AIDS and the Workplace

ipcscarde.gif (4623 bytes)

World Health
Organization

WHO Publications on AIDS

AIDS Home Care Handbook

1993, ix + 178 pages [E, F]
WHO/GPA/HCS/93.2
Sw.fr. 18.-/US $16.20; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 12.60
Order no. 1930045

A richly illustrated guide to the many simple things that can be done in the home to care for people with AIDS. Addressed to health care workers, the handbook sets out the essential information and advice needed to help individuals, families and communities manage AIDS-related problems and build confidence in their ability to provide safe and compassionate AIDS care at home. Information in the handbook draws on accepted international guidelines as well as the extensive programme experience of many individuals and agencies. Simple text is supported by numerous drawings, stories, and lists of rules and points to remember.

The book has seven chapters presented in two parts. Chapters in the first part cover the essential information and skills needed to teach people about AIDS. Much of this information centres around a story, illustrated with drawings and accompanied by teaching notes, about how HIV and AIDS affected the lives of a woman and the people around her.

Part II, which serves as a reference guide on the essentials of home care, opens with a detailed guide to the home management of the twelve most common symptoms of AIDS. Each symptom is covered in a similar format, giving clear information on problems and possible causes, what can be done at home, and when to seek help. Emphasis is placed on the use of simple measures and medicines that can ease suffering and help people with AIDS remain comfortable in their homes. Home care in the special cases of tuberculosis and pregnancy is covered in a separate chapter. The book concludes with a general guide to the appropriate and safe use of 27 common medicines that might form part of the home management of AIDS symptoms.

AIDS: Images of the Epidemic

WHO 1994, x + 142 pages [Ar*, C*, E, F*, R, S]
ISBN 92 4 156163 7
Sw.fr. 32.-/US $28.80; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 22.40
Order no. 1150406

Presents a portrait of the global AIDS epidemic in its multiple public health, social, and human dimensions. Drawing upon eye-witness accounts as well as data from the WHO Global Programme on AIDS, the book goes beyond statistical forecasts to show how AIDS affects the lives of real people, why the infection continues to spread, and what can be done to fight back. Throughout the book, striking photographs and a probing text are used to help readers come to terms with the complex nature of the challenge posed by AIDS.

By revealing the multiple faces and facets of the global epidemic, the book aims to improve understanding of the many deep-rooted factors - from prejudice to poverty - that fuel this "catastrophe in slow motion" and complicate prevention. While the overall picture is grim, with suffering and despair the dominant images, the book also presents solid evidence of several approaches that have proved successful in meeting the dual goals of prevention and compassionate care for those already infected. These successes, supported by what WHO has learned in coordinating the global fight against AIDS, serve as a practical guide to the best use of resources to combat the epidemic.

The book has 21 chapters presented in four parts. Chapters in the first part provide a factual introduction to HIV and AIDS. The second part shows how the AIDS epidemic, in a multiplicity of different forms, now covers the globe. Chapters in part three draw on first-hand experiences, in Ethiopia, Thailand, the United Republic of Tanzania and the United Kingdom, to consider the reasons why AIDS continues to spread. The final part tells the stories of the many people who are meeting the challenge of AIDS with courage, resourcefulness and often remarkable success. The book concludes with a call for renewed commitment and united global action - lest AIDS become, like poverty and hunger, just another tragedy the world has learned to live with.

AIDS in Africa
A Manual for Physicians

P. Piot, B.M. Kapita, E.N. Ngugi, J.M. Mann,
R. Colebunders, and R. Wabitsch
1992, viii + 125 pages, 37 colour plates [E, F]
ISBN 92 4 154435 X
Sw.fr. 16.-/US $14.40; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 11.20
Order no. 1150381

A guide to the diagnosis and clinical management of HIV infection and AIDS in Africa. Addressed to hospital-based physicians, the manual includes abundant practical information and advice that is specific to both the distinctive clinical presentation of HIV infection in Africa and the reality of conditions where drugs, resources, and laboratory facilities are limited.

The book opens with a summary of what is known about the etiology and pathogenesis of HIV infection, including information on the structure and properties of the virus, characteristic and consistently observed immunological abnormalities, and the natural history of infection. The second chapter, devoted to epidemiology, explains the patterns of transmission and risk factors documented in Africa and gives figures indicating incidence and prevalence in different groups and areas. Against this background, clinical chapters describe each of the main clinical manifestations of HIV infection in detail and discuss the most commonly seen opportunistic infections and tumours. Paediatric AIDS is covered in a separate chapter. Other chapters offer guidance in the diagnosis of HIV infection and AIDS and the management of patients. Throughout, an effort is made to facilitate clinical decisions based on signs and symptoms rather than on the results of sophisticated laboratory investigations. Advice on treatment includes the examinations to be performed according to specific signs and symptoms, first-choice and alternative drugs, recommended doses, duration of treatment, and response rates.

