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A Profile of the Working Poor, 1995
Summary SUMMARYIn 1995, seven and a half million persons were classified as the "working poor," nearly 200,000 fewer than in 1994. The working poor are individuals who spent at least 27 weeks in the labor force (working or looking for work), but whose incomes fell below the official poverty level. The ratio of the working poor to all persons in the labor force for at least 27 weeks-- the poverty rate--declined for the second year in a row, to 5.9 percent; previous rates were 6.7 percent in 1993, and 6.2 percent in 1994. (See table A.) Overall, 36.4 million people were living below the official poverty level in 1995--1.6 million fewer than in 1994. Although the vast majority of the Nation's poor were not in the labor force in 1995, about 1 in 5 were labor force participants for more than half the year. About 60 percent of these working poor usually worked full time, although full-time work greatly reduces a person's likelihood of being poor. In fact, among persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, the poverty rate among those who usually worked full time was 4.3 percent. (See table 1.) This report presents data on the linkages between labor force activity and poverty in 1995 for individual workers and their families. The data were collected in the March 1996 work experience and income supplement to the Current Population Survey. For a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report, see the Technical Note. -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Characteristic | 1993 | 1994 | 1995
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Total persons1..................| 123,125 | 124,303 | 126,020
In poverty.................| 8,222 | 7,660 | 7,484
Poverty rate...............| 6.7 | 6.2 | 5.9
Unrelated individuals........| 23,584 | 23,622 | 24,207
In poverty.................| 2,635 | 2,322 | 2,312
Poverty rate...............| 11.2 | 9.8 | 9.5
Primary families2..............| 55,769 | 56,789 | 57,262
In poverty.................| 4,155 | 4,111 | 4,008
Poverty rate...............| 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.0
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1 Includes persons in families, not shown separately. 2 Primary families with at least one member in the labor force for more than half of the year. Demographic characteristicAmong those who were in the labor force 27 weeks or more, slightly fewer women (3.7 million) than men (3.8 million) were poor in 1995. However, because substantially fewer women than men overall were in the labor force for that length of time, working women continued to have a higher poverty rate than men. The proportion of women labor force participants in poverty fell by half a percentage point over the year to 6.4 percent, while that for men remained at 5.6 percent. (See table 2.) About three-fourths of the working poor was comprised of white workers; however, poverty rates for blacks and Hispanics were two and three times higher, respectively, than the rate for whites. White men and women in the labor force for more than half a year were equally as likely to be poor, but there were differences in the poverty rates for minority men and women. As in earlier analyses, young workers had the highest poverty rates, due in part to their lower earnings and higher rates of unemployment. Black and Hispanic teenagers were especially likely to be among the working poor. (See table 2.) Educational attainmentHigher educational levels are associated with dramatically lower levels of poverty. Among those in the labor force half a year or longer, the rate of poverty for those workers with less than a high school diploma (17.2 percent) was almost triple that of high school graduates (6.1 percent). Poverty rates were 3.3 percent for workers with an associate degree, and 1.5 percent for those with a 4-year college degree. Poverty rates were generally higher for black workers than for white workers, at both higher and lower education levels. (See table 3.) Family structureThe rates and levels of poverty varied substantially with differences in family structure, including marital status, the number of people in a family, and the workforce status of family members. In 1995, about 4.0 million families lived below the poverty level despite having at least one family member in the labor market for 27 weeks or more, little changed from the 1994 total. The poverty rate for families, defined as the ratio of poor families with workers to all families with workers, was 7.0 percent in 1995. Families maintained by women had over four times the poverty rate, and families maintained by men had over twice the poverty rate than that of married-couple families. Families with children under age 18 that were maintained by a woman who was the only labor force member had the highest poverty rate--25.2 percent–while similar families headed by men had a 15 percent rate of poverty. Over five times as many poor families were maintained by women, than were maintained by men. (See table 5.) Married-couple families had the lowest rate of poverty. For married couples with one member in the workforce, the poverty rate was 10.5 percent if the husband worked, and 6.8 percent if the wife worked. Poverty was rare (1.7 percent) among married-couple families in which two or more members were in the workforce. Unrelated individualsIn 1995, 2.3 