 InternationalLabour Office |
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 Bureau
forWorkers' Activities |
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International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs
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Definitions
Methods
Country notes
Table
A. Share of total U.S. imports and exports of manufactured products in 1992
(in percent)
Table
1. Indexes of hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29
countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1996 (Index, U.S. = 100)
Table
2. Hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29
countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1996
Table
3. Hourly compensation costs in national currency for production workers in manufacturing,
29 countries or areas, 1975-1996
Table
4. Indexes of hourly direct pay for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or
areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1996 (Index, U.S. = 100)
Table
5. Hourly direct pay in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries
or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1996
Table
6. Hourly direct pay in national currency for production workers in manufacturing, 29
countries or areas, 1975-1996
Table
7. Indexes of pay for time worked for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or
areas, 1975-1996 (Index, U.S. = 100)
Table
8. Pay for time worked in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29
countries or areas, 1975-1996
Table
9. Pay for time worked in national currency for production workers in manufacturing, 29
countries or areas, 1975-1996
Table
10. Total direct pay as percent of total hourly compensation costs for production workers
in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1996
Table
11. Pay for time worked as percent of total hourly compensation costs for production
workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1996
Table
12. Other direct pay as a percent of hourly compensation costs for production workers in
manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1996
Table
13. Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes as a percent of hourly
compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas,
1975-1996
Table
14. Exchange rates, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1996 (National currency units per U.S.
dollar)
The accompanying tables present international comparisons of hourly compensation costs, hourly direct pay, and pay for time worked for production workers in manufacturing in selected countries or areas. The total compensation measures are prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in order to assess international differences in employer labor costs. Comparisons based on the more readily available average earnings statistics published by many countries can be very misleading. National definitions of average earnings differ considerably; average earnings do not include all items of labor compensation; and the omitted items of compensation frequently represent a large proportion of total compensation. The total direct pay and pay for time worked measures are prepared to provide a comparable basis for analyzing the main components of total compensation. The compensation and other pay measures are computed in national currency units and are converted into U.S. dollars at prevailing commercial market currency exchange rates. They are appropriate measures for comparing levels of employer labor costs. They do not indicate relative living standards of workers or the purchasing power of their income. Prices of goods and services vary greatly among countries, and commercial market exchange rates are not reliable indicators of relative differences in prices.
Hourly compensation is defined as (1) hourly direct pay and (2) employer social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes.
Hourly direct pay includes all payments made directly to the worker, before payroll deductions of any kind, consisting of (a) pay for time worked (basic time and piece rates plus overtime premiums, shift differentials, other premiums and bonuses paid regularly each pay period, and cost-of-living adjustments) and (b) other direct pay (pay for time not worked (vacations, holidays, and other leave, except sick leave), seasonal or irregular bonuses and other special payments, selected social allowances, and the cost of payments in kind). Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes includes (c) employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans (retirement and disability pensions, health insurance, income guarantee insurance and sick leave, life and accident insurance, occupational injury and illness compensation, unemployment insurance, and family allowances) and, for some countries, (d) other labor taxes (other taxes on payrolls or employment (or reductions to reflect subsidies), even if they do not finance programs that directly benefit workers, because such taxes are regarded as labor costs). For consistency, compensation is measured on an hours-worked basis for every country.
The BLS definition of hourly compensation costs is not the same as the International Labour Office (ILO) definition of total labor costs. Hourly compensation costs do not include all items of labor costs. The costs of recruitment, employee training, and plant facilities and services ( such as cafeterias and medical clinics ( are not included because data are not available for most countries. The labor costs not included account for no more than 4 percent of total labor costs in any country for which data are available. Hourly direct pay includes (a) pay for time worked (basic time and piece rates plus overtime premiums, shift differentials, other premiums and bonuses paid regularly each pay period, and cost-of-living adjustments) and (b) other direct pay (pay for time not worked (vacations, holidays, and other leave, except sick leave), seasonal or irregular bonuses and other special payments, selected social allowances, and the cost of payments in kind), before payroll deductions of any kind. Direct pay is also measured on an hours-worked basis for every country.
Pay for time worked includes only basic time and piece rates plus overtime premiums, shift differentials, other premiums and bonuses paid regularly each pay period, and cost-of-living adjustments (COLA's). Pay for time worked is measured on an hours-worked basis for every country.
Production workers generally include those employees who are engaged in fabricating, assembly, and related activities; material handling, warehousing, and shipping; maintenance and repair; janitorial and guard services; auxiliary production (e.g., powerplants); and other services closely related to the above activities. Working supervisors are generally included; apprentices and other trainees are generally excluded.
Total compensation is computed by adjusting each country's average earnings series for items of direct pay not included in earnings and for employer expenditures for legally required insurance, contractual and private benefit plans, and other labor taxes. Total direct pay is computed by adjusting average earnings for items of direct pay not included in earnings. Pay for time worked is measured by adjusting average earnings, where necessary, to eliminate other items of direct pay. For the United States and other countries that measure earnings on an hours-paid basis, the figures are also adjusted in order to approximate compensation or pay per hour worked. Descriptions of the country surveys used for the Bureau's comparative measures, including definitions and survey coverage, are based on information provided by each country.
Earnings statistics are obtained from surveys of employment, hours, and earnings for most countries. They are obtained from surveys or censuses of manufactures for five countries ( Mexico, Israel, Austria, Denmark, and Portugal. The surveys of employment, hours, and earnings are stratified sample surveys of establishments for most countries (except they are full surveys of establishments covered for Finland, Luxembourg, and Norway and a judgment sample for Switzerland). The surveys of manufactures are stratified sample surveys of establishments which collect data on industrial production and other industrial statistics, including labor input and labor cost. Censuses are complete enumerations of business establishments.
Adjustment factors are obtained from periodic labor cost surveys and interpolated or projected to non-survey years on the basis of other available information for most countries. The labor cost surveys are stratified sample surveys of establishments (full surveys for Ireland, Italy, and Luxembourg). The information used to interpolate or project the adjustment factors to non-survey years includes annual tabulations on employer social security contribution rates provided by the International Studies Staff of the U.S. Social Security Administration, information on contractual and legislated fringe benefit changes from ILO and national labor bulletins, and statistical series on indirect labor costs. The adjustment factors are obtained from the surveys of manufactures for Mexico and Portugal, and from reports on fringe benefit systems and social security for Hong Kong, Israel, New Zealand, Singapore, and Sri Lanka. For the United States, the adjustment factors are special calculations for international comparisons based on data from several surveys. For some countries, data are not available to compute pay for time worked.
The statistics are also adjusted, where necessary, to account for major differences in worker coverage; differences in industrial classification systems; and changes over time in survey coverage, sample benchmarks, or frequency of surveys. Nevertheless, some differences in industrial coverage remain and, with the exception of the United States, Canada, and several other countries, the data exclude very small establishments (less than 5 employees in Japan and less than 10 employees in most European and some other countries). For the United States, the methods used, as well as the results, differ somewhat from those for other BLS series on U.S. compensation costs.
Special estimation procedures have been used for some countries because of incomplete data. Hourly earnings are computed from daily or monthly earnings using estimates of standard hours worked for Israel. Earnings for production workers are estimated from all-employee earnings for Japan (1990 to present), Korea (1975-84), New Zealand (all years), and Israel (1978 to present). For Singapore, hourly compensation costs are estimated for the years since 1985 using the trend in average weekly earnings and benefit costs of production workers or average compensation per employee from the national accounts. For Italy, both hourly earnings and additional compensation adjustment factors are obtained from periodic labor cost surveys and interpolated or projected to nonsurvey years using the trend in contractual wage rates and in benefit entitlements and costs. The adjustment factors for additional compensation relate to all employees for Mexico, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom; they are constants or the midpoints of constant ranges for Hong Kong, Israel, and New Zealand.
Hourly compensation costs, hourly direct pay, and pay for time worked are converted to U.S. dollars using the average daily exchange rate for the reference period. Changes in hourly compensation in U.S. dollars from one period to another are therefore affected by changes in currency exchange rates as well as by changes in compensation. The exchange rates used are prevailing commercial market exchange rates as published by either the U.S. Federal Reserve Board or the International Monetary Fund.
The following are exceptions to the standard coverage and definitions explained above:
Australia: Compensation relates to production workers and nonproduction workers other than those in managerial, executive, professional, and higher supervisory positions. Hong Kong: Average of selected manufacturing industries. The industries covered accounted for about 70 percent of all persons employed in manufacturing in 1988. Compensation excludes overtime pay.
Austria: Excludes workers in establishments considered handicraft manufacturers. (All printing and publishing and miscellaneous manufacturing establishments are classified in handicrafts.) In 1986, handicraft employment was about 35 percent of all manufacturing employment. Average compensation per employee was about 10 percent lower in manufacturing including handicrafts than in manufacturing excluding handicrafts.
Finland: Includes workers in mining and electrical power plants. For comparability with other countries, compensation excludes some obligatory training and plant facilities costs; these costs would add 1.6 percent to average hourly compensation costs in 1994.
Germany: Refers to former West Germany. Excludes workers in establishments considered handicraft manufacturers. In 1990, handicraft employment was about 25 percent of all manufacturing employment. Average hourly earnings of production workers were about 3 percent lower in manufacturing including handicrafts than in manufacturing excluding handicrafts.
Ireland: Data refer to September for 1975-76.
Norway: Pay for time worked includes irregular bonuses; irregular bonuses account for only a small fraction of earnings. For comparability with other countries, compensation excludes some obligatory training and plant facilities costs; these costs would add 2.2 percent to average hourly compensation costs in 1994.
Portugal: Direct pay excludes profit-sharing bonuses but includes social allowances. Profit-sharing bonuses are included in social insurance expenditures.
Trade-weighted measures
The trade weights used to compute the average compensation cost measures for selected country or economic groups are the sum of U.S. imports of manufactured products for consumption (customs value) and U.S. exports of domestic manufactured products (free along side (f.a.s.) value) in 1992 for each country or area and each economic group. See table A. The trade data used to compute the weights are U.S. Bureau of the Census statistics of U.S. imports and exports converted to an industrial classification basis from data initially collected under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule commodity classification system. The trade-weighted measures relate to all the countries or areas covered in the series. Estimates are computed for missing country data using the average trend in the other economies to estimate the missing data.
Table
A. Share of total U.S. imports and exports of manufactured products in 1992
(in percent)
Country or area 1992 Country or area 1992
and trade and trade
economic group share economic group share
Canada 19.2 Greece .1
Mexico 7.6 Ireland .6
Italy 2.3
Australia 1.4 Luxembourg .1
Hong Kong 2.0 Netherlands 1.9
Israel .8 Norway .3
Japan 15.8
Portugal .2
Korea 3.4 Spain .8
New Zealand .3 Sweden .8
Singapore 2.4 Switzerland 1.0
Sri Lanka .1 United Kingdom 4.4
Taiwan 4.4
Economic groups
Austria .3 28 foreign
Belgium 1.5 economies 80.8
Denmark .3 OECD 2/ 71.1
Finland .2 Europe 23.4
France 3.2 European Union 22.1
Germany 1/ 5.4 Asian NIEs 12.2
1 Former West Germany.
2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) includes Canada,
Mexico, Australia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, and all European countries. (Mexico joined
the OECD in 1994 and Korea joined in 1996, and the OECD trade-weighted measures are shown
both including and excluding those countries.) The European Union (formerly European
Community) consists of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United
Kingdom. Europe includes the EU countries plus Norway and Switzerland. The group labeled
"Asian NIEs" consists of the four newly industrializing economies of Hong Kong,
Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.