"... clear, concise, and relevant ... will undoubtedly help to improve the management of patients with HIV-related disease in Africa ... recommended wholeheartedly..."
- Family Practice

AIDS Prevention through Health Promotion
Facing Sensitive Issues

1991, viii + 78 pages [C, E, F, S]
ISBN 92 4 156144 0
Sw.fr. 16.-/US $14.40; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 11.20
Order no. 1150367

Explores the reasons why efforts to educate and inform the public about HIV infection so often fail to alter attitudes or persuade groups at risk to change their behaviour. Because AIDS evokes so many emotionally-charged reactions, the book concentrates on the need to understand how personal values, attitudes, and feelings may colour reactions to health messages and thus have a major impact on their credibility and persuasive power.

To this end, the book presents eleven case studies illustrating the ways in which emotional factors have influenced the success of educational programmes. Representing a diversity of cultural settings and communication techniques, these case studies are intended to help health planners understand the complexity of emotional reactions to AIDS, anticipate their impact, and design health messages accordingly. Information ranges from an evaluation of the effectiveness of factual as opposed to dramatic mass media campaigns, through advice on how to organize the public appearance of someone infected with AIDS, to a discussion of the subtle reasons why groups at high risk may reject a health message as personally irrelevant.

Case studies are presented in four main groups. The first, headed "starting with ourselves", addresses the need for health promoters to recognize and deal with their own instinctive reactions to AIDS. Studies in part two consider how emotional responses to AIDS can be used to increase the effectiveness of educational messages. Advice on the use of peers and patients as health promoters is presented in the third part. The final part illustrates ways to enlist the support of decision-makers and "gatekeepers".

"... Anyone planning an HIV prevention initiative anywhere in the world should read this book..."
- Family Practice

Biosafety Guidelines for Diagnostic and Research Laboratories Working with HIV

WHO AIDS Series, No. 9
1991, iv + 28 pages [E, F, S]
ISBN 92 4 121009 5
Sw.fr. 8.-/US $7.20; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 5.60
Order no. 1870009

A concise didactic guide to the personal precautions, facilities, and equipment needed to protect workers in diagnostic and research laboratories from accidental infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Acknowledging that safe work practices provide the only protection against job-related HIV infection, the book sets out the basic safety information that can be used for continuous on-the-job safety training of all laboratory and support staff. Throughout the book, particular attention is given to the needs of laboratories in developing countries, which may not have the resources or the expertise to apply sophisticated containment procedures.

The first chapter, devoted to standard biosafety practices, spells out the do's, don'ts, musts and nevers of personal hygiene and protection, reactions to spills and accidents, and procedures for the safe handling of contaminated material and waste. These standard safety guidelines are then extended in separate sections explaining the additional precautions, equipment and facilities required in serological laboratories, virus isolation laboratories, and research and production laboratories. A section devoted to the safe handling, transfer, and shipment of specimens includes regulations, developed by WHO and several other organizations, for the shipment of specimens by mail, air freight, and other common carriers.

Additional practical information is set out in a series of annexes offering advice on the selection and care of gloves, sterilization procedures and disinfectants needed to inactivate HIV, the processing of reusable needles and syringes, and when and how to use biological safety cabinets.

Clinical Aspects of HIV Infection in Adults (Slide Set)

1994, 31 pages + 52 colour slides [E, F*]
GPA/IDS/HCS/93.4
Sw.fr. 50.-/US $45.00; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 35.-
Order no. 1930056

A set of 52 colour slides for use in teaching health care staff how to diagnose and manage HIV-related conditions. The slides, which are accompanied by a 30-page booklet of explanatory notes, are intended for use in medical schools, in post-basic training courses, or for self-instruction. The slides complement information presented in Guidelines for the Clinical Management of HIV Infection in Adults (see page 8), and follow the same organizational structure.

While emphasis is placed on diagnosis based on clinical signs and symptoms, the slides also illustrate findings from laboratory tests that confirm diagnosis and can guide treatment decisions. Clinical features that may be due to other conditions are clearly indicated.

The slides are organized into seven groups. The first group illustrates general features of HIV infection, and includes an overview of clinical symptoms at four different stages, a flow-chart for recognizing a patient with symptomatic infection, and an explanation of tests for the laboratory diagnosis of infection. The remaining six groups are designed to help students identify clinical features according to the main types of symptoms: chronic diarrhoea, oral manifestations, respiratory conditions, lymphadenopathy, headache and other neurological conditions, and skin diseases. Both common and rare features are depicted in slides showing patients and findings from laboratory tests, microscopy, and X-rays. Particular attention is given to features that facilitate differential diagnosis.

The Global AIDS Strategy

WHO AIDS Series, No. 11
1992, v + 23 pages [E, F, S]
ISBN 92 4 121011 7
Sw.fr. 9.-/US $8.10; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 6.30
Order no. 1870011

Sets out a revised and expanded framework for national and international action needed to give the world a better chance of bringing the AIDS pandemic under control and coping with the millions of adults and children already infected. The new strategy, which was developed by the WHO Global Programme on AIDS in collaboration with dozens of experts around the world, maps out technically valid and ethically sound lines of action to be followed by all partners in the global effort against AIDS.