million unrelated individuals who were in the labor force for more than half the year lived below the poverty level. Unrelated individuals are defined as persons who lived by themselves or with others not related to them. Their poverty rate was 9.5 percent in 1995, slightly below the 9.8-percent rate reported for this group in 1994. (See table 6.) The highest poverty rate for unrelated individuals in the labor force was for teenagers, 42.3 percent. The rates for men and women were 9.3 and 9.9 percent, respectively. Although white, unrelated workers living in poverty far outnumbered blacks and Hispanics, their poverty rate was the lowest (8.9 percent), followed by blacks (14.3 percent), and Hispanics (18.0 percent). Most of the unrelated working poor lived with others and had almost twice the poverty rate as the unrelated working poor who lived alone. Many unrelated individuals with below poverty earnings live with others out of necessity. Conversely, many of those who live alone do so because they have sufficient incomes to support themselves. Labor market problemsThere are three primary labor market problems characterizing workers with incomes below the poverty threshold: Unemployment, low earnings, and involuntary part- time employment. (See the definitions provided in the Technical Note.) Among persons who participated in the labor force for more than half the year and usually worked in full-time wage and salary positions, 3.9 million, or 4 percent, lived in poverty in 1995, unchanged from previous year. (See table 7.) About 86 percent of the 3.9 million working poor who usually worked full time experienced at least one of the major labor market problems in 1995. Low earnings continued to be the most common problem; 7 in 10 poor workers were subject to low earnings alone, or in combination with other labor market problems. Unemployment alone, or in combination with other problems, characterized the difficulties of 4 in 10 of the working poor. Only 4.9 percent of the working poor experienced all three problems--low earnings, unemployment, and involuntary part-time work. Some 541,000 of these working poor, or 13.8 percent of the total in this group, did not experience any of the three labor market problems in 1995. Their poverty status may be associated with other factors, including short-term employment, voluntary part- time work, or a family structure that increases the risk of poverty. Technical NoteSource of dataThe primary source of data in this report is the work experience and income supplement to the March 1996 Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a survey of about 50,000 households conducted monthly by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics to collect demographic, social, and economic information about working-age persons. The work experience and income information collected in the March supplement refers to activity in the entire prior calendar year. The focus of this report is persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. Because the estimates are based on a sample, they may differ from the figures that would have been obtained from a complete census using the same questionnaire and procedures. Sampling variability may be relatively large in cases where the numbers are small. Thus, small estimates, or small differences between estimates, should be interpreted with caution. For a detailed explanation of the March supplement to the Current Population Survey, its sampling variability, and more complete definitions than those provided below, see: Poverty in the United States: 1995. Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No, 194, Bureau of the Census, September 1996. Information in this report will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 606-7828; TDD phone: (202) 606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. This material is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. For more information on the data provided in this report, write the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics, Room 4675, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington, DC 20212, or telephone (202) 606-6378. Concepts and definitionsPoverty classification. Poverty statistics presented in this report are based on definitions developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by Federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions were originally based on the Department of Agriculture's Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption requirements of families based on factors such as family size and the number of children under 18 years of age. The actual poverty thresholds vary in accordance with the makeup of the family. In 1995, the average poverty threshold for a family of four was $15,569; for a family of nine persons or more, the threshold was $31,280; and for an unrelated individual aged 65 and over, it was $7,309. The poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). For more information, see Poverty in the United States: 1995, cited above. Low earnings. The low-earnings level, as first developed in 1987, represented the average of the real value of the minimum wage between 1967 to 1987 for a 40-hour week. The base year of 1967 was chosen because that was the first year in which minimum-wage legislation covered essentially the same broad group of workers who are currently covered. The low earnings level has subsequently been adjusted each year