Data limitations
Because compensation is partly estimated, the statistics should not be considered as precise measures of comparative compensation costs. In addition, the figures are subject to revision as the results of new labor cost surveys or other data used to estimate compensation costs become available.
The comparative level figures in these tables are averages for all manufacturing industries and are not necessarily representative of all component industries. In the United States and some other countries, such as Japan, differentials in hourly compensation cost levels by industry are quite wide. In contrast, other countries, such as Germany and Sweden, have narrow differentials.
Labor costs versus labor income
The hourly compensation figures in U.S. dollars shown in the tables provide comparative
measures of employer labor costs; they do not provide intercountry comparisons of the
purchasing power of worker incomes. Prices of goods and services vary greatly among
countries, and the commercial market exchange rates used to compare employer labor costs
do not reliably indicate relative differences in prices. Purchasing power parities ( that
is, the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to
what can be purchased with one unit of U.S. or other base-country currency ( must be used
for meaningful international comparisons of
the relative purchasing power of worker incomes.
Total compensation converted to U.S. dollars at purchasing power parities would provide one measure for comparing relative real levels of labor income. It should be noted, however, that total compensation includes employer payments to funds for the benefit of workers in addition to payments made directly to workers. (For a few countries, the compensation measures also include taxes or subsidies on payrolls or employment even if they do not finance programs which directly benefit workers.) Payments into these funds provide either deferred income (e.g., payments to retirement funds), a type of insurance (e.g., payments to unemployment or health benefit funds), or current social benefits (e.g., family allowances), and the relationship between employer payments and current or future worker benefits is indirect. On the other hand, excluding these payments would understate the total value of income derived from work because they substitute for worker savings or self-insurance to cover retirement, medical costs, etc.
Total compensation, since it takes account of employer payments into funds for the benefit of workers, is a broader income concept than either total direct earnings or direct spendable earnings. An even broader concept would take account of all social benefits available to workers, including those financed out of general revenues as well as those financed through employment or payroll taxes.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Canada 94 102 97 90 87 88 88 89 92 89 84 Mexico 23 24 18 20 21 22 26 17 12 12 12 Australia 88 90 83 85 83 86 90 85 77 78 63 Hong Kong 12 13 14 14 14 15 14 14 12 13 13 Israel 35 34 35 31 37 38 38 38 40 37 31 Japan 47 47 52 66 60 56 56 48 50 50 49 Korea 5 6 7 9 11 10 9 9 9 10 9 New Zealand 50 43 44 50 52 54 52 48 43 37 34 Singapore 13 12 12 13 14 15 17 17 18 20 19 Sri Lanka 4 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 Taiwan 6 7 7 7 9 10 11 11 11 11 12 Austria 71 69 75 83 88 90 72 67 64 59 58 Belgium 101 100 109 122 131 133 104 81 75 69 69 Denmark 99 96 96 108 116 110 87 76 72 64 62 Finland 72 75 74 71 83 83 74 69 62 62 63 France 71 68 69 78 85 91 74 67 64 58 58 Germany 1 100 97 104 117 125 125 97 89 85 75 74 Greece 27 28 30 34 37 38 34 35 31 30 28 Ireland 48 41 41 48 54 60 51 49 47 45 46 Italy 73 63 66 70 78 83 70 64 63 59 59 Luxembourg 100 99 105 118 123 121 90 74 67 62 59 Netherlands 103 100 106 121 126 122 91 84 78 69 67 Norway 106 109 113 115 114 117 101 93 85 80 80 Portugal 25 24 21 20 19 21 19 16 13 12 12 Spain 40 41 42 47 59 60 51 45 38 36 36 Sweden 113 119 117 117 125 127 109 86 73 73 74 Switzerland 96 93 91 116 117 112 93 89 86 77 74 United Kingdom 53 46 45 53 63 77 67 59 53 48 48 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 60 61 61 65 66 67 62 57 56 54 52 OECD 3 67 68 68 73 73 74 68 63 62 59 57 less Mexico, Korea 4 76 77 78 83 83 84 77 72 71 68 65 Europe 80 77 79 89 97 101 81 73 68 62 61 European Union 79 75 78 88 96 100 81 72 67 61 60 Asian NIEs 8 9 9 10 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Canada 84 89 97 103 106 110 106 100 94 93 94 Mexico 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 15 9 8 Australia 64 70 82 87 88 87 81 76 83 88 93 Hong Kong 14 15 17 19 21 23 24 26 27 28 29 Israel 39 47 55 54 57 56 56 53 54 61 62 Japan 70 80 91 88 86 94 101 115 125 138 119 Korea 10 12 16 22 25 30 32 34 38 43 46 New Zealand 41 50 59 54 56 54 49 49 53 59 62 Singapore 17 17 19 22 25 28 31 32 37 43 47 Sri Lanka 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 - Taiwan 13 17 20 25 26 28 32 31 33 34 33 Austria 81 101 104 99 119 116 126 122 128 148 141 Belgium 94 113 114 108 129 127 138 131 138 156 147 Denmark 83 108 109 101 120 117 124 116 121 141 137 Finland 81 99 113 118 141 136 124 101 113 144 138 France 78 91 93 88 102 98 105 98 101 113 109 Germany 1 101 126 131 124 147 146 158 154 159 185 180 Greece 31 34 38 38 45 44 46 43 45 52 - Ireland 60 69 72 67 79 78 83 73 75 80 80 Italy 79 96 101 101 119 119 122 97 95 96 102 Luxembourg 80 97 99 95 110 108 117 112 119 134 - Netherlands 92 112 114 105 123 117 126 121 124 141 132 Norway 100 124 133 128 144 139 143 122 124 142 141 Portugal 16 19 20 21 25 27 32 27 27 31 - Spain 47 56 61 62 76 78 83 70 68 74 75 Sweden 94 112 121 122 140 142 153 107 112 126 138 Switzerland 104 126 129 117 140 139 144 137 148 170 160 United Kingdom 58 67 76 74 85 88 90 76 76 80 80 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 62 70 77 77 83 86 88 86 89 95 91 OECD 3 68 77 84 84 90 93 96 94 96 103 98 less Mexico, Korea 4 78 90 97 97 104 107 110 107 110 118 112 Europe 82 99 104 99 116 115 122 111 114 128 125 European Union 80 97 102 98 115 114 121 110 113 126 124 Asian NIEs 13 15 18 23 25 28 30 31 34 37 39 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States $6.36 $6.92 $7.59 $8.28 $9.04 $9.87 $10.87 $11.68 $12.14 $12.55 $13.01 Canada 5.96 7.06 7.35 7.42 7.87 8.67 9.55 10.44 11.13 11.14 10.94 Mexico 1.47 1.64 1.34 1.62 1.91 2.21 2.82 1.97 1.42 1.56 1.59 Australia 5.62 6.22 6.29 7.00 7.47 8.47 9.80 9.98 9.31 9.83 8.20 Hong Kong .76 .87 1.03 1.18 1.31 1.51 1.55 1.66 1.51 1.58 1.73 Israel 2.25 2.38 2.68 2.57 3.30 3.79 4.18 4.43 4.88 4.65 4.06 Japan 3.00 3.25 3.96 5.45 5.40 5.52 6.08 5.60 6.03 6.23 6.34 Korea .32 .42 .56 .76 1.01 .96 1.02 1.09 1.15 1.20 1.23 New Zealand 3.21 3.00 3.37 4.14 4.71 5.33 5.69 5.62 5.19 4.65 4.47 Singapore .84 .86 .91 1.05 1.26 1.49 1.80 1.96 2.21 2.46 2.47 Sri Lanka .28 .24 .32 .26 .23 .22 .21 .24 .25 .25 .28 Taiwan .40 .46 .53 .62 .79 1.00 1.21 1.24 1.29 1.42 1.50 Austria 4.51 4.78 5.67 6.91 7.96 8.88 7.78 7.78 7.81 7.35 7.58 Belgium 6.41 6.90 8.29 10.14 11.82 13.11 11.31 9.49 9.08 8.63 8.97 Denmark 6.28 6.63 7.25 8.98 10.53 10.83 9.41 8.87 8.69 8.03 8.13 Finland 4.61 5.19 5.58 5.88 7.51 8.24 8.04 8.03 7.54 7.77 8.16 France 4.52 4.70 5.21 6.43 7.69 8.94 8.02 7.85 7.74 7.29 7.52 Germany 1 6.35 6.73 7.86 9.65 11.29 12.33 10.53 10.35 10.26 9.43 9.60 Greece 1.69 1.92 2.29 2.84 3.37 3.73 3.66 4.12 3.78 3.74 3.66 Ireland 3.03 2.86 3.12 3.97 4.85 5.95 5.59 5.71 5.67 5.59 5.92 Italy 4.67 4.34 4.99 5.83 7.06 8.15 7.57 7.44 7.70 7.35 7.63 Luxembourg 6.35 6.86 7.97 9.81 11.08 11.98 9.82 8.59 8.12 7.75 7.72 Netherlands 6.58 6.90 8.02 9.98 11.41 12.06 9.91 9.78 9.49 8.70 8.75 Norway 6.77 7.52 8.56 9.51 10.28 11.59 11.01 10.83 10.32 10.07 10.37 Portugal 1.58 1.66 1.58 1.63 1.68 2.06 2.04 1.88 1.62 1.45 1.53 Spain 2.53 2.86 3.18 3.88 5.31 5.89 5.55 5.28 4.56 4.47 4.66 Sweden 7.18 8.25 8.88 9.65 11.33 12.51 11.80 10.07 8.89 9.17 9.66 Switzerland 6.09 6.45 6.88 9.59 10.56 11.09 10.14 10.42 10.46 9.64 9.66 United Kingdom 3.37 3.21 3.45 4.41 5.70 7.56 7.31 6.92 6.49 6.04 6.27 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 3.83 4.23 4.64 5.41 5.98 6.60 6.72 6.67 6.81 6.74 