In line with improved knowledge of HIV infection, its epidemiology, and measures for control, the global AIDS strategy has been revised and expanded to reflect new priorities, new approaches to enduring problems, new challenges, and a greatly heightened sense of urgency. Changes in the strategy respond to the rapid emergence of heterosexual intercourse as the dominant mode of transmission, the swelling number of AIDS orphans, the increased risk of infection seen in disadvantaged groups, and the added burden of the parallel tuberculosis epidemic. The strategy also responds to the need to treat other sexually transmitted diseases, which greatly increase the risk of transmission, to upgrade the social and legal status of women, and to plan immediately for the pandemic's devastating impact on social and economic development.

Specific measures proposed range from the creation of an environment in which mutual fidelity and the use of condoms are the social norms, through support to all groups that can help women protect themselves, to the provision of humane care that, at the minimum, includes pain relief and treatment for common opportunistic infections. Key projections for the year 2000 include 5-10 million children born infected with HIV, a 5-10% drop in life expectancy in certain African countries, and an estimated 10 million AIDS orphans in sub-Saharan Africa alone.

Guide to Planning Health Promotion for AIDS Prevention and Control

WHO AIDS Series, No. 5
1989, iv + 71 pages [C*, E, S]
ISBN 92 4 1210005 2
Sw.fr. 14.-/US $12.60; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 9.80
Order no. 1870005

A practical step-by-step guide to the effective use of public information and education as a strategy for persuading the kind of behavioural changes needed to limit the spread of AIDS. Addressed to those responsible for planning and managing an AIDS health promotion campaign, the book extends guidance on the use of specific educational methods and techniques that have proved their effectiveness in other large health campaigns aimed at altering the behaviour of individuals and groups. Throughout the book, lessons and examples taken from various AIDS campaigns are used to help planners anticipate problems, recognize what is most likely to work, and guard against common pitfalls.

The organization of the book follows 10 sequential steps required for successful planning, implementation, and evaluation. Readers are given guidance in assessing needs, establishing goals, selecting target audiences, and finding the most appropriate messages, format, and media for reaching each target group. Details range from a sample questionnaire for use in assessing public opinion to a model twelve-month plan for scheduling activities, from a list of questions to ask before engaging broadcast media to advice on how to create messages that show how a reward is gained when behaviour is changed. Other sections describe methods for assessing the progress and effectiveness of the programme and explain the importance of supporting the use of such services as counselling, HIV testing, and the distribution of condoms and spermicides. The book concludes with advice on how to pre-test a proposed message to determine whether the target audience will understand it, like it, and find it convincing.

Guidelines for Counselling about HIV Infection and Disease

WHO AIDS Series, No. 8
1990, v + 48 pages [Ar, E, F, R, S]
ISBN 92 4 121008 7
Sw.fr. 11.-/US $9.90; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 7.70
Order no. 1870008

Establishes a standardized basis for the counselling of persons affected directly or indirectly by HIV infection and AIDS. Prepared in consultation with a large number of counsellors, health educators, and persons with HIV infection, the book describes the essential content of counselling either before or after HIV antibody testing. Emphasis is placed on the importance of counselling as both a routine component of strategies for prevention and control and a means of helping the individual to cope with the profound emotional, social, and medical consequences of HIV infection and associated disease. Readers are reminded that counselling involves much more than an occasional informal discussion and that health workers need special training to acquire the appropriate skills.

Individual chapters define the content, objectives, and basic principles of both prevention-related and supportive counselling. A chapter on pre-test counselling identifies the topics to be included in counselling, lists factors to explore when assessing the risk of exposure, and gives seven essential questions to ask when evaluating the need for testing. The most extensive chapter sets out a framework for counselling after HIV testing or screening, with separate sections offering advice on counselling needs following negative, positive, and equivocal results. An explanation of the psychological issues faced by most people with HIV infection or disease is also included. The remaining chapters address the needs of significant others and present basic facts useful in planning counselling sessions in special cases, including infants with suspected HIV infection and HIV-infected children with haemophilia.

"... a very readable short introduction to the issues surrounding counselling..."
- Abstracts on Hygiene and Communicable Diseases

Guidelines for Nursing Management of People Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

WHO AIDS Series, No. 3
1988, iv + 42 pages [Ar, E, F, R, S]
ISBN 92 4 121003 6
Sw.fr. 9.-/US $8.10; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 6.30
Order no. 1870003

Presents guidelines to assist nurses who face the challenge of caring for HIV-infected people and their families. Developed by the World Health Organization in collaboration with the International Council of Nurses, the book provides a clear and explicit guide to the precautions needed to prevent the transmission of HIV in health care settings. In view of the major role that nurses are asked to play in caring, counselling, and educating, the book gives particular attention to the special skills needed to care for patients and help them and their families cope with the illness throughout the different phases of the disease.

The most extensive chapter is devoted to a step-by-step explanation of the professional nursing skills needed to provide optimal nursing care, to prevent HIV transmission in the hospital, clinic, or community setting, and to protect the health of nurses and other health care providers. Specific topics range from the importance of confidentiality in counselling to the sensitive question of whether children infected with HIV should be immunized. Readers will also find guidance on the universal precautions to follow in relation to blood and other body fluids, injections and skin-piercing, laboratory specimens, invasive procedures, laundry, blood spills, and the disposal of infected wastes.

