of sugar in the next marketing year; and

b) has been a net surplus producer in any marketing year beginning after the date of entry into
force of this Agreement, including the current marketing year.

14. For each of the first 14 marketing years beginning after the date of entry into force of this
Agreement, each Party shall accord duty-free treatment to a quantity of sugar and syrup goods that
are qualifying goods not less than the greatest of:

a) 7,258 metric tons raw value;

b) the quota allocated by the United States for a non-Party within the category designated
"other specified countries and areas" under paragraph (b)(i) of additional U.S. note 3 to
chapter 17 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States; and

c) subject to paragraph 15, the other Party's projected net production surplus for that
marketing year, as determined under paragraph 13 and adjusted in accordance with Appendix
703.2.A.13.

15. Subject to paragraph 16, the duty-free quantity of sugar and syrup goods under paragraph 14(c);
shall not exceed the following ceilings:

a) for each of the first six marketing years, 25,000 metric tons raw value;

b) for the seventh marketing year, 150,000 metric tons raw value; and

c) for each of the eighth through 14th marketing years, 110 percent of the previous marketing
year's ceiling.

16. Beginning with the seventh marketing year, paragraph 15 shall not apply where, pursuant to
paragraph 13, the Parties have determined the exporting Party to be a net surplus producer:

a) for any two consecutive marketing years beginning after the date of entry into force of this
Agreement;

b) for the previous and current marketing years; or

c) in the current marketing year and projected it to be a net surplus producer in the next
marketing year, unless subsequently the Parties determine that, contrary to the projection, the
exporting Party was not a net surplus producer for that year.

17. Mexico shall, beginning no later than six years after the date of entry into force of this Agreement,
apply on a most- favored-nation (MFN) basis a tariff rate quota for sugar and syrup goods consisting
of rates of customs duties no less than the lesser of the corresponding:

a) MFN rates of the United States in effect on the date that Mexico commences to apply the
tariff rate quota; and

b) prevailing MFN rates of the United States.

18. When Mexico applies a tariff rate quota under paragraph 17, it shall not apply on a sugar or
syrup good that is a qualifying good a rate of customs duty higher than the rate of customs duty
applied by the United States on such good.

19. Each Party shall determine the quantity of a sugar or syrup good that is a qualifying good based
on the actual weight of such good, converted as appropriate to raw value, without regard to the
good's packaging or presentation.

20. If the United States eliminates its tariff rate quota for sugar and syrup goods imported from
non-Parties, at such time the United States shall accord to such goods that are qualifying goods the
better of the treatment, as determined by Mexico, of:

a) the treatment provided for in paragraphs 14 through 16; or

b) the MFN treatment granted by the United States to non-Parties.

21. Except as provided in paragraph 22, Mexico shall not be required to apply the applicable rate of
customs duty provided in this Annex or in its Schedule to Annex 302.2 to a sugar or syrup good, or
sugar-containing product, that is a qualifying good where the United States has granted or will grant
benefits under any re-export program or any like program in connection with the export of the good.
The United States shall notify Mexico in writing within two days, excluding weekends, of any export
to Mexico of such a good for which the benefits of any re-export program or any other like program
have been or will be claimed by the exporter.

22. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Section:

a) the United States shall accord duty-free treatment to imports of

(i) raw sugar that is a qualifying good that will be refined in the territory of the United
States and re-exported to the territory of Mexico, and

(ii) refined sugar that is a qualifying good that has been refined from raw sugar produced
in, and exported from, the territory of the United States;

b) Mexico shall accord duty-free treatment to imports of

(i) raw sugar that is a qualifying good that will be refined in the territory of Mexico and
re-exported to the territory of the United States, and

(ii) refined sugar that is a qualifying good that has been refined from raw sugar produced
in, and exported from, the territory of Mexico; and

c) imports qualifying for duty-free treatment pursuant to subparagraphs (a) and (b) shall not be
subject to, or counted under, any tariff rate quota.

Agricultural Grading and Marketing Standards.

23. Where a Party adopts or maintains a measure respecting the classification, grading or marketing
of a domestic agricultural good, it shall accord treatment to a like qualifying good destined for
processing no less favorable than it accords under the measure to the domestic good destined for
processing. The importing Party may adopt or maintain measures to ensure that such imported good
is processed.

24. Paragraph 23 shall be without prejudice to the rights of either Party under the GATT or under
Chapter Three (National Treatment and Market Access) regarding measures respecting the
classification, grading or marketing of an agricultural good, whether or not destined for processing.

25. The Parties hereby establish a Working Group, comprising representatives of Mexico and the
United States, which shall meet annually or as otherwise agreed. The Working Group shall review, in
coordination with the Committee on Standards-Related Measures established under Article 913
(Committee on Standards- Related Measures), the operation of agricultural grade and quality
standards as they affect trade between the Parties, and shall resolve issues that may arise regarding
the operation of the standards. This Working Group shall report to the Committee on Agricultural
Trade established under Article 706.

Definitions

26. For purposes of this Section:

marketing year means a 12-month period beginning October 1;

net production surplus means the quantity by which a Party's domestic production of sugar
exceeds its total consumption of sugar during a marketing year, determined in accordance with this
Section;

net surplus producer means a Party that has a net production surplus;

plantation white sugar means crystalline sugar that has not been refined and is intended for human
consumption without further processing or refining;

qualifying good means an originating good that is an agricultural good, except that in determining
whether such good is an originating good, operations performed in or materials obtained from
Canada shall be considered as if they were performed in or obtained from a non-Party;

raw value means the equivalent of a quantity of sugar in terms of raw sugar testing 96 degrees by the
polariscope, determined as follows:

a) the raw value of plantation white sugar equals the number of kilograms thereof multiplied by
1.03;

b) the raw value of liquid sugar and invert sugar equals the number of kilograms of the total
sugars thereof multiplied by 1.07; and

c) the raw value of other imported sugar and syrup goods equals the number of kilograms
thereof multiplied by the greater of 0.93, or 1.07 less 0.0175 for each degree of polarization
under 100 degrees (and fractions of a degree in proportion);

sugar means raw or refined sugar derived directly or indirectly from sugar cane or sugar beets,
including liquid refined sugar; and

sugar-containing product means a good containing sugar; and

wholly obtained in the territory of means harvested in the territory of.

Chapter 7, Section B Back to table of contents