6.75 OECD 3 4.25 4.70 5.15 6.01 6.63 7.30 7.41 7.35 7.48 7.39 7.40 less Mexico, Korea 4 4.83 5.33 5.89 6.86 7.54 8.31 8.35 8.38 8.61 8.47 8.48 Europe 5.10 5.30 6.01 7.39 8.76 9.92 8.85 8.50 8.28 7.77 7.98 European Union 5.04 5.21 5.94 7.26 8.66 9.85 8.76 8.39 8.15 7.65 7.87 Asian NIEs .52 .59 .70 .84 1.03 1.17 1.33 1.41 1.47 1.59 1.65 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States $13.26 $13.52 $13.91 $14.32 $14.91 $15.58 $16.09 $16.51 $16.87 $17.19 $17.74 Canada 11.10 12.04 13.50 14.77 15.84 17.16 17.03 16.44 15.85 16.04 16.66 Mexico 1.09 1.04 1.25 1.43 1.58 1.84 2.17 2.40 2.47 1.51 1.50 Australia 8.54 9.46 11.35 12.41 13.07 13.53 13.02 12.49 14.02 15.05 16.55 Hong Kong 1.88 2.09 2.40 2.79 3.20 3.58 3.92 4.29 4.61 4.82 5.14 Israel 5.20 6.34 7.67 7.69 8.55 8.79 9.09 8.82 9.19 10.54 10.98 Japan 9.22 10.79 12.63 12.53 12.80 14.66 16.28 19.01 21.07 23.66 21.04 Korea 1.31 1.59 2.20 3.17 3.71 4.61 5.22 5.64 6.40 7.40 8.23 New Zealand 5.50 6.77 8.19 7.80 8.33 8.36 7.91 8.01 8.93 10.11 11.03 Singapore 2.23 2.31 2.67 3.15 3.78 4.35 4.95 5.25 6.29 7.33 8.32 Sri Lanka .29 .30 .31 .31 .35 .40 .40 .42 .45 .48 - Taiwan 1.73 2.26 2.81 3.52 3.93 4.36 5.09 5.19 5.49 5.82 5.86 Austria 10.73 13.67 14.52 14.16 17.75 18.09 20.29 20.16 21.51 25.38 24.95 Belgium 12.43 15.25 15.82 15.51 19.22 19.83 22.23 21.62 23.25 26.88 26.07 Denmark 11.07 14.61 15.19 14.49 17.96 18.26 20.02 19.11 20.40 24.26 24.38 Finland 10.71 13.44 15.70 16.85 21.03 21.25 19.92 16.63 19.06 24.83 24.45 France 10.28 12.29 12.95 12.54 15.23 15.26 16.89 16.23 17.04 19.34 19.34 Germany 1 13.43 17.02 18.28 17.75 21.96 22.69 25.40 25.36 26.90 31.85 31.87 Greece 4.07 4.61 5.22 5.49 6.71 6.82 7.46 7.02 7.51 8.90 - Ireland 8.02 9.31 10.00 9.66 11.76 12.08 13.37 12.12 12.63 13.83 14.12 Italy 10.47 13.02 13.98 14.41 17.74 18.60 19.60 16.00 16.10 16.52 18.08 Luxembourg 10.65 13.05 13.80 13.56 16.37 16.87 18.85 18.49 20.06 23.12 - Netherlands 12.22 15.14 15.83 15.04 18.29 18.30 20.34 20.05 20.92 24.18 23.33 Norway 13.24 16.79 18.45 18.29 21.47 21.63 23.03 20.21 20.97 24.38 24.95 Portugal 2.08 2.52 2.78 2.97 3.77 4.24 5.17 4.50 4.60 5.37 - Spain 6.25 7.63 8.55 8.94 11.33 12.20 13.37 11.50 11.39 12.70 13.29 Sweden 12.43 15.12 16.82 17.52 20.93 22.15 24.59 17.70 18.86 21.64 24.56 Switzerland 13.76 17.08 18.01 16.73 20.86 21.69 23.23 22.63 24.91 29.30 28.34 United Kingdom 7.66 9.09 10.61 10.56 12.71 13.77 14.44 12.47 12.86 13.73 14.19 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 8.16 9.49 10.66 11.00 12.34 13.32 14.21 14.27 14.94 16.32 16.13 OECD 3 8.98 10.44 11.69 12.01 13.47 14.53 15.46 15.50 16.19 17.69 17.41 less Mexico, Korea 4 10.41 12.13 13.55 13.85 15.52 16.69 17.72 17.72 18.48 20.32 19.95 Europe 10.82 13.34 14.41 14.15 17.34 17.97 19.66 18.33 19.28 22.01 22.22 European Union 10.65 13.12 14.19 13.98 17.13 17.75 19.45 18.11 19.00 21.65 21.91 Asian NIEs 1.74 2.06 2.55 3.23 3.72 4.30 4.91 5.18 5.76 6.39 6.89 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States 6.36 6.92 7.59 8.28 9.04 9.87 10.87 11.68 12.14 12.55 13.01 Canada 6.07 6.96 7.81 8.46 9.21 10.13 11.45 12.88 13.71 14.43 14.94 Mexico 18 24 30 37 43 51 69 111 170 262 409 Australia 4.30 5.10 5.67 6.12 6.68 7.43 8.53 9.82 10.32 11.18 11.70 Hong Kong 3.73 4.28 4.82 5.54 6.57 7.50 8.66 10.06 10.97 12.35 13.46 Israel 1.44 1.90 2.81 4.49 8.41 19.42 47.72 108 274 1364 4.79 Japan 889 963 1060 1136 1179 1245 1339 1396 1432 1480 1512 Korea 157 203 271 369 487 583 691 793 892 970 1074 New Zealand 2.65 3.03 3.48 3.99 4.61 5.48 6.55 7.48 7.77 8.05 8.98 Singapore 2.00 2.13 2.22 2.39 2.74 3.20 3.80 4.20 4.67 5.25 5.43 Sri Lanka 1.97 2.04 2.88 4.13 3.54 3.58 3.97 4.99 5.82 6.48 7.58 Taiwan 15.17 17.37 19.98 22.84 28.47 36.13 44.47 48.42 51.65 56.39 59.60 Austria 78.46 85.77 93.77 100.20 106.39 114.78 123.60 132.66 140.26 147.05 156.75 Belgium 235.10 266.36 297.07 318.88 346.66 382.88 418.66 434.66 463.97 498.25 532.39 Denmark 36.00 40.07 43.50 49.47 55.39 60.98 66.84 73.98 79.49 83.06 86.18 Finland 16.88 19.99 22.40 24.16 27.07 30.64 34.71 38.63 41.97 46.60 50.56 France 19.34 22.45 25.62 28.93 32.71 37.73 43.39 51.66 59.01 63.71 67.49 Germany 1 15.59 16.94 18.25 19.35 20.70 22.39 23.73 25.13 26.21 26.84 28.23 Greece 55 70 84 105 125 159 203 275 333 422 506 Ireland 1.36 1.58 1.79 2.07 2.37 2.89 3.46 4.02 4.54 5.14 5.55 Italy 3048 3606 4405 4950 5863 6966 8564 10068 11703 12898 14563 Luxembourg 233 265 286 309 325 350 365 392 415 448 458 Netherlands 16.59 18.22 19.69 21.56 22.88 23.93 24.64 26.14 27.09 27.93 29.04 Norway 35.29 41.01 45.54 49.84 52.05 57.20 63.09 69.93 75.34 82.15 89.11 Portugal 40.26 50.12 60.17 71.51 82.29 103.28 125.42 150.69 181.19 213.92 263.37 Spain 145 191 239 297 356 422 511 581 654 719 792 Sweden 29.73 35.93 39.68 43.59 48.57 52.91 59.40 63.31 68.23 75.88 83.12 Switzerland 15.72 16.12 16.50 17.04 17.57 18.57 19.88 21.19 21.98 22.65 23.71 United Kingdom 1.52 1.78 1.98 2.30 2.68 3.25 3.61 3.96 4.28 4.52 4.84 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States 13.26 13.52 13.91 14.32 14.91 15.58 16.09 16.51 16.87 17.19 17.74 Canada 15.42 15.97 16.61 17.48 18.49 19.66 20.59 21.21 21.66 22.02 22.73 Mexico 667 1437 2834 3509 4440 5541 6716 7.48 8.34 9.66 11.39 Australia 12.73 13.49 14.47 15.68 16.74 17.37 17.71 18.37 19.16 20.32 21.13 Hong Kong 14.64 16.31 18.74 21.79 24.91 27.82 30.31 33.19 35.65 37.30 39.74 Israel 7.74 10.12 12.27 14.73 17.24 20.04 22.36 24.97 27.66 31.73 36.10 Japan 1553 1560 1620 1730 1856 1974 2065 2112 2154 2223 2289 Korea 1153 1311 1610 2127 2623 3383 4075 4531 5141 5710 6624 New Zealand 10.47 11.42 12.48 13.14 13.98 14.46 14.70 14.79 15.06 15.41 16.04 Singapore 4.86 4.87 5.37 6.15 6.85 7.51 8.07 8.49 9.61 10.39 11.73 Sri Lanka 8.13 8.82 9.81 11.11 14.05 16.58 17.51 20.20 22.32 24.45 - Taiwan 65.37 71.93 80.29 92.91 105.68 116.66 128.02 137.00 145.44 154.26 160.87 Austria 163.69 172.96 179.45 187.49 201.07 211.44 222.93 234.70 245.38 255.87 264.22 Belgium 554.91 569.91 581.89 611.16 642.30 678.30 714.70 747.53 777.32 792.10 807.26 Denmark 89.65 100.07 102.40 106.11 111.18 116.97 120.84 123.96 129.64 135.86 141.40 Finland 54.33 59.17 65.81 72.39 80.56 86.11 89.40 95.19 99.76 108.64 112.35 France 71.23 73.91 77.17 80.02 82.97 86.17 89.41 91.98 94.48 96.45 98.96 Germany 1 29.15 30.61 32.13 33.39 35.50 37.68 39.67 41.96 43.63 45.61 47.96 Greece 570 625 741 892 1064 1243 1422 1610 1821 2062 - Ireland 5.98 6.25 6.56 6.81 7.10 7.48 7.85 8.27 8.43 8.62 8.82 Italy 15616 16890 18201 19770 21258 23081 24146 25175 25943 26911 27894 Luxembourg 476 487 507 534 547 576 606 640 671 682 - Netherlands 29.91 30.68 31.31 31.92 33.32 34.25 35.78 37.25 38.06 38.79 39.33 Norway 97.99 113.18 120.37 126.43 134.26 140.43 143.13 143.47 147.92 154.46 161.18 Portugal 311.04 356.13 400.97 467.42 538.11 614.62 697.80 724.15 763.09 804.35 - Spain 874 942 997 1059 1156 1269 1369 1466 1525 1582 1684 Sweden 88.58 95.99 103.24 113.11 123.98 134.04 143.26 137.99 145.55 154.51 164.73 Switzerland 24.74 25.48 26.37 27.38 29.00 31.14 32.66 33.45 34.06 34.61 35.03 United Kingdom 5.22 5.54 5.95 6.45 7.13 7.79 8.17 8.31 8.40 8.70 9.09 Dash means data not available. Note: National currency units are United States, dollar; Canada, dollar; Mexico, old peso (1975-92), new peso (1993-95); Australia, dollar; Hong Kong, dollar; Israel, shekel (1975-84), new shekel (1985-95); Japan, yen; Korea, won; New Zealand, dollar; Singapore, dollar; Sri Lanka, rupee; Taiwan, dollar; Austria, shilling; Belgium, franc; Denmark, krone; Finland, markkaa; France, franc; Germany, mark; Greece, drachma; Ireland, pound, Italy, lira; Luxembourg, franc; Netherlands, guilder; Norway, krone; Portugal, escuado; Spain, peseta; Sweden, krona; Switzerland, franc; United Kingdom, pound. See other notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Canada 102 112 106 97 95 97 97 99 101 97 92 Mexico 25 26 19 22 23 25 29 19 13 14 14 Australia 92 94 87 90 88 92 96 92 83 84 67 Hong Kong 14 15 16 17 17 18 17 17 15 15 16 Israel 35 34 35 31 37 39 39 39 41 38 32 Japan 51 51 56 70 65 61 61 53 55 54 53 Korea 5 7 8 10 12 11 10 11 11 11 11 New Zealand 57 49 51 57 60 63 61 57 50 44 40 Singapore 14 13 