"... most nurses will encounter patients infected with HIV. This book will be extremely useful for such nurses and particularly for those involved in managing the patient's care... The entire book is presented clearly and precisely... recommended wholeheartedly..."

- AIDS Technical Bulletin

Guidelines for the Clinical Management of HIV Infection in Adults

1991, vii + 86 pages [E, F]
WHO/GPA/IDS/HCS/91.6
Sw.fr. 13.-/US $11.70; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 9.10
Order no. 1930036

A practical manual providing a didactic, step-by-step guide to the clinical management of HIV infection in adults. Responding to the need for a consistent approach to management, the manual makes abundant use of flow-chart algorithms or "decision maps", moving from a definition of the clinical state or problem, through the questions to be answered and the information to be gathered in order to make a clinical decision, to an indication of the appropriate diagnostic or therapeutic actions. Recommended lines of action reflect the consensus reached by experienced clinicians in different parts of the world.

To help clinicians reduce suffering and prolong lives, the book gives clear advice on the safest and most efficacious drugs for the treatment of specific conditions, and identifies priority actions to take when resources are scarce. By setting out a consistent approach to management, the manual can also help reduce the economic burden of HIV infection by preventing excessive use of diagnostic tests and inappropriate treatment.

The first chapters cover the identification of patients with symptomatic HIV infection on the basis of clinical signs and laboratory findings. Other chapters offer advice on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic diarrhoea, oral thrush, respiratory conditions, lymph-adenopathy, headache, fever, and HIV-associated skin diseases. Because of the great variability in health care facilities throughout the world, clinical guidelines for specific conditions are presented according to three levels of care, moving from facilities equipped for physical examination and history taking only through to the sophisticated laboratory and other diagnostic facilities of a major university teaching hospital. The manual concludes with a chapter on the management of patients who are infected but asymptomatic.

Guidelines for the Clinical Management of HIV Infection in Children

1993, x + 88 pages [E, F]
WHO/GPA/IDS/HCS/93.3
Sw.fr. 13.-/US $11.70; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 9.10
Order no. 1930046

A practical step-by-step guide to the clinical management of infections and other symptoms commonly seen in children with HIV infection. Responding to the need for a clear and consistent clinical approach, the manual sets out the information needed to facilitate a provisional or definitive diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and suitable resource planning. Focused on common symptoms and diseases, the manual makes abundant use of "decision maps" or flow-chart algorithms that guide readers from the recognition of a clinical state, through a decision, to the appropriate therapeutic or diagnostic action at three different levels of care, moving from facilities with no laboratory or X-ray service, through small hospitals, to fully-equipped major hospitals. Throughout, emphasis is placed on measures that can decrease suffering and prolong life. Information ranges from precise guidelines on appropriate drugs and therapeutic regimens, through advice on what to do when no improvement is observed, to the simple reminder that the possibility of tuberculosis should always be considered in an HIV-infected child.

The manual has eleven chapters. The first two provide basic information on the recognition of symptomatic HIV infection in children and describe the various tests available or under investigation for obtaining laboratory evidence of infection. Subsequent chapters set out guidelines for the diagnosis and management of seven common clinical conditions: persistent diarrhoea, oral thrush, respiratory conditions, including pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and tuberculosis, neurological abnormalities, persistent or recurrent fever, failure to thrive, and HIV-associated skin diseases. The manual concludes with chapters on the counselling of infected children and their families and the follow-up of infected or seropositive children, including recommended physical and laboratory examinations, drug therapies, and immunizations.

Guidelines on AIDS and First Aid in the Workplace

WHO AIDS Series, No. 7
1990, iii + 12 pages [Ar, E, F, S]
ISBN 92 4 121007 9
Sw.fr. 4.-/US $3.60; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 2.80
Order no. 1870007

Presents concise, authoritative guidelines on the precautions that should be followed in order to protect first aid workers from contracting HIV infection following the administration of first aid measures in the workplace. The guidelines, which were developed by WHO in collaboration with the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the International Labour Office, contain general information on the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus and specific information on risks associated with first aid treatment of injured employees.

Topics include mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, treatment of bleeding, the cleaning up of spilt blood, and the immediate steps to take when a first aid worker is exposed to blood. The guidelines also reassure first aid workers that the risk of acquiring infection during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and the management of bleeding is very low and should not be used as a reason to withhold life-saving procedures. The book concludes with a consensus statement on AIDS and the workplace, including advice on the development of employment policies.

"...a clear statement of what we know to date about HIV transmission through first-aid in the workplace ... clearly written and formulated ... meets its stated purpose..."
- Nursing and Health Care

Guidelines on Sterilization and High-Level Disinfection Methods Effective Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Second edition

WHO AIDS Series, No. 2
1989, iii + 11 pages [E, F, S]
ISBN 92 4 121202 0
Sw.fr. 4.-/US $3.60; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 2.80
Order no. 1872002

The second edition of a technical guide to methods of sterilization and high-level disinfection necessary to assure that medical instruments for invasive procedures, including needles and syringes, do not transmit the human immunodeficiency virus. Didactic in its approach, the book provides complete technical instructions for sterilization and disinfection, indicating methods of choice and alerting readers to factors that may influence safety and reliability. Advice, instructions, and warnings are specific to practical conditions in the field. Procedures that may be safe in theory, yet unreliable in the field, are clearly indicated. The booklet also includes a one-page field guide to sterilization and high-level disinfection and a table showing prices, per litre of solution and per litre when air-freighted, for ten disinfectants effective against HIV.