using the CPI-U so that the measure maintains the same real value it held in 1987. In 1995, the low earnings threshold was $224.00 per week. For a more complete definition, see Bruce W. Klein and Philip L. Rones. "A Profile of the Working Poor." Monthly Labor Review. October 1989. pp. 3-13. Income. Data on income are limited to money income received in the calendar year preceding the March survey date before personal income taxes and payroll deductions. For a complete definition of the income concept, see Poverty in the United States: 1995, cited above. In the labor force. Persons in the labor force are those who worked or looked for work sometime during the calendar year preceding the March survey date. The number of weeks in the labor force is accumulated over the entire year. The focus in this report is persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more. Involuntary part-time workers. These are persons who, in at least 1 week of the year, worked fewer than 35 hours because of slack work or business conditions, or because they could not find full-time work. The number of weeks of involuntary part- time work is accumulated over the year. Unemployed. Unemployed persons are those who looked for work while not employed or those who were on layoff from a job and expecting recall. The number of weeks unemployed is accumulated over the entire year. Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. Persons in related subfamilies--married couples, or parent-child groups sharing the living quarters of another family member--are included as members of that family and are not distinct family units. The count of families used in this report does not include unrelated subfamilies, such as lodgers, guests, or resident employees living in a household but not related to the householder (the person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented). Families are classified either as married-couple families or as those maintained by men or women without spouses present. Family status is determined at the time of the March interview and thus may be different from that of the previous year. Unrelated individuals. These are persons who are not living with any relatives. Such individuals may be living alone, reside in a non-related family household, or live in group quarters with other unrelated individuals. Related children. Data on related children refer to own children (including sons, daughters, and step or adopted children) of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family and all other children related to the householder by blood, marriage, or adoption. Race. White, black, and other are terms used to describe the race of workers. Included in the "other" group are American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Asians and Pacific Islanders; because of their relatively small sample size, data for this group are not published. Hispanic origin. This term refers to persons who identify themselves in the CPS enumeration process as Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or of some other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; thus, they also are included in both the white and black population groups.
27 weeks or more in the labor force
Poverty status and work experience Total in the labor
force
Total 50 to 52 weeks
TOTAL
Total in labor force.................................... 141,659 126,020 111,922
Did not work during the year.......................... 2,688 1,085 913
Worked during the year................................ 138,971 124,935 111,009
Usual full-time workers............................. 109,329 103,545 95,620
Usual part-time workers............................. 29,643 21,390 15,388
Involuntary part-time workers..................... 5,497 4,307 3,393
Voluntary part-time workers....................... 24,146 17,083 11,995
At or above poverty level
Total in labor force.................................... 131,062 118,539 105,924
Did not work during the year.......................... 1,550 583 483
Worked during the year................................ 129,512 117,955 105,441
Usual full-time workers............................. 103,705 99,113 91,942
Usual part-time workers............................. 25,808 18,843 13,499
Involuntary part-time workers..................... 4,026 3,190 2,490
Voluntary part-time workers....................... 21,782 15,653 11,009
Below poverty level
Total in labor force.................................... 10,597 7,482 5,998
Did not work during the year.......................... 1,138 502 430
Worked during the year................................ 9,459 6,980 5,568
Usual full-time workers............................. 5,624 4,433 3,678
Usual part-time workers............................. 3,835 2,547 1,890
Involuntary part-time workers..................... 1,471 1,116 903
Voluntary part-time workers....................... 2,364 1,431 986
Poverty rate(1)
Total in labor force.................................... 7.5 5.9 5.4
Did not work during the year.......................... 42.3 46.3 47.1
Worked during the year................................ 6.8 5.6 5.0
Usual full-time workers............................. 5.1 4.3 3.8
Usual part-time workers............................. 12.9 11.9 12.3
Involuntary part-time workers..................... 26.8 25.9 26.6
Voluntary part-time workers....................... 9.8 8.4 8.2
1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27
weeks or more.