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 18 Sri Lanka 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 Taiwan 7 8 8 9 10 12 13 12 12 13 13 Austria 67 65 71 79 83 85 68 63 60 54 54 Belgium 93 94 103 116 124 126 100 81 74 67 65 Denmark 114 111 111 127 137 130 103 91 84 75 74 Finland 69 71 69 68 80 81 72 68 62 61 62 France 63 60 61 69 76 81 66 60 56 51 51 Germany 1 97 93 100 113 122 122 95 87 83 73 72 Greece 27 28 31 35 38 39 35 37 32 31 29 Ireland 51 44 44 52 59 66 55 52 50 47 48 Italy 59 50 55 59 66 72 62 56 56 52 52 Luxembourg 102 102 108 122 127 126 94 77 71 65 63 Netherlands 95 92 98 112 118 115 86 80 75 67 64 Norway 105 108 113 115 113 117 101 93 86 81 80 Portugal 24 23 20 19 18 20 18 16 13 11 11 Spain 33 35 37 42 54 55 47 42 35 33 34 Sweden 105 108 104 105 113 114 97 78 65 64 65 Switzerland 97 95 93 119 121 117 97 94 91 81 78 United Kingdom 56 49 47 55 64 78 68 61 56 51 51 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 62 63 63 67 68 70 65 60 59 57 54 OECD 3 69 70 70 75 76 77 71 66 65 62 60 less Mexico, Korea 4 78 80 80 85 86 87 80 76 75 71 68 Europe 76 73 75 85 93 97 79 71 66 60 59 European Union 75 71 74 83 91 96 77 70 65 59 58 Asian NIEs 9 10 10 11 13 13 14 14 13 14 14 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Canada 91 97 106 113 116 120 115 107 100 99 99 Mexico 9 9 10 11 12 13 15 17 17 10 10 Australia 68 74 86 92 93 93 88 81 89 93 99 Hong Kong 17 19 21 24 26 28 30 32 34 35 36 Israel 40 48 57 56 60 59 60 57 58 65 65 Japan 76 87 99 95 94 104 112 128 139 150 129 Korea 11 13 18 25 28 32 35 37 41 46 49 New Zealand 49 59 69 64 66 64 60 59 64 71 74 Singapore 18 19 21 24 28 30 34 35 40 45 50 Sri Lanka 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 - Taiwan 15 19 23 29 31 33 38 38 39 40 39 Austria 74 93 96 91 111 109 119 114 118 136 130 Belgium 86 103 104 99 119 119 130 123 128 145 136 Denmark 99 127 134 125 149 145 155 144 148 170 165 Finland 79 97 108 113 135 133 123 97 107 136 130 France 68 81 82 78 92 89 97 90 92 102 99 Germany 1 98 122 127 121 144 144 157 154 157 181 175 Greece 31 34 38 39 46 45 48 43 45 52 - Ireland 63 73 76 71 84 83 90 80 81 87 86 Italy 69 84 88 86 102 105 109 87 85 85 90 Luxembourg 85 103 106 102 119 118 129 124 131 149 - Netherlands 87 107 109 101 119 116 126 121 124 139 129 Norway 100 125 133 129 147 144 150 131 133 150 149 Portugal 15 18 19 20 24 26 31 27 27 31 - Spain 44 53 58 59 72 75 81 67 65 71 72 Sweden 82 98 106 107 124 125 135 100 103 114 125 Switzerland 108 132 136 123 148 148 155 148 158 180 169 United Kingdom 61 71 81 79 92 94 98 83 85 88 88 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 64 73 80 80 87 90 93 92 93 99 94 OECD 3 70 80 87 87 94 98 101 99 101 107 102 less Mexico, Korea 4 81 93 101 101 108 112 116 113 115 123 116 Europe 78 95 100 95 113 113 121 111 113 126 122 European Union 76 93 98 94 111 111 119 109 111 123 120 Asian NIEs 15 17 21 26 28 32 35 36 39 42 43 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States $5.30 $5.73 $6.24 $6.77 $7.35 $7.98 $8.77 $9.32 $9.69 $10.04 $10.43 Canada 5.43 6.39 6.59 6.60 7.01 7.74 8.47 9.21 9.79 9.77 9.58 Mexico 1.33 1.48 1.21 1.47 1.72 1.99 2.53 1.76 1.25 1.39 1.42 Australia 4.89 5.41 5.45 6.06 6.47 7.34 8.43 8.58 8.00 8.46 6.99 Hong Kong .73 .85 1.00 1.14 1.27 1.46 1.50 1.60 1.46 1.53 1.67 Israel 1.86 1.96 2.21 2.12 2.73 3.13 3.45 3.66 4.02 3.84 3.35 Japan 2.70 2.90 3.51 4.77 4.75 4.89 5.36 4.92 5.29 5.47 5.54 Korea .29 .38 .51 .69 .91 .87 .92 .98 1.04 1.08 1.11 New Zealand 3.01 2.82 3.17 3.89 4.43 5.01 5.35 5.28 4.88 4.38 4.20 Singapore .72 .74 .78 .89 1.04 1.18 1.43 1.55 1.73 1.90 1.92 Sri Lanka .25 .22 .29 .24 .21 .20 .18 .21 .21 .22 .24 Taiwan .37 .43 .49 .58 .74 .94 1.13 1.16 1.20 1.33 1.40 Austria 3.53 3.73 4.42 5.35 6.13 6.80 5.92 5.88 5.86 5.46 5.60 Belgium 4.94 5.36 6.42 7.85 9.12 10.07 8.78 7.57 7.15 6.68 6.76 Denmark 6.04 6.36 6.95 8.58 10.08 10.36 9.00 8.47 8.17 7.55 7.68 Finland 3.65 4.07 4.32 4.57 5.85 6.45 6.31 6.31 6.00 6.16 6.45 France 3.35 3.46 3.82 4.69 5.59 6.50 5.82 5.63 5.47 5.14 5.33 Germany 1 5.12 5.35 6.27 7.67 8.94 9.75 8.31 8.14 8.03 7.36 7.47 Greece 1.41 1.60 1.91 2.37 2.81 3.11 3.05 3.41 3.09 3.07 3.00 Ireland 2.69 2.53 2.76 3.52 4.33 5.23 4.84 4.89 4.85 4.74 5.00 Italy 3.14 2.89 3.41 4.01 4.86 5.75 5.41 5.26 5.43 5.20 5.38 Luxembourg 5.39 5.82 6.74 8.28 9.34 10.08 8.24 7.22 6.86 6.57 6.56 Netherlands 5.06 5.27 6.13 7.60 8.66 9.16 7.53 7.49 7.26 6.68 6.71 Norway 5.58 6.17 7.03 7.79 8.27 9.32 8.84 8.65 8.33 8.15 8.36 Portugal 1.28 1.34 1.25 1.29 1.33 1.61 1.60 1.46 1.24 1.10 1.16 Spain 1.76 1.99 2.30 2.85 3.95 4.37 4.11 3.92 3.40 3.35 3.51 Sweden 5.57 6.21 6.49 7.09 8.29 9.09 8.52 7.26 6.27 6.46 6.79 Switzerland 5.16 5.46 5.81 8.09 8.90 9.34 8.55 8.80 8.83 8.11 8.10 United Kingdom 2.98 2.80 2.95 3.73 4.74 6.20 6.00 5.73 5.41 5.08 5.33 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 3.30 3.63 3.95 4.57 5.03 5.55 5.67 5.63 5.73 5.68 5.67 OECD 3 3.66 4.03 4.38 5.07 5.57 6.14 6.25 6.19 6.29 6.22 6.21 less Mexico, Korea 4 4.15 4.56 5.00 5.77 6.32 6.96 7.02 7.04 7.23 7.12 7.10 Europe 4.04 4.15 4.71 5.78 6.82 7.72 6.89 6.63 6.42 6.02 6.17 European Union 3.97 4.07 4.63 5.65 6.71 7.62 6.79 6.50 6.29 5.89 6.05 Asian NIEs 0.48 0.55 0.64 0.76 0.93 1.05 1.19 1.26 1.30 1.41 1.47 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States $10.65 $10.83 $11.12 $11.41 $11.80 $12.21 $12.50 $12.80 $13.14 $13.47 $13.92 Canada 9.68 10.50 11.75 12.86 13.73 14.64 14.36 13.75 13.19 13.31 13.83 Mexico 0.98 0.93 1.12 1.28 1.41 1.63 1.93 2.13 2.18 1.33 1.33 Australia 7.24 8.02 9.61 10.51 10.99 11.38 10.95 10.42 11.70 12.56 13.81 Hong Kong 1.82 2.02 2.32 2.70 3.09 3.46 3.79 4.15 4.46 4.66 4.97 Israel 4.29 5.23 6.33 6.35 7.06 7.26 7.50 7.28 7.58 8.70 9.06 Japan 8.05 9.40 10.98 10.86 11.07 12.66 14.06 16.42 18.20 20.26 18.01 Korea 1.18 1.43 1.99 2.82 3.25 3.93 4.35 4.70 5.33 6.17 6.86 New Zealand 5.17 6.37 7.70 7.34 7.84 7.86 7.44 7.53 8.40 9.51 10.37 Singapore 1.93 2.09 2.39 2.77 3.25 3.71 4.19 4.44 5.28 6.09 6.91 Sri Lanka .25 .26 .26 .26 .30 .34 .34 .36 .39 .41 - Taiwan 1.60 2.09 2.60 3.26 3.63 4.04 4.71 4.80 5.09 5.39 5.42 Austria 7.92 10.06 10.67 10.43 13.08 13.31 14.87 14.63 15.54 18.35 18.03 Belgium 9.12 11.15 11.58 11.31 14.06 14.51 16.22 15.70 16.88 19.50 18.94 Denmark 10.58 13.75 14.89 14.22 17.54 17.71 19.41 18.40 19.39 22.86 22.96 Finland 8.44 10.48 12.04 12.88 15.92 16.26 15.38 12.36 14.11 18.34 18.03 France 7.29 8.72 9.14 8.88 10.88 10.92 12.08 11.55 12.07 13.74 13.74 Germany 1 10.45 13.22 14.17 13.78 16.98 17.55 19.60 19.65 20.62 24.38 24.30 Greece 3.31 3.73 4.21 4.43 5.42 5.51 5.99 5.50 5.88 6.97 - Ireland 6.76 7.86 8.43 8.14 9.93 10.18 11.28 10.26 10.69 11.70 11.95 Italy 7.33 9.10 9.73 9.81 12.09 12.79 13.60 11.10 11.18 11.46 12.48 Luxembourg 9.08 11.16 11.83 11.63 14.04 14.46 16.15 15.82 17.16 20.02 - Netherlands 9.31 11.55 12.08 11.58 14.08 14.16 15.76 15.53 16.32 18.67 18.01 Norway 10.66 13.51 14.78 14.75 17.36 17.60 18.77 16.80 17.43 20.25 20.72 Portugal 1.57 1.91 2.10 2.25 2.86 3.22 3.92 3.42 3.50 4.11 - Spain 4.71 5.75 6.45 6.74 8.54 9.19 10.08 8.57 8.49 9.53 9.97 Sweden 8.73 10.56 11.75 12.18 14.66 15.30 16.89 12.78 13.50 15.36 17.43 Switzerland 11.52 14.28 15.09 14.03 17.50 18.12 19.38 18.88 20.79 24.27 23.47 United Kingdom 6.47 7.72 9.05 9.02 10.80 11.48 12.20 10.68 11.16 11.91 12.31 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 6.80 7.89 8.87 9.17 10.22 10.98 11.67 11.75 12.28 13.34 13.15 OECD 3 7.47 8.65 9.70 9.98 11.11 11.92 12.63 12.71 13.25 14.39 14.13 less Mexico, Korea 4 8.64 10.04 11.22 11.48 12.78 13.68 14.46 14.50 15.09 16.51 16.16 Europe 8.32 10.26 11.09 10.88 13.32 13.79 15.10 14.15 14.85 16.92 17.05 European Union 8.15 10.03 10.86 10.68 13.08 13.54 14.86 13.90 14.54 16.54 16.71 Asian NIEs 1.58 1.89 2.34 2.95 3.36 3.85 4.36 4.59 5.09 5.63 6.04 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States 5.30 5.73 6.24 6.77 7.35 7.98 8.77 9.32 9.69 10.04 10.43 Canada 5.52 6.30 7.00 7.53 8.21 9.05 10.16 11.37 12.06 12.66 13.09 Mexico 17 21 27 33 39 46 62 99 150 233 365 Australia 3.74 4.43 4.91 5.30 5.79 6.44 7.33 8.44 8.88 9.61 9.99 Hong Kong 3.61 4.15 4.66 5.36 6.36 7.26 8.38 9.73 10.61 11.95 13.03 Israel 1.19 