"... strongly recommended for wide distribution to all health workers, doctors, nurses, ward superintendents and heads of hospitals..."
- Indian Journal of Medical Research

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses
Volume 1: Basic Information on AIDS

Nonserial publication of the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
1993, vi + 26 pages [E]
ISBN 92 9061 111 1
Sw.fr. 6.-/US $5.40; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 4.20
Order no. 1521004

Sets out basic facts about HIV infection and AIDS important for the growing number of nurses who will need to care for such patients in their day-to-day work. Noting that HIV and AIDS represent a health problem of extraordinary scale and complexity, the book aims to give nurses and nurse educators a firm understanding of the virus, its modes of transmission, the clinical signs, symptoms and course of infection and disease, and the ethical as well as technical issues surrounding HIV screening. Information ranges from a description of the initial signs of infection, through a list of symptoms indicative of AIDS, to an overview of the most widely used tests for HIV screening.

Understanding of such basic information is regarded as crucial to the further development of professional nursing skills that will be needed to cope with this pandemic and the extraordinary demands it is making on health care and social services. The booklet concludes with a glossary of 84 terms commonly used in discussions of HIV and AIDS.

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses
Volume 2: Developing the Nursing Component in a National AIDS Prevention and Control Programme

Nonserial publication of the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
1993, vi + 34 pages [E]
ISBN 92 9061 108 1
Sw.fr. 6.-/US $5.40; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 4.20
Order no. 1522004

Gives nurse managers and nurse educators practical advice on how to assess nursing needs for the care of HIV- and AIDS-infected patients and to organize the inclusion of these needs in national plans for AIDS prevention and control. By focusing on the essentials of planning and management, the booklet aims to provide nurses with the information and tools needed to organize nursing services that can cope, on a nationwide scale, with the major demands on health care and society created by this pandemic.

Background information is provided in the opening chapter, which explains the objectives of the WHO Global AIDS Strategy and describes the essential elements of a national AIDS prevention programme as part of this strategy. The second and most extensive chapter aims to equip nurses to take the initiative when planning the nursing component of a national programme, in line with this profession's strong tradition of providing skilful and compassionate health care to individuals, families, and communities. Nurses learn how to form a nursing task force, formulate a national policy, analyse the situation, assess needs, propose interventions, and evaluate their effectiveness. Planning is greatly facilitated by the inclusion of detailed checklists indicating the step-by-step actions needed to assess needs, assign priorities, allocate resources, and use indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of initiatives in the areas of nursing management, nursing practice, and nursing education.

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses
Volume 3: Infection Control

Nonserial publication of the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
1993, vi + 48 pages [E]
ISBN 92 9061 111 1
Sw.fr. 6.-/US $5.40; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 4.20
Order no. 1523004

Sets out the do's and don'ts of daily practice needed to prevent the transmission of HIV and hepatitis B virus in the health care setting. Focused on situations commonly encountered by nurses, the book covers virtually all precautions needed to protect nurses and patients against the risks of infection. The book also equips nurses to act as educators for the general public by providing sound information on preventive measures and dispelling unfounded fears. Throughout, key points are underscored by illustrations suitable for use in training or for reproduction as wall charts.

The book opens with a brief summary of the ways in which HIV is - and is not - transmitted. The second chapter describes basic rules of practice for preventing HIV transmission in the health care setting. Noting that almost all cases of HIV transmission to health care workers have resulted from preventable accidents, the chapter spells out universal precautions for the prevention of injuries with "sharps", protection against exposure to blood and body fluid, the cleaning of spills, and special situations, such as mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Nurses also receive guidance on how to help families maintain a safe environment when patients are cared for in the home. The third chapter describes universal precautions to follow in six special situations: laboratories, housekeeping, laundry, waste disposal, dentistry, and postmortem procedures. Other chapters cover the cleaning, sterilization, and disinfection of needles, syringes, and other equipment, and outline steps for establishing an infection control programme in the health care setting. The book concludes with advice on how to develop a system for monitoring, reporting, recording, and evaluating cases of possible HIV exposure among health care workers.

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses
Volume 4: HIV Infection and AIDS: Guidelines for Nursing Care

Nonserial publication of the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
1993, viii + 79 pages [E]
ISBN 92 9061 107 3
Sw.fr. 10.-/US $9.00; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 7.-
Order no. 1524004

A guide to the full range of specific nursing tasks and skills needed to care for the growing number of people with HIV or AIDS and to help both individuals and communities follow practices that protect them from infection. Background information is provided in the opening sections, which describe the appropriate nursing interventions at each stage in the clinical spectrum of HIV infection, and outline important facts about the disease and its modes of transmission. Section three, on prevention, uses drawings, lists and tables to communicate essential messages for health education and counselling. Other sections provide advice on group education, individual counselling, programmes and policies for screening and testing, and the many special issues that surround the care and counselling of pregnant women, whether infected with HIV or at risk.