Below poverty level Poverty rate(1)
Hispanic
Age and sex Total White Black origin
Total White Black Hispanic Total White Black Hispanic
origin origin
Total, 16 years and older... 126,020 106,837 13,946 11,405 7,482 5,438 1,710 1,709 5.9 5.1 12.3 15.0
16 to 19 years.................. 4,603 4,028 455 450 519 378 128 110 11.3 9.4 28.0 24.4
20 to 24 years.................. 11,890 9,847 1,488 1,589 1,313 988 268 295 11.0 10.0 18.0 18.6
25 to 34 years.................. 32,712 27,136 4,064 3,880 2,329 1,660 576 595 7.1 6.1 14.2 15.3
35 to 44 years.................. 35,264 29,713 4,051 3,043 1,899 1,358 446 451 5.4 4.6 11.0 14.8
45 to 54 years.................. 25,415 21,893 2,519 1,542 895 632 218 169 3.5 2.9 8.7 10.9
55 to 64 years.................. 12,352 10,786 1,105 771 445 355 66 83 3.6 3.3 5.9 10.8
65 years and older.............. 3,784 3,433 264 129 81 67 8 6 2.1 2.0 3.1 4.9
Men, 16 years and older..... 68,663 59,095 6,762 6,912 3,828 3,023 636 1,108 5.6 5.1 9.4 16.0
16 to 19 years.................. 2,402 2,121 222 279 229 162 58 67 9.5 7.7 26.2 24.0
20 to 24 years.................. 6,373 5,341 753 981 676 559 95 194 10.6 10.5 12.6 19.8
25 to 34 years.................. 18,159 15,319 2,010 2,520 1,213 959 205 421 6.7 6.3 10.2 16.7
35 to 44 years.................. 19,055 16,368 1,899 1,758 983 775 156 272 5.2 4.7 8.2 15.5
45 to 54 years.................. 13,495 11,741 1,200 833 440 318 95 97 3.3 2.7 7.9 11.6
55 to 64 years.................. 6,950 6,156 550 453 258 219 26 53 3.7 3.6 4.8 11.8
65 years and older.............. 2,229 2,049 127 88 30 30 -€ 4 1.4 1.5 -€ 4.7
Women, 16 years and older... 57,357 47,741 7,185 4,493 3,654 2,416 1,075 601 6.4 5.1 15.0 13.4
16 to 19 years.................. 2,202 1,907 233 171 291 215 69 43 13.2 11.3 29.7 25.0
20 to 24 years.................. 5,517 4,506 735 608 637 430 173 101 11.5 9.5 23.6 16.7
25 to 34 years.................. 14,552 11,816 2,054 1,361 1,116 700 371 174 7.7 5.9 18.1 12.8
35 to 44 years.................. 16,209 13,345 2,152 1,285 916 583 290 179 5.7 4.4 13.5 13.9
45 to 54 years.................. 11,920 10,153 1,319 709 456 314 123 72 3.8 3.1 9.4 10.2
55 to 64 years.................. 5,402 4,630 555 318 188 136 39 29 3.5 2.9 7.1 9.3
65 years and older.............. 1,555 1,384 137 41 50 37 8 2 3.2 2.7 6.0 (2)
1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27
weeks or more. Below poverty level Poverty rate(1)
Educational attainment and race Total Men Women
Total Men Women Total Men Women
Total, 16 years and older..................... 126,020 68,663 57,357 7,482 3,828 3,654 5.9 5.6 6.4
Less than a high school diploma................... 16,188 10,032 6,156 2,788 1,631 1,157 17.2 16.3 18.8
Less than 1 year of high school................. 4,773 3,235 1,538 1,050 709 341 22.0 21.9 22.2
1-3 years of high school........................ 9,995 5,908 4,087 1,541 821 720 15.4 13.9 17.6
4 years of high school, no diploma.............. 1,420 889 531 198 102 96 13.9 11.5 18.0
High school graduates, no college................. 41,315 22,285 19,030 2,531 1,247 1,284 6.1 5.6 6.7
Some college, no degree........................... 25,701 13,327 12,374 1,317 546 771 5.1 4.1 6.2
Associate degree.................................. 10,272 4,892 5,380 343 128 216 3.3 2.6 4.0
College graduates................................. 32,546 18,128 14,417 502 276 227 1.5 1.5 1.6
White, 16 years and older..................... 106,837 59,095 47,741 5,438 3,023 2,416 5.1 5.1 5.1
Less than a high school diploma................... 13,289 8,440 4,848 2,110 1,337 773 15.9 15.8 15.9
Less than 1 year of high school................. 4,045 2,812 1,233 896 624 272 22.2 22.2 22.1