1.56 2.32 3.70 6.94 16.03 39.38 88.82 226 1126 3.95 Japan 801 860 940 995 1037 1103 1180 1227 1257 1298 1322 Korea 141 183 245 333 439 526 623 715 804 874 970 New Zealand 2.49 2.85 3.27 3.76 4.33 5.15 6.16 7.04 7.30 7.57 8.44 Singapore 1.72 1.82 1.91 2.03 2.26 2.53 3.02 3.32 3.66 4.05 4.23 Sri Lanka 1.79 1.85 2.61 3.74 3.21 3.25 3.40 4.27 4.98 5.55 6.49 Taiwan 14.18 16.23 18.67 21.35 26.61 33.77 41.56 45.25 48.27 52.70 55.70 Austria 61.46 67.00 73.07 77.58 81.95 87.95 94.06 100.26 105.34 109.28 115.71 Belgium 181.40 206.63 230.08 246.82 267.41 294.14 325.25 346.36 365.66 385.90 401.26 Denmark 34.65 38.47 41.69 47.29 53.04 58.31 63.90 70.67 74.71 78.19 81.39 Finland 13.39 15.70 17.34 18.78 21.09 23.98 27.23 30.34 33.41 36.94 39.96 France 14.36 16.50 18.80 21.11 23.78 27.42 31.47 37.06 41.69 44.92 47.86 Germany 1 12.57 13.47 14.56 15.37 16.38 17.69 18.74 19.77 20.52 20.93 21.99 Greece 46 59 70 87 104 133 169 228 272 346 414 Ireland 1.21 1.40 1.58 1.83 2.12 2.54 3.00 3.44 3.89 4.36 4.69 Italy 2050 2401 3008 3407 4037 4918 6123 7121 8243 9139 10268 Luxembourg 198 225 242 261 274 295 306 330 351 380 390 Netherlands 12.76 13.93 15.05 16.42 17.37 18.17 18.75 20.02 20.72 21.44 22.25 Norway 29.07 33.69 37.40 40.81 41.86 46.02 50.64 55.89 60.82 66.47 71.85 Portugal 32.52 40.52 47.83 56.75 64.90 80.81 98.06 116.72 138.74 162.43 198.92 Spain 101 133 173 218 265 313 378 432 488 539 597 Sweden 23.09 27.07 28.99 32.05 35.56 38.43 42.91 45.65 48.09 53.46 58.41 Switzerland 13.33 13.64 13.93 14.38 14.80 15.65 16.76 17.89 18.56 19.06 19.90 United Kingdom 1.34 1.55 1.69 1.94 2.23 2.67 2.96 3.28 3.57 3.80 4.11 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States 10.65 10.83 11.12 11.41 11.80 12.21 12.50 12.80 13.14 13.47 13.92 Canada 13.46 13.92 14.46 15.23 16.02 16.78 17.36 17.74 18.02 18.28 18.87 Mexico 597 1287 2550 3141 3956 4926 5967 6.63 7.37 8.51 10.09 Australia 10.78 11.43 12.26 13.28 14.07 14.61 14.89 15.33 15.99 16.96 17.64 Hong Kong 14.17 15.78 18.13 21.08 24.10 26.91 29.33 32.11 34.50 36.09 38.45 Israel 6.39 8.35 10.13 12.16 14.23 16.53 18.45 20.60 22.83 26.19 29.79 Japan 1355 1359 1408 1500 1605 1704 1783 1824 1860 1904 1960 Korea 1040 1179 1457 1891 2301 2882 3396 3776 4284 4759 5520 New Zealand 9.85 10.74 11.74 12.36 13.14 13.59 13.82 13.90 14.16 14.49 15.08 Singapore 4.21 4.41 4.81 5.40 5.89 6.41 6.82 7.18 8.06 8.64 9.75 Sri Lanka 6.96 7.56 8.41 9.52 12.03 14.20 15.00 17.31 19.12 20.95 - Taiwan 60.53 66.60 74.34 86.03 97.85 108.02 118.54 126.85 134.67 142.83 148.95 Austria 120.92 127.24 131.86 138.05 148.16 155.62 163.46 170.32 177.33 184.92 190.95 Belgium 407.47 416.65 425.80 445.80 469.75 496.08 521.55 542.94 564.29 574.72 586.64 Denmark 85.64 94.19 100.40 104.13 108.55 113.43 117.19 119.31 123.24 127.99 133.21 Finland 42.81 46.15 50.47 55.31 60.98 65.88 69.02 70.78 73.84 80.27 82.83 France 50.52 52.45 54.46 56.66 59.26 61.68 63.93 65.48 66.93 68.51 70.29 Germany 1 22.68 23.76 24.89 25.92 27.45 29.15 30.62 32.52 33.45 34.92 36.57 Greece 464 504 598 720 859 1004 1141 1261 1426 1615 - Ireland 5.04 5.28 5.53 5.74 5.99 6.31 6.62 7.00 7.14 7.30 7.47 Italy 10931 11797 12663 13453 14485 15872 16756 17465 18009 18661 19255 Luxembourg 405 417 435 458 469 494 519 547 574 590 - Netherlands 22.80 23.40 23.89 24.56 25.66 26.50 27.72 28.86 29.69 29.95 30.37 Norway 78.85 91.08 96.39 101.98 108.55 114.24 116.66 119.27 122.96 128.31 133.81 Portugal 235.10 269.59 302.62 354.64 408.28 466.33 529.44 551.52 581.18 615.89 - Spain 659 710 751 798 871 956 1032 1093 1137 1187 1263 Sweden 62.21 67.04 72.11 78.63 86.80 92.60 98.39 99.66 104.15 109.68 116.94 Switzerland 20.72 21.31 22.10 22.97 24.32 26.02 27.25 27.91 28.41 28.66 29.01 United Kingdom 4.41 4.71 5.08 5.51 6.05 6.50 6.91 7.11 7.28 7.55 7.89 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Canada 101 110 104 95 93 95 94 96 98 94 89 Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - Australia 90 92 85 87 85 89 93 89 80 81 65 Hong Kong - - - - - - - - - - - Israel - - - - - - - - - - - Japan 37 37 41 52 47 45 45 39 40 40 39 Korea - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand 54 47 48 55 57 60 58 54 48 41 38 Singapore 13 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 16 Sri Lanka 4 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Taiwan - - - - - - - - - - - Austria 50 49 54 59 63 64 51 47 45 41 40 Belgium 80 78 85 94 101 102 80 65 59 53 51 Denmark 111 108 108 123 133 125 98 86 80 71 70 Finland 66 67 64 62 72 73 64 60 55 54 54 France 56 54 55 61 67 72 59 52 49 44 44 Germany 1 81 78 84 94 100 99 76 70 67 59 57 Greece 22 24 26 29 32 33 29 31 27 25 24 Ireland 51 44 44 51 58 64 54 51 48 45 46 Italy 48 41 45 49 56 61 52 47 47 43 43 Luxembourg 92 93 100 115 118 117 86 71 65 59 57 Netherlands 80 79 84 94 97 96 73 69 64 55 53 Norway 100 104 108 109 106 111 95 88 81 76 75 Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - Spain - - - - - - - - - - - Sweden 102 106 101 100 105 106 90 73 61 60 60 Switzerland 86 84 82 105 106 102 85 82 79 69 67 United Kingdom 55 48 46 53 62 75 66 59 53 48 49 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Canada 88 94 102 109 112 116 111 104 97 95 96 Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - Australia 66 71 83 88 89 90 84 78 85 89 95 Hong Kong - - - - - - - - - - - Israel - - - - - - - - - - - Japan 56 65 73 70 69 76 83 95 104 113 97 Korea - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand 46 56 66 61 63 61 56 56 60 67 70 Singapore 16 18 19 21 24 26 29 30 34 38 42 Sri Lanka 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 - Taiwan - - - - - - - - - - - Austria 56 69 72 68 82 82 90 87 90 104 99 Belgium 68 82 82 78 94 94 102 96 101 114 107 Denmark 94 120 127 118 140 137 147 136 139 160 156 Finland 69 84 93 96 115 112 102 80 89 112 107 France 58 68 69 65 77 75 81 75 76 85 82 Germany 1 79 98 102 96 113 113 125 122 125 144 139 Greece 26 29 32 33 39 38 40 36 37 43 - Ireland 61 70 73 69 81 80 87 77 78 83 82 Italy 57 69 71 69 81 83 86 69 67 67 71 Luxembourg 77 92 95 91 106 106 115 110 116 132 - Netherlands 72 87 89 82 96 93 101 98 100 111 104 Norway 94 117 124 120 136 134 140 123 124 140 138 Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - Spain - - - - - - - - - - - Sweden 75 90 97 98 114 114 121 91 93 104 114 Switzerland 93 113 116 105 126 127 132 126 135 153 144 United Kingdom 58 67 77 74 86 88 92 78 80 83 83 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States $4.83 $5.22 $5.68 $6.17 $6.70 $7.27 $7.99 $8.49 $8.83 $9.19 $9.54 Canada 4.88 5.73 5.89 5.89 6.23 6.88 7.51 8.15 8.66 8.63 8.48 Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - Australia 4.35 4.79 4.80 5.34 5.70 6.46 7.43 7.56 7.05 7.45 6.16 Hong Kong - - - - - - - - - - - Israel - - - - - - - - - - - Japan 1.79 1.94 2.35 3.22 3.18 3.27 3.56 3.29 3.57 3.70 3.76 Korea - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand 2.62 2.45 2.75 3.38 3.84 4.35 4.65 4.59 4.24 3.80 3.65 Singapore .62 .62 .66 .75 .87 .99 1.18 1.28 1.42 1.56 1.57 Sri Lanka .20 .17 .23 .19 .16 .15 .14 .16 .17 .17 .19 Taiwan - - - - - - - - - - - Austria 2.43 2.58 3.04 3.67 4.22 4.64 4.05 4.01 4.00 3.74 3.81 Belgium 3.84 4.09 4.83 5.83 6.74 7.41 6.43 5.54 5.24 4.86 4.91 Denmark 5.34 5.63 6.15 7.61 8.94 9.12 7.80 7.34 7.07 6.54 6.65 Finland 3.17 3.48 3.64 3.82 4.85 5.31 5.15 5.11 4.84 4.95 5.18 France 2.71 2.80 3.10 3.79 4.51 5.23 4.68 4.45 4.30 4.04 4.16 Germany 1 3.91 4.07 4.75 5.78 6.68 7.22 6.10 5.97 5.88 5.39 5.47 Greece 1.08 1.23 1.47 1.82 2.16 2.39 2.35 2.60 2.36 2.32 2.27 Ireland 2.44 2.29 2.50 3.17 3.89 4.67 4.31 4.33 4.28 4.16 4.39 Italy 2.34 2.16 2.55 3.05 3.72 4.43 4.14 4.02 4.15 3.98 4.07 Luxembourg 4.43 4.84 5.69 7.08 7.91 8.48 6.89 6.02 5.71 5.45 5.42 Netherlands 3.88 4.10 4.77 5.77 6.53 6.95 5.80 5.82 5.62 5.09 5.02 Norway 4.85 5.41 6.14 6.74 7.11 8.04 7.63 7.47 7.18 6.96 7.12 Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - Spain - - - - - - - - - - - Sweden 4.94 5.53 5.75 6.19 7.02 7.73 7.20 6.22 5.41 5.49 5.73 Switzerland 4.16 4.39 4.67 6.48 7.12 7.44 6.78 6.95 6.95 6.37 6.35 United Kingdom 2.66 2.49 2.62 3.30 4.18 5.45 5.25 4.99 4.70 4.41 4.63 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States $9.73 $9.91 $10.19 $10.48 $10.83 $11.18 $11.46 $11.74 $12.07 $12.37 $12.78 Canada 8.58 9.30 10.41 11.39 12.16 12.97 12.72 12.18 11.68 11.79 12.25 Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - Australia 6.38 7.06 8.47 9.26 9.68 10.02 9.65 9.18 10.31 11.07 12.17 Hong Kong - - - - - - - - - - - Israel - - - - - - - - - - - Japan 5.47 6.42 7.48 7.34 7.46 8.53 9.52 11.16 12.54 13.95 12.40 Korea - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand 4.49 5.53 6.68 6.37 6.80 6.82 6.46 6.53 7.29 8.25 9.00 Singapore 1.59 1.74 1.95 2.21 2.59 2.92 3.30 3.48 4.11 4.73 5.33 Sri Lanka .20 .20 .21 .21 .24 .27 .27 .28 .31 0.32 - Taiwan - - - - - - - - - - - Austria 5.42 6.88 7.30 7.15 8.90 9.16 10.33 10.22 10.88 12.84 12.62 Belgium 6.62 8.08 8.37 8.18 10.16 10.49 11.69 11.31 12.16 14.05 13.65 Denmark 9.16 11.92 12.91 12.32 15.20 15.35 16.82 15.94 16.80 19.81 19.90 Finland 6.70 8.28 9.48 10.11 12.44 12.51 11.64 9.37 10.70 13.91 13.67 France 5.65 6.72 6.99 6.79 8.32 8.36 9.24 8.84 9.23 10.51 10.51 Germany 1 7.65 9.68 10.36 10.08 12.28 12.68 14.30 14.35 15.10 17.80 17.74 Greece 2.53 2.87 3.24 3.41 4.17 4.23 4.61 4.23 4.52 5.36 - Ireland 5.94 6.92 7.43 7.18 8.75 8.97 9.94 9.04 9.42 10.31 10.53 Italy 5.51 6.82 7.26 7.28 8.81 9.31 9.90 8.08 8.10 8.29 9.03 Luxembourg 7.48 9.16 9.68 9.52 11.49 11.83 13.22 12.95 14.05 16.38 - Netherlands 6.96 8.60 9.02 8.62 10.38 10.45 11.63 11.46 12.05 13.78 13.29 Norway 9.11 11.59 12.67 12.59 14.73 14.94 16.07 14.45 14.99 17.26 17.59 Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - Spain - - - - - - - - - - - Sweden 7.34 8.89 9.91 10.27 12.36 12.75 13.85 10.69 11.25 12.81 14.54 Switzerland 9.01 11.17 11.80 10.97 13.68 14.17 15.16 14.76 16.25 18.98 18.35 United Kingdom 5.61 6.68 7.81 7.78 9.29 9.88 10.50 9.19 9.60 10.25 10.60 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States 4.83 5.22 5.68 6.17 6.70 7.27 7.99 8.49 8.83 9.19 9.54 Canada 4.96 5.65 6.26 6.71 7.30 8.04 9.00 10.06 10.67 11.17 11.59 Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - Australia 3.33 3.92 4.33 4.67 5.10 5.67 6.46 7.44 7.82 8.47 8.80 Hong Kong - - - - - - - - - - - Israel - - - - - - - - - - - Japan 531 575 631 671 695 737 783 819 847 878 897 Korea - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand 2.16 2.47 2.84 3.26 3.76 4.47 5.35 6.11 6.34 6.57 7.33 Singapore 1.46 1.53 1.60 1.71 1.89 2.13 2.50 2.73 3.01 3.32 3.46 Sri Lanka 1.41 1.46 2.06 2.95 2.53 2.56 2.68 3.37 3.93 4.38 5.12 Taiwan - - - - - - - - - - - Austria 42.34 46.24 50.32 53.22 56.47 60.02 64.39 68.49 71.88 74.77 78.81 Belgium 140.95 157.61 173.12 183.37 197.64 216.44 238.28 253.74 267.88 280.86 291.40 Denmark 30.64 34.04 36.93 41.92 47.02 51.33 55.42 61.24 64.68 67.64 70.47 Finland 11.62 13.41 14.60 15.69 17.49 19.74 22.25 24.59 26.94 29.72 32.10 France 11.60 13.37 15.22 17.08 19.21 22.08 25.30 29.30 32.80 35.26 37.33 Germany 1 9.59 10.23 11.03 11.60 12.24 13.10 13.75 14.50 15.02 15.33 16.10 Greece 35 45 54 67 80 102 130 174 208 262 314 Ireland 1.10 1.27 1.43 1.65 1.90 2.27 2.67 3.05 3.43 3.83 4.12 Italy 1524 1793 2253 2585 3089 3792 4685 5448 6302 6987 7767 Luxembourg 163 187 204 223 232 248 256 275 292 315 322 Netherlands 9.80 10.84 11.70 12.47 13.09 13.80 14.42 15.54 16.05 16.34 16.67 Norway 25.30 29.50 32.69 35.30 36.02 39.67 43.69 48.26 52.43 56.81 61.20 Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - Spain - - - - - - - - - - - Sweden 20.45 24.08 25.70 27.94 30.11 32.68 36.24 39.08 41.53 45.38 49.33 Switzerland 10.74 10.96 11.18 11.51 11.83 12.47 13.29 14.14 14.60 14.97 15.58 United Kingdom 1.20 1.38 1.50 1.72 1.97 2.34 2.59 2.86 3.10 3.30 3.57 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States 9.73 9.91 10.19 10.48 10.83 11.18 11.46 11.74 12.07 12.37 12.78 Canada 11.92 12.33 12.81 13.49 14.19 14.86 15.38 15.71 15.96 16.19 16.71 Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - Australia 9.50 10.07 10.80 11.70 12.40 12.87 13.12 13.51 14.09 14.94 15.54 Hong Kong - - - - - - - - - - - Israel - - - - - - - - - - - Japan 921 928 959 1013 1081 1148 1207 1240 1282 1311 1349 Korea - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand 8.55 9.32 10.19 10.73 11.41 11.80 12.00 12.07 12.29 12.58 13.09 Singapore 3.47 3.66 3.92 4.30 4.69 5.04 5.38 5.62 6.28 6.70 7.52 Sri Lanka 5.49 5.96 6.63 7.51 9.49 11.20 11.83 13.65 15.08 16.52 - Taiwan - - - - - - - - - - - Austria 82.64 87.05 90.27 94.60 100.84 107.12 113.58 118.96 124.12 129.43 133.65 Belgium 295.48 301.70 307.88 322.34 339.66 358.70 375.76 391.17 406.55 414.06 422.65 Denmark 74.15 81.62 87.00 90.23 94.06 98.29 101.55 103.39 106.79 110.91 115.43 Finland 34.00 36.48 39.74 43.45 47.64 50.68 52.25 53.66 55.98 60.86 62.8 France 39.16 40.41 41.67 43.35 45.34 47.19 48.91 50.10 51.21 52.42 53.78 Germany 1 16.60 17.40 18.21 18.96 19.86 21.06 22.33 23.76 24.49 25.49 26.69 Greece 354 388 460 554 661 772 878 970 1097 1242 - Ireland 4.43 4.65 4.87 5.06 5.28 5.56 5.83 6.17 6.29 6.43 6.58 Italy 8219 8843 9450 9995 10550 11552 12195 12702 13050 13503 13933 Luxembourg 334 342 356 375 384 404 425 448 470 483 - Netherlands 17.04 17.42 17.84 18.29 18.92 19.56 20.46 21.30 21.91 22.10 22.41 Norway 67.39 78.11 82.67 87.01 92.15 96.98 99.88 102.55 105.73 109.39 113.59 Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - Spain - - - - - - - - - - - Sweden 52.32 56.43 60.80 66.30 73.19 77.17 80.71 83.33 86.79 91.48 97.53 Switzerland 16.20 16.66 17.28 17.96 19.02 20.35 21.31 21.82 22.22 22.41 22.69 United Kingdom 3.82 4.08 4.39 4.75 5.21 5.59 5.94 6.12 6.27 6.49 6.79 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States 83.3 82.8 82.2 81.7 81.3 80.9 80.6 79.8 79.8 80.0 80.1 Canada 90.9 90.5 89.7 89.0 89.1 89.4 88.7 88.3 87.9 87.7 87.6 Mexico 92.3 89.2 91.2 90.3 91.4 89.7 89.7 89.2 88.2 89.0 89.2 Australia 87.0 86.8 86.7 86.6 86.7 86.6 86.0 86.0 86.0 86.0 85.4 Hong Kong 96.7 96.9 96.7 96.7 96.8 96.8 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.8 96.8 Israel 82.5 82.3 82.4 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 Japan 90.1 89.3 88.6 87.6 88.0 88.6 88.2 87.9 87.8 87.7 87.4 Korea 89.9 90.2 90.3 90.1 90.2 90.2 90.2 90.2 90.2 90.2 90.3 New Zealand 93.9 93.9 94.0 94.1 94.0 94.0 94.1 94.1 94.0 94.0 94.0 Singapore 85.9 85.6 86.0 85.0 82.4 79.1 79.4 79.0 78.3 77.2 77.9 Sri Lanka 90.8 90.7 90.7 90.6 90.6 90.7 85.6 85.6 85.6 85.7 85.6 Taiwan 93.5 93.4 93.4 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 Austria 78.3 78.1 77.9 77.4 77.0 76.6 76.1 75.6 75.1 74.3 73.8 Belgium 77.2 77.6 77.4 77.4 77.1 76.8 77.7 79.7 78.8 77.5 75.4 Denmark 96.3 96.0 95.8 95.6 95.8 95.6 95.6 95.5 94.0 94.1 94.4 Finland 79.3 78.6 77.4 77.7 77.9 78.3 78.5 78.6 79.6 79.3 79.0 France 74.3 73.5 73.4 73.0 72.7 72.7 72.5 71.7 70.6 70.5 70.9 Germany 1 80.7 79.5 79.8 79.4 79.1 79.0 79.0 78.7 78.3 78.0 77.9 Greece 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 82.9 81.9 82.0 82.0 Ireland 89.1 88.8 88.4 88.5 89.4 87.9 86.7 85.7 85.7 84.9 84.5 Italy 67.3 66.6 68.3 68.8 68.9 70.6 71.5 70.7 70.4 70.9 70.5 Luxembourg 85.1 84.7 84.5 84.4 84.3 84.2 83.8 84.1 84.6 84.8 85.1 Netherlands 76.9 76.5 76.4 76.2 75.9 75.9 76.1 76.6 76.5 76.8 76.6 Norway 82.4 82.1 82.1 81.9 80.4 80.4 80.3 79.9 80.7 80.9 80.6 Portugal 80.8 80.8 79.5 79.4 78.9 78.2 78.2 77.5 76.6 75.9 75.5 Spain 69.7 69.6 72.4 73.4 74.4 74.2 74.0 74.4 74.6 75.0 75.4 Sweden 77.7 75.3 73.1 73.5 73.2 72.6 72.2 72.1 70.5 70.5 70.3 Switzerland 84.8 84.6 84.4 84.4 84.2 84.3 84.3 84.4 84.4 84.1 83.9 United Kingdom 88.4 87.3 85.4 84.5 83.3 82.0 82.1 82.8 83.3 84.1 84.9 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 86.2 85.8 85.2 84.5 84.1 84.1 84.4 84.3 84.2 84.3 84.1 OECD 3 86.1 85.8 85.1 84.3 84.0 84.0 84.3 84.2 84.1 84.2 83.9 less Mexico, Korea 4 85.9 85.6 84.9 84.1 83.8 83.8 84.1 84.0 84.0 84.0 83.8 Europe 79.2 78.4 78.3 78.2 77.9 77.8 77.8 77.9 77.6 77.5 77.4 European Union 78.8 78.0 77.9 77.8 77.5 77.4 77.5 77.5 77.1 77.0 76.9 Asian NIEs 90.9 91.8 91.5 91.4 90.7 90.1 89.6 89.4 88.7 88.4 88.7 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States 80.3 80.1 79.9 79.7 79.2 78.4 77.7 77.5 77.9 78.4 78.5 Canada 87.3 87.2 87.1 87.1 86.6 85.3 84.3 83.6 83.2 83.0 83.0 Mexico 89.4 89.6 90.0 89.5 