The most extensive section provides a guide to nursing care in symptomatic HIV infection at each stage in the progression towards AIDS. Information ranges from the signs and symptoms of AIDS-related complex to a model plan for nursing care, from essential advice for the care of patients at home to a ten-page tabular presentation of commonly occurring problems and the appropriate nursing interventions. The remaining sections cover care of the dying patient, the organization of community-wide health education programmes, and the strict disinfection and other precautions that must be followed in order to prevent the spread of infection within any health care setting.

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses
Volume 5: Training Modules for Basic Nursing and Midwifery Education in the Prevention and Control of AIDS

Nonserial publication of the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific

1993, x + 204 pages [E]
ISBN 92 9061 113 8
Sw.fr. 10.-/US $9.00; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 7.-
Order no. 1525004

A simultaneous, low-cost edition of HIV Prevention and Care: Teaching Modules for Nurses and Midwives (see page 13). The manual is intended for use in countries of the WHO Western Pacific Region.

The book presents a series of eleven teaching modules for a basic nursing education course on HIV-related illness. Addressed to course instructors, the manual covers the basic HIV-related knowledge and skills which nurses need in order to effectively and safely practice their profession. The manual is designed for use in nursing school curricula or in continuing education programmes.

Each module has been developed as a separate lesson, requiring a minimum of two hours to present. Modules follow a common format, including a statement of learning objectives, factual background information, learning activities designed to help students achieve the objectives, and teaching guidelines suggesting ways in which the different learning activities can be implemented. Throughout, the manual relies on interactive teaching strategies, allowing instruction, practice, and feedback to take place. Many of the learning activities address the highly charged and sensitive issues posed by HIV infection.

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses
Volume 6: Integrating HIV-related Content into a Competency-based Curriculum

Nonserial publication of the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
1993, vi + 26 pages [E]
ISBN 92 9061 109 X
Sw.fr. 6.-/US $5.40; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 4.20
Order no. 1526004

Explains how curricula in schools of nursing can be modified to produce graduates who are competent in the performance of a wide range of tasks related to HIV infection and AIDS. Addressed to nurse educators and managers, the book concentrates on competency-based learning as the best method for training nurses to perform AIDS-related tasks, whether involving the clinical care of patients, the counselling of families, or advice to the general public. Guidelines for the continuing education of practicing nurses are also provided.

The first and most extensive chapter provides a detailed, step-by-step guide to the planning and modification of curricula to include AIDS-related knowledge and skills. Curriculum development is presented in three stages, moving from a definition of the professional competencies needed, through the translation of these professional competencies into student competencies, to the formulation of an instruction plan. Throughout, examples of specific AIDS-related nursing tasks are used to illustrate the new areas of competence that need to be included in basic nursing education. Of particular practical value is a detailed example of an instruction plan, specific to HIV infection and AIDS, which includes information on the competencies required, the skills and knowledge involved, course level for training, learning methods and resources, and tools for evaluation. The remaining chapters offer practical advice on the planning and organization of workshops, seminars, and other programmes for the continuing education of nurses.

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses,
Vol. 7 Teaching Modules for Basic Education in Human Sexuality

Nonserial publication of the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
1995, viii + 119 pages [E]
ISBN 92 9061 115 4
Sw.fr. 10.-/US $9.00; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 7.-
Order no. 1527004

A series of five teaching modules designed to help nurses and other health workers improve their communication and counselling skills when dealing with questions of human sexuality. Noting that these questions are rarely included in formal training, the manual aims to encourage nurses to understand the importance of sexuality to health, recognize the role played by their own attitudes and beliefs, and provide advice to clients in a comfortable, non-judgemental way. Although human sexuality is considered in all its diverse expressions, particular attention is given to behaviours that can increase the risk of unplanned pregnancies or encourage the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Throughout the manual, numerous exercises and problem-based classroom activities are used to help students gain experience when addressing sensitive sexual issues.

The first module introduces various definitions and concepts of human sexuality and sexual health. The second module explains the development of human sexuality, both at different stages in the life cycle and as perceived at different times in history. Module three, on sexual activities, aims to facilitate a non-judgemental understanding of the different sexual activities in which people engage, including behaviours that carry a risk of HIV transmission. Module four offers practice in providing health care and counselling for homosexuals and bisexuals. Training in how to take a sexual history is provided in the final module, which includes suggested sets of questions for different sexes and different situations.

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses,
Vol. 8 Teaching Modules for Continuing Education in Human Sexuality

Nonserial publication of the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
1995, viii + 115 pages [E]
ISBN 92 9061 116 2
Sw.fr. 10.-/US $9.00; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 7.-
Order no. 1528004

A series of three modules, for use in the continuing education of nurses, focused on problems related to human sexuality that frequently require treatment. Addressed to the teachers of continuing education courses, the modules aim to promote sexual health by training nurses to recognize and manage problems, whether involving medication, referral for specialized help, or simple compassion and counselling. Throughout, straightforward factual information is supported by numerous case histories and exercises.