1-3 years of high school........................ 8,189 4,950 3,239 1,080 632 448 13.2 12.8 13.8
4 years of high school, no diploma.............. 1,054 678 376 134 81 53 12.7 11.9 14.2
High school graduates, no college................. 34,961 18,952 16,009 1,785 950 835 5.1 5.0 5.2
Some college, no degree........................... 21,469 11,386 10,083 911 423 488 4.2 3.7 4.8
Associate degree.................................. 8,763 4,267 4,496 242 97 146 2.8 2.3 3.2
College graduates................................. 28,355 16,050 12,306 390 217 173 1.4 1.4 1.4
Black, 16 years and older..................... 13,946 6,762 7,185 1,710 636 1,075 12.3 9.4 15.0
Less than a high school diploma................... 2,207 1,222 985 547 234 313 24.8 19.1 31.8
Less than 1 year of high school................. 463 285 179 97 59 38 21.0 20.7 21.5
1-3 years of high school........................ 1,468 782 686 400 157 243 27.2 20.1 35.4
4 years of high school, no diploma.............. 276 155 121 50 18 32 18.0 11.3 26.5
High school graduates, no college................. 5,187 2,707 2,479 668 246 422 12.9 9.1 17.0
Some college, no degree........................... 3,291 1,485 1,806 349 103 246 10.6 7.0 13.6
Associate degree.................................. 1,082 445 637 85 25 60 7.9 5.6 9.4
College graduates................................. 2,179 903 1,276 62 27 34 2.8 3.0 2.7
1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27
weeks or more.
In married-couple families In families maintained In families maintained
by women by men Unre-
Poverty status and work Total lated
experience persons indi-
Hus- Related Other House- Related Other House- Related Other viduals
bands Wives children relativ- holder children relativ- holder children relativ-
under 18 es under 18 es under 18 es
TOTAL
All persons(1)........ 199,925 52,953 53,596 5,002 16,986 12,993 1,918 9,742 3,543 366 3,427 39,399
With labor force activity. 141,659 42,469 35,316 2,480 12,814 9,137 830 6,687 2,893 138 2,455 26,440
1 to 26 weeks........... 15,639 1,533 4,049 1,496 2,966 1,037 522 1,133 188 89 393 2,233
27 weeks or more........ 126,020 40,936 31,268 984 9,848 8,100 308 5,554 2,706 49 2,062 24,207
With no labor force
activity............... 58,265 10,484 18,279 2,522 4,172 3,856 1,088 3,055 650 228 973 12,959
At or above poverty level
All persons(1)........ 176,889 50,002 50,599 4,605 16,109 8,701 1,270 7,960 3,038 313 3,103 31,190
With labor force activity. 131,062 40,614 34,336 2,378 12,437 6,848 667 5,814 2,531 130 2,275 23,032
1 to 26 weeks........... 12,524 1,339 3,681 1,423 2,833 343 412 831 113 82 329 1,137
27 weeks or more........ 118,539 39,275 30,654 955 9,604 6,504 256 4,983 2,418 48 1,946 21,895
With no labor force
activity............... 45,827 9,388 16,264 2,227 3,672 1,853 602 2,146 507 183 827 8,157
Below poverty level
All persons(1)........ 23,035 2,951 2,996 397 877 4,292 649 1,782 505 53 325 8,209
With labor force activity. 10,597 1,855 981 102 377 2,289 163 873 362 8 179 3,408
1 to 26 weeks........... 3,115 194 367 73 133 694 111 303 74 7 64 1,096
27 weeks or more........ 7,482 1,661 613 29 244 1,595 52 571 288 1 116 2,312
With no labor force
activity............... 12,438 1,095 2,015 295 500 2,003 486 909 143 45 145 4,801
Poverty rate(2)
All persons(1)........ 11.5 5.6 5.6 7.9 5.2 33.0 33.8 18.3 14.3 14.5 9.5 20.8
With labor force activity. 7.5 4.4 2.8 4.1 2.9 25.1 19.6 13.1 12.5 5.8 7.3 12.9
1 to 26 weeks........... 19.9 12.7 9.1 4.9 4.5 66.9 21.2 26.7 39.7 8.3 16.2 49.1
27 weeks or more........ 5.9 4.1 2.0 2.9 2.5 19.7 17.0 10.3 10.6 (3) 5.6 9.5
With no labor force
activity............... 21.3 10.4 11.0 11.7 12.0 51.9 44.6 29.8 22.0 19.7 14.9 37.1