89.1 88.9 88.9 88.6 88.4 88.1 88.5 Australia 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.1 84.1 84.1 83.5 83.5 83.4 83.5 Hong Kong 96.8 96.7 96.7 96.8 96.8 96.7 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.7 96.8 Israel 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.6 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 Japan 87.3 87.1 86.9 86.7 86.5 86.3 86.3 86.4 86.3 85.6 85.6 Korea 90.2 89.9 90.5 88.9 87.7 85.2 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 New Zealand 94.1 94.0 94.1 94.1 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 Singapore 86.5 90.6 89.6 87.8 86.0 85.4 84.5 84.5 83.8 83.1 83.1 Sri Lanka 85.6 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.6 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 - Taiwan 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 Austria 73.9 73.6 73.5 73.6 73.7 73.6 73.3 72.6 72.3 72.3 72.3 Belgium 73.4 73.1 73.2 72.9 73.1 73.1 73.0 72.6 72.6 72.6 72.7 Denmark 95.5 94.1 98.0 98.1 97.6 97.0 97.0 96.3 95.1 94.2 94.2 Finland 78.8 78.0 76.7 76.4 75.7 76.5 77.2 74.4 74.0 73.9 73.7 France 70.9 71.0 70.6 70.8 71.4 71.6 71.5 71.2 70.8 71.0 71.0 Germany 1 77.8 77.6 77.5 77.6 77.3 77.4 77.2 77.5 76.7 76.6 76.3 Greece 81.4 80.7 80.7 80.7 80.7 80.7 80.2 78.3 78.3 78.3 - Ireland 84.2 84.5 84.3 84.3 84.4 84.4 84.3 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 Italy 70.0 69.8 69.6 68.0 68.1 68.8 69.4 69.4 69.4 69.3 69.0 Luxembourg 85.2 85.5 85.8 85.8 85.8 85.7 85.7 85.5 85.6 86.5 - Netherlands 76.2 76.3 76.3 77.0 77.0 77.4 77.5 77.5 78.0 77.2 77.2 Norway 80.5 80.5 80.1 80.7 80.9 81.4 81.5 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.0 Portugal 75.6 75.7 75.5 75.9 75.9 75.9 75.9 76.2 76.2 76.6 - Spain 75.4 75.4 75.3 75.4 75.3 75.3 75.4 74.6 74.6 75.0 75.0 Sweden 70.2 69.8 69.8 69.5 70.0 69.1 68.7 72.2 71.6 71.0 71.0 Switzerland 83.8 83.6 83.8 83.9 83.9 83.6 83.4 83.4 83.4 82.8 82.8 United Kingdom 84.4 85.0 85.4 85.4 84.9 83.4 84.6 85.6 86.7 86.7 86.8 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 83.4 83.1 83.2 83.3 82.8 82.4 82.1 82.3 82.2 81.7 81.5 OECD 3 83.2 82.9 83.0 83.1 82.5 82.1 81.7 82.0 81.8 81.4 81.2 less Mexico, Korea 4 83.1 82.8 82.8 82.9 82.3 82.0 81.6 81.8 81.7 81.2 81.0 Europe 76.9 76.9 77.0 76.9 76.8 76.7 76.8 77.2 77.0 76.9 76.7 European Union 76.5 76.4 76.5 76.4 76.4 76.3 76.4 76.7 76.6 76.4 76.3 Asian NIEs 91.2 92.2 92.0 91.3 90.4 89.5 88.8 88.7 88.4 88.0 87.7 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States 75.9 75.4 74.8 74.5 74.1 73.7 73.5 72.7 72.7 73.2 73.3 Canada 81.7 81.2 80.2 79.3 79.3 79.4 78.6 78.1 77.8 77.4 77.6 Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - Australia 77.4 76.9 76.4 76.3 76.3 76.3 75.7 75.8 75.8 75.8 75.2 Hong Kong - - - - - - - - - - - Israel - - - - - - - - - - - Japan 59.7 59.7 59.5 59.1 58.9 59.2 58.5 58.7 59.2 59.3 59.3 Korea - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand 81.5 81.5 81.6 81.7 81.6 81.6 81.7 81.7 81.6 81.6 81.6 Singapore 73.0 71.8 72.1 71.5 69.0 66.6 65.8 65.0 64.5 63.2 63.7 Sri Lanka 71.6 71.6 71.5 71.4 71.5 71.5 67.5 67.5 67.5 67.6 67.5 Taiwan - - - - - - - - - - - Austria 54.0 53.9 53.7 53.1 53.1 52.3 52.1 51.6 51.2 50.8 50.3 Belgium 60.0 59.2 58.3 57.5 57.0 56.5 56.9 58.4 57.7 56.4 54.7 Denmark 85.1 85.0 84.9 84.7 84.9 84.2 82.9 82.8 81.4 81.4 81.8 Finland 68.8 67.1 65.2 64.9 64.6 64.4 64.1 63.7 64.2 63.8 63.5 France 60.0 59.6 59.4 59.0 58.7 58.5 58.3 56.7 55.6 55.3 55.3 Germany 1 61.5 60.4 60.5 59.9 59.1 58.5 58.0 57.7 57.3 57.1 57.0 Greece 64.1 64.1 64.1 64.1 64.1 64.1 64.1 63.3 62.5 62.1 62.1 Ireland 80.9 80.4 79.9 79.7 80.2 78.5 77.2 75.9 75.6 74.5 74.2 Italy 50.0 49.7 51.1 52.2 52.7 54.4 54.7 54.1 53.8 54.2 53.3 Luxembourg 70.0 70.6 71.3 72.2 71.4 70.9 70.1 70.2 70.4 70.3 70.3 Netherlands 59.1 59.5 59.4 57.8 57.2 57.7 58.5 59.4 59.2 58.5 57.4 Norway 71.7 71.9 71.8 70.8 69.2 69.4 69.3 69.0 69.6 69.2 68.7 Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - Spain - - - - - - - - - - - Sweden 68.8 67.0 64.8 64.1 62.0 61.8 61.0 61.7 60.9 59.8 59.3 Switzerland 68.3 68.0 67.8 67.5 67.4 67.1 66.9 66.7 66.4 66.1 65.7 United Kingdom 78.7 77.6 75.7 74.9 73.4 72.1 71.8 72.1 72.4 73.1 73.7 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States 73.4 73.3 73.3 73.2 72.6 71.8 71.2 71.1 71.5 72.0 72.0 Canada 77.3 77.2 77.1 77.2 76.7 75.6 74.7 74.1 73.7 73.5 73.5 Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - Australia 74.6 74.6 74.6 74.6 74.1 74.1 74.1 73.5 73.5 73.5 73.5 Hong Kong - - - - - - - - - - - Israel - - - - - - - - - - - Japan 59.3 59.5 59.2 58.6 58.2 58.2 58.4 58.7 59.5 59.0 59.0 Korea - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand 81.7 81.6 81.7 81.7 81.6 81.6 81.6 81.6 81.6 81.6 81.6 Singapore 71.4 75.2 73.0 69.9 68.5 67.1 66.7 66.2 65.3 64.5 64.1 Sri Lanka 67.5 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.5 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 - Taiwan - - - - - - - - - - - Austria 50.5 50.3 50.3 50.5 50.2 50.7 50.9 50.7 50.6 50.6 50.6 Belgium 53.2 52.9 52.9 52.7 52.9 52.9 52.6 52.3 52.3 52.3 52.4 Denmark 82.7 81.6 85.0 85.0 84.6 84.0 84.0 83.4 82.4 81.6 81.6 Finland 62.6 61.7 60.4 60.0 59.1 58.9 58.4 56.4 56.1 56.0 55.9 France 55.0 54.7 54.0 54.2 54.6 54.8 54.7 54.5 54.2 54.3 54.3 Germany 1 56.9 56.8 56.7 56.8 55.9 55.9 56.3 56.6 56.1 55.9 55.7 Greece 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 61.7 60.2 60.2 60.2 - Ireland 74.1 74.4 74.2 74.3 74.4 74.3 74.3 74.6 74.6 74.6 74.6 Italy 52.6 52.4 51.9 50.6 49.6 50.0 50.5 50.5 50.3 50.2 49.9 Luxembourg 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.1 70.1 70.0 70.0 70.8 - Netherlands 57.0 56.8 57.0 57.3 56.8 57.1 57.2 57.2 57.6 57.0 57.0 Norway 68.8 69.0 68.7 68.8 68.6 69.1 69.8 71.5 71.5 70.8 70.5 Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - Spain - - - - - - - - - - - Sweden 59.1 58.8 58.9 58.6 59.0 57.6 56.3 60.4 59.6 59.2 59.2 Switzerland 65.5 65.4 65.5 65.6 65.6 65.3 65.2 65.2 65.2 64.8 64.8 United Kingdom 73.2 73.6 73.7 73.6 73.1 71.8 72.8 73.7 74.6 74.6 74.7 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.1 6.8 6.8 Canada 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.8 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.1 10.3 10.0 Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - Australia 9.5 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 Hong Kong - - - - - - - - - - - Israel - - - - - - - - - - - Japan 30.4 29.6 29.1 28.5 29.0 29.4 29.7 29.2 28.6 28.4 28.1 Korea - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 Singapore 12.9 13.8 13.9 13.5 13.5 12.6 13.6 14.0 13.9 14.0 14.1 Sri Lanka 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.1 19.2 19.2 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 Taiwan - - - - - - - - - - - Austria 24.4 24.2 24.3 24.3 23.9 24.3 24.0 24.0 23.9 23.5 23.5 Belgium 17.2 18.4 19.2 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.8 21.3 21.1 21.1 20.6 Denmark 11.1 11.0 11.0 10.8 10.9 11.4 12.7 12.7 12.6 12.7 12.7 Finland 10.5 11.5 12.3 12.8 13.3 13.9 14.4 14.9 15.4 15.5 15.6 France 14.3 13.9 14.0 13.9 14.0 14.2 14.2 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.6 Germany 1 19.1 19.1 19.3 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.0 21.0 20.9 20.8 Greece 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.6 19.4 19.9 19.9 Ireland 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.8 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.2 Italy 17.3 16.9 17.1 16.6 16.2 16.2 16.8 16.6 16.6 16.7 17.2 Luxembourg 15.2 14.2 13.2 12.2 12.9 13.3 13.7 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.8 Netherlands 17.8 17.0 17.0 18.3 18.7 18.3 17.6 17.1 17.2 18.3 19.2 Norway 10.7 10.2 10.3 11.0 11.2 11.1 11.0 10.9 11.1 11.8 12.0 Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - Spain - - - - - - - - - - - Sweden 8.9 8.3 8.3 9.4 11.2 10.9 11.2 10.4 9.6 10.6 10.9 Switzerland 16.5 16.6 16.6 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.1 18.2 United Kingdom 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.9 9.9 10.3 10.6 10.9 11.0 11.2 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 Canada 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.0 