The first module, on sexually transmitted diseases, provides detailed information about the causes, clinical course, diagnosis, and treatment of each major sexually transmitted disease, including HIV infection and AIDS. Case studies are included to encourage practice in making a diagnosis based on a patient's history and symptoms. The second module describes the most common problems of sexuality in males and females, explains some theories about their biological and psychological causes, and offers advice on counselling and referral. Advice is based on the assumption that many problems can be reduced when people are given the correct information about sex. The final module covers the sexual needs of the elderly and people suffering from chronic illness or disability.

HIV Prevention and Care: Teaching Modules for Nurses and Midwives

1993, ii + 126 pages [E, F*]
WHO/GPA/CNP/TMD/93.3
Sw.fr. 15.-/US $13.50; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 10.50
Order no. 1930058

A series of eleven teaching modules intended for use in a basic nursing education course on HIV-related illness. Addressed to course instructors, the manual covers the basic HIV-related knowledge and skills which nurses need in order to effectively and safely practice their profession. The manual is designed for use in nursing school curricula or in continuing education programmes.

Background information is provided in the first three modules, which communicate basic facts about the epidemiology and transmission of HIV, the characteristic clinical symptoms of infection and illness, and the specific things that can be done to prevent HIV transmission in health care settings. A second group of three modules provides training in understanding the psychosocial impact of HIV infection on the individual and the community, in the development of counselling skills, and in patient education. Nursing care of patients is covered in four modules. Topics covered include the general care of patients, the special needs of women, care of infants and children, and terminal care. The concluding module explains what nurses can do to prevent HIV transmission through traditional skin-piercing practices.

Living with AIDS in the Community
A Book to Help People Make the Best of Life

1992, v + 57 pages [E, F]
WHO/GPA/IDS/HCS/92.1
Sw.fr. 6.-/US $5.40; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 4.20
Order no. 1930035

An illustrated booklet based on a guide written in the Republic of Uganda for use in helping communities cope with HIV infection and AIDS. The booklet responds to the need to fight ignorance and discrimination in the community, to help infected individuals make the best of their lives, and to equip community members with the facts needed to take preventive action and care for those already infected.

Written in simple, straightforward language, the booklet addresses such issues as common feelings about HIV and AIDS, the ways that families, friends and neighbours can help people with HIV or AIDS to live positively, and what the infected individual should do to care for himself, including occasions when medical help is essential.

The booklet also provides factual information about the virus, modes of transmission, preventive measures, traditional customs that can spread HIV, blood transfusions, and spiritual care. Other common situations covered in the booklet include pregnancy when one of the partners is infected, the care of children with HIV or AIDS, and the protection of healthy children in families affected by HIV or AIDS. The booklet makes abundant use of illustrations to convey its simple, yet vital messages.

Monitoring of National AIDS Prevention and Control Programmes
Guiding Principles

WHO AIDS Series, No. 4
1989, iii + 27 pages [E, F, R, S]
ISBN 92 4 121004 4
Sw.fr. 8.-/US $7.20; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 5.60
Order no. 1870004

Presents concise practical guidelines intended to help countries develop an effective, streamlined system for tracking and reporting on progress in the implementation of an AIDS programme. Addressed to health system managers, the book spells out the measures needed to keep careful watch over achievements, staff movements and utilization, supplies and equipment, and the money spent in relation to the resources available.

The most extensive section presents the key preventive strategies and then sets out examples of preventive activities and indicators relevant to the monitoring of each strategy. Indicators range from questions of cultural resistance to the use of condoms and spermicides to the availability of facilities for the testing of blood donors. Other sections discuss the development of a monitoring system and outline procedures for preparing progress reports. The book concludes with a series of sample reporting forms for use in assembling, presenting, and assessing data.

"... The reporting forms and monitoring procedures advocated are simple and easy to use. If these guidelines are followed meticulously, the National AIDS Control Programmes can undoubtedly be highly successful..." - Indian Journal of Medical Research

Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

WHO AIDS Series, No. 6
1990, iii + 27 pages [Ar, E, F, S]
ISBN 92 4 121006 0
Sw.fr. 8.-/US $7.20; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 5.60
Order no. 1870006

Presents precise, authoritative advice on measures that can be taken to prevent transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus through sexual intercourse. The book opens with a brief overview of what is known about the modes of HIV transmission, followed by a detailed explanation of factors influencing the risk of acquiring HIV infection through sexual intercourse. Factors considered include conditions influencing the probability that the sexual partner is infected, the type of sexual contact involved, the amount of virus present in the blood or secretions of the infected partner, and the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases. The second section presents guidelines for prevention through the use of education, the promotion and supply of condoms and spermicides, the use of HIV antibody testing in association with pretest and post-test counselling, and partner notification, including a list of six points that should form the basis of partner referral guidelines. Specific recommendations are then given for actions to be taken by public health authorities, health care providers, HIV-infected persons and their partners, and the general public.

The second half of the book records consensus statements, formulated during recent WHO consultations, concerning the role of sexually transmitted diseases as a risk factor for HIV transmission and the role of partner notification activities within the context of national AIDS prevention and control programmes. Points to consider prior to establishing an HIV partner notification programme are clearly indicated.