1 Data on families include persons in primary families and unrelated subfamilies.
Characteristic At or above Below poverty Poverty
Total families poverty level level rate(1)
Total primary families.................... 57,262 53,254 4,008 7.0
With related children under 18.................... 33,176 29,759 3,417 10.3
Without children.................................. 24,086 23,495 591 2.5
With one member in the labor force................ 23,091 19,844 3,247 14.1
With two or more members in the labor force....... 34,171 33,410 761 2.2
With two members................................ 28,623 27,941 682 2.4
With three or more members...................... 5,548 5,469 79 1.4
Married-couple families:
With related children under 18.................. 25,104 23,542 1,562 6.2
Without children................................ 19,790 19,440 350 1.8
With one member in the labor force.............. 14,480 13,073 1,406 9.7
Husband....................................... 11,149 9,977 1,172 10.5
Wife.......................................... 2,613 2,436 177 6.8
Relative...................................... 718 660 57 8.0
With two or more members in the labor force..... 30,414 29,908 506 1.7
With two members.............................. 25,561 25,109 452 1.8
With three or more members.................... 4,853 4,800 53 1.1
Families maintained by women:
With related children under 18.................. 6,331 4,738 1,593 25.2
Without children................................ 2,964 2,785 179 6.1
With one member in the labor force.............. 6,624 5,061 1,563 23.6
Householder................................... 5,367 4,053 1,314 24.5
Relative...................................... 1,257 1,008 249 19.8
With two or more members in the labor force..... 2,671 2,462 209 7.8
Families maintained by men:
With related children under 18.................. 1,742 1,480 262 15.0
Without children................................ 1,332 1,270 62 4.6
With one member in the labor force.............. 1,987 1,710 278 14.0
Householder................................... 1,677 1,436 242 14.4
Relative...................................... 310 274 36 11.6
With two or more members in the labor force..... 1,086 1,040 46 4.3
1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27
weeks or more.
Characteristic Total At or above poverty Below poverty level Poverty rate(1)
level
Age and sex
Total unrelated individuals...... 24,207 21,895 2,312 9.5
16 to 19 years.......................... 452 261 191 42.3
20 to 24 years.......................... 3,145 2,566 579 18.4
25 to 64 years.......................... 19,603 18,097 1,506 7.7
65 years and older...................... 1,007 972 35 3.5
Men..................................... 13,724 12,445 1,279 9.3
Women................................... 10,483 9,450 1,033 9.9
Race and Hispanic origin
White................................... 20,485 18,658 1,827 8.9
Men.................................. 11,626 10,619 1,007 8.7
Women................................ 8,860 8,039 820 9.3
Black................................... 2,876 2,465 411 14.3
Men.................................. 1,610 1,374 236 14.6
Women................................ 1,266 1,091 175 13.8
Hispanic origin......................... 1,882 1,542 340 18.0
Men.................................. 1,329 1,080 249 18.7
Women................................ 553 462 91 16.4
Living arrangement
Living alone............................ 13,169 12,292 877 6.7
Living with others...................... 11,038 9,604 1,435 13.0
1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27
weeks or more. At or above Below Poverty
Poverty status and labor market problems Total poverty poverty rate(1)
level level
Total, full-time wage and salary workers........................... 97,931 94,020 3,912 4.0
No unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, or low earnings(2)... 77,013 76,472 541 .7
Unemployment only....................................................... 6,289 5,770 519 8.3
Involuntary part-time employment only................................... 2,650 2,595 56 2.1
Low earnings only....................................................... 7,250 5,729 1,520 21.0
Unemployment and involuntary part-time employment....................... 1,199 1,101 99 8.2
Unemployment and low earnings........................................... 2,053 1,307 745 36.3
Involuntary part-time employment and low earnings....................... 968 729 239 24.7
Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, and low earnings........ 509 317 192 37.7
1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27
weeks or more. |
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