School Health Education to Prevent AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
A Resource Package for Curriculum Planners

Document issued jointly by the WHO Global Programme on AIDS and UNESCO
1995, 275 pages [E]
WHO/UNESCO/GPA/94.1/2/3
Sw.fr. 18.-/US $16.20; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 12.60
Order no. 1930061

A three-part package of resource materials designed to facilitate the planning of health education programmes aimed at helping school children protect themselves against the risks of HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases. Addressed to curriculum planners, the package explains how to design a culturally-relevant prevention programme as an integral part of a school system. To this end, the manuals draw together a rich variety of examples of curricula, classroom activities, and learning materials that can be adapted to local or regional school systems. Materials are suitable for use with students aged 12-16 years.

Information ranges from a model agenda for a meeting with parents to advice on how to select peer leaders and use them effectively, from a list of crucial questions and answers about HIV and STDs to proposals for a series of lively classroom activities, role plays, and demonstrations. Throughout, emphasis is placed on the acquisition of behavioural skills through the use of participatory methods of learning.

The first part, on curriculum planning, outlines the main steps in curriculum planning and offers extensive practical guidance in the form of model letters, checklists, agendas, criteria for the selection of teachers and peer leaders, and instruments for programme evaluation. The second part presents a series of fifty-three illustrated proposals for classroom activities that can help students develop responsible attitudes, say "no" to risky behaviours, recognize and avoid discrimination, and care for people living with AIDS. The final Teachers' Guide offers advice on how to teach each activity effectively.

School Health Education to Prevent AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases

WHO AIDS Series, No. 10
1992, v + 79 pages [C, E, F, R, S]
ISBN 92 4 121010 9
Sw.fr. 18.-/US $16.20; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 12.60
Order no. 1870010

Outlines issues to be considered when planning school-based programmes to educate students about AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Addressed to senior educational authorities and those responsible for curriculum development, the book explains how formal education can be used to help young people learn the facts about these diseases and develop the social skills needed to protect themselves from infection. Key observations range from the need to start education at the grade level before risk behaviour begins, through the importance of combining medical information with opportunities to "rehearse" skills and behaviour, to the need to adapt messages to the young person's cultural setting and level of development.

The main part of the book is organized around a series of 17 issues that are likely to arise during the planning, implementation and evaluation of school education programmes. Each issue is presented in terms of its importance to a successful programme, the various options available for dealing with the issue, and the strengths and weaknesses of these options. The issues addressed fall into three main groups. The first, concerned with the planning stages, considers the purpose of education, obstacles likely to be encountered, and ways of enlisting the support of religious and other community leaders, parents, and teachers. The second group offers advice on the design of the educational programme and deals with the selection of target groups, the development and content of the curriculum, and the selection of teachers and teaching style. The final group covers the planning of an appropriate classroom environment, the uses of informal education, the training of teachers, and possible sources of continuing resistance from the community, parents, teachers, and students.

WHO Global Programme on AIDS
1991 Progress Report

1992, ix + 136 pages [E, F]
ISBN 92 4 156156 4
Sw.fr. 26.-/US $23.40; In developing countries: Sw.fr. 18.20
Order no. 1150391

Summarizes the policies, priorities, and specific projects that characterized the work of the WHO Global Programme on AIDS during 1991. Marking the Programme's first full-scale progress report, the book shows how the challenge of preventing and controlling AIDS in countries throughout the world is being met through a diversity of support mechanisms and research strategies, against the background of a well-defined policy framework.

The most extensive chapter reviews the wide range of research projects supported by the Programme during the year, moving from work on the development of vaccines and therapeutic drugs, through clinical investigations, to epidemiological research, surveillance and forecasting. Highlights include work on new diagnostic tests that are reliable yet less expensive and easier to perform, progress in understanding the interactions between HIV infection and tuberculosis, and collaboration with the major research-based pharmaceutical companies developing drugs and vaccines.

AIDS in Africa A Manual for Physicians

AIDS Prevention through Health Promotion Facing Sensitive Issues

Guidelines on Sterilization and High-Level Disinfection Methods Effective Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Second edition

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses Volume 1: Basic Information on AIDS

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses Volume 2: Developing the Nursing Component in a National AIDS Prevention and Control Programme

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses Volume 3: Infection Control

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses Volume 4: HIV Infection and AIDS: Guidelines for Nursing Care

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses Volume 5: Training Modules for Basic Nursing and Midwifery Education in the Prevention and Control of AIDS

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses Volume 6: Integrating HIV-related Content into a Competency-based Curriculum

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses, Vol. 7 Teaching Modules for Basic Education in Human Sexuality

HIV/AIDS Reference Library for Nurses, Vol. 8 Teaching Modules for Continuing Education in Human Sexuality

Living with AIDS in the Community A Book to Help People Make the Best of Life

Monitoring of National AIDS Prevention and Control Programmes Guiding Principles

School Health Education to Prevent AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases A Resource Package for Curriculum Planners

WHO Global Programme on AIDS 1991 Progress Report