9.9 9.8 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.5 Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - Australia 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 Hong Kong - - - - - - - - - - - Israel - - - - - - - - - - - Japan 28.0 27.6 27.7 28.1 28.2 28.2 27.9 27.7 26.8 26.7 26.7 Korea - - - - - - - - - - - New Zealand 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 Singapore 15.1 15.4 16.6 17.9 17.5 18.3 17.9 18.3 18.5 18.6 19.0 Sri Lanka 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 - Taiwan - - - - - - - - - - - Austria 23.4 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.5 22.9 22.4 21.9 21.7 21.7 21.7 Belgium 20.2 20.2 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.3 20.4 20.3 20.3 20.3 20.3 Denmark 12.8 12.6 13.1 13.1 13.0 12.9 12.9 12.8 12.7 12.6 12.6 Finland 16.2 16.3 16.3 16.4 16.6 17.7 18.8 18.0 17.9 17.9 17.8 France 15.9 16.3 16.6 16.6 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.7 16.6 16.7 16.7 Germany 1 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 21.4 21.5 20.9 20.9 20.5 20.7 20.6 Greece 19.3 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.5 18.1 18.1 18.1 - Ireland 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 Italy 17.4 17.5 17.7 17.5 18.5 18.7 18.9 18.9 19.1 19.2 19.1 Luxembourg 15.0 15.3 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.5 15.5 15.7 - Netherlands 19.3 19.5 19.3 19.7 20.2 20.3 20.3 20.3 20.4 20.2 20.2 Norway 11.7 11.5 11.4 11.8 12.2 12.3 11.7 11.7 11.7 12.3 12.5 Portugal - - - - - - - - - - - Spain - - - - - - - - - - - Sweden 11.2 11.1 11.0 10.9 11.0 11.5 12.3 11.8 11.9 11.8 11.8 Switzerland 18.3 18.2 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.1 18.1 United Kingdom 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.8 11.8 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.1 12.1 12.1 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.7 19.1 19.4 20.2 20.2 20.0 19.9 Canada 9.1 9.5 10.3 11.0 10.9 10.6 11.3 11.7 12.1 12.3 12.4 Mexico 7.7 10.8 8.8 9.7 8.6 10.3 10.3 10.8 11.8 11.0 10.8 Australia 13.0 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.3 13.4 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.6 Hong Kong 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 Israel 17.5 17.7 17.6 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 Japan 9.9 10.7 11.4 12.4 12.0 11.4 11.8 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.6 Korea 10.1 9.8 9.7 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.7 New Zealand 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 Singapore 14.1 14.4 14.0 15.0 17.6 20.9 20.6 21.0 21.7 22.8 22.1 Sri Lanka 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.3 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.4 Taiwan 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Austria 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.6 23.0 23.4 23.9 24.4 24.9 25.7 26.2 Belgium 22.8 22.4 22.6 22.6 22.9 23.2 22.3 20.3 21.2 22.5 24.6 Denmark 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.5 6.0 5.9 5.6 Finland 20.7 21.4 22.6 22.3 22.1 21.7 21.5 21.4 20.4 20.7 21.0 France 25.7 26.5 26.6 27.0 27.3 27.3 27.5 28.3 29.4 29.5 29.1 Germany 1 19.3 20.5 20.2 20.6 20.9 21.0 21.0 21.3 21.7 22.0 22.1 Greece 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 17.1 18.1 18.0 18.0 Ireland 10.9 11.2 11.6 11.5 10.6 12.1 13.3 14.3 14.3 15.1 15.5 Italy 32.8 33.4 31.7 31.2 31.1 29.4 28.5 29.3 29.6 29.1 29.5 Luxembourg 14.9 15.3 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 16.2 15.9 15.4 15.2 14.9 Netherlands 23.1 23.5 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.1 23.9 23.4 23.5 23.2 23.4 Norway 17.6 17.9 17.9 18.1 19.6 19.6 19.7 20.1 19.3 19.1 19.4 Portugal 19.2 19.2 20.5 20.6 21.1 21.8 21.8 22.5 23.4 24.1 24.5 Spain 30.3 30.4 27.6 26.6 25.6 25.8 26.0 25.6 25.4 25.0 24.6 Sweden 22.3 24.7 26.9 26.5 26.8 27.4 27.8 27.9 29.5 29.5 29.7 Switzerland 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.6 15.8 15.7 15.7 15.6 15.6 15.9 16.1 United Kingdom 11.6 12.7 14.6 15.5 16.7 18.0 17.9 17.2 16.7 15.9 15.1 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 13.8 14.2 14.8 15.5 15.9 15.9 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.7 15.9 OECD 3 13.9 14.2 14.9 15.7 16.0 16.0 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.8 16.1 less Mexico, Korea 4 14.1 14.4 15.1 15.9 16.2 16.2 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.2 Europe 20.8 21.6 21.7 21.8 22.1 22.2 22.2 22.1 22.4 22.5 22.6 European Union 21.2 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.5 22.6 22.5 22.5 22.9 23.0 23.1 Asian NIEs 9.1 8.2 8.5 8.6 9.3 9.9 10.4 10.6 11.3 11.6 11.3 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.8 21.6 22.3 22.5 22.1 21.6 21.5 Canada 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.9 13.4 14.7 15.7 16.4 16.8 17.0 17.0 Mexico 10.6 10.4 10.0 10.5 10.9 11.1 11.1 11.4 11.6 11.9 11.5 Australia 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.9 15.9 15.9 16.5 16.5 16.6 16.5 Hong Kong 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 Israel 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.4 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 Japan 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 13.7 13.7 13.6 13.7 14.4 14.4 Korea 9.8 10.1 9.5 11.1 12.3 14.8 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 New Zealand 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Singapore 13.5 9.4 10.4 12.2 14.0 14.6 15.5 15.5 16.2 16.9 16.9 Sri Lanka 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 - Taiwan 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 Austria 26.1 26.4 26.5 26.4 26.3 26.4 26.7 27.4 27.7 27.7 27.7 Belgium 26.6 26.9 26.8 27.1 26.9 26.9 27.0 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.3 Denmark 4.5 5.9 2.0 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.0 3.7 4.9 5.8 5.8 Finland 21.2 22.0 23.3 23.6 24.3 23.5 22.8 25.6 26.0 26.1 26.3 France 29.1 29.0 29.4 29.2 28.6 28.4 28.5 28.8 29.2 29.0 29.0 Germany 1 22.2 22.4 22.5 22.4 22.7 22.6 22.8 22.5 23.3 23.4 23.7 Greece 18.6 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.8 21.7 21.7 21.7 - Ireland 15.8 15.5 15.7 15.7 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 Italy 30.0 30.2 30.4 32.0 31.9 31.2 30.6 30.6 30.6 30.7 31.0 Luxembourg 14.8 14.5 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.3 14.3 14.5 14.4 13.5 - Netherlands 23.8 23.7 23.7 23.0 23.0 22.6 22.5 22.5 22.0 22.8 22.8 Norway 19.5 19.5 19.9 19.3 19.1 18.6 18.5 16.9 16.9 16.9 17.0 Portugal 24.4 24.3 24.5 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.1 23.8 23.8 23.4 - Spain 24.6 24.6 24.7 24.6 24.7 24.7 24.6 25.4 25.4 25.0 25.0 Sweden 29.8 30.2 30.2 30.5 30.0 30.9 31.3 27.8 28.4 29.0 29.0 Switzerland 16.2 16.4 16.2 16.1 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.6 16.6 17.2 17.2 United Kingdom 15.6 15.0 14.6 14.6 15.1 16.6 15.4 14.4 13.3 13.3 13.2 Trade-weighted measures 2 All 28 foreign economies 16.6 16.9 16.8 16.7 17.2 17.6 17.9 17.7 17.8 18.3 18.5 OECD 3 16.8 17.1 17.0 16.9 17.5 17.9 18.3 18.0 18.2 18.6 18.8 less Mexico, Korea 4 16.9 17.2 17.2 17.1 17.7 18.0 18.4 18.2 18.3 18.8 19.0 Europe 23.1 23.1 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.2 22.8 23.0 23.1 23.3 European Union 23.5 23.6 23.5 23.6 23.6 23.7 23.6 23.3 23.4 23.6 23.7 Asian NIEs 8.8 7.8 8.0 8.7 9.6 10.5 11.2 11.3 11.6 12.0 12.3 Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
Table 14. Exchange rates, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1996 (National currency units per U.S. dollar)
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 United States 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Canada 1.017 .9861 1.063 1.140 1.171 1.169 1.199 1.234 1.232 1.295 1.366 Mexico 12.50 14.46 22.60 22.78 22.82 22.97 24.52 56.40 120.1 167.8 256.9 Australia .7647 .8187 .9024 .8740 .8947 .8772 .8699 .9838 1.109 1.137 1.428 Hong Kong 4.939 4.904 4.662 4.685 5.003 4.976 5.568 6.070 7.257 7.819 7.791 Israel .6390 .7980 1.046 1.747 2.544 5.124 11.43 24.27 56.21 293.2 1.18 Japan 296.7 296.4 267.8 208.4 218.2 225.7 220.1 249.1 237.6 237.4 238.5 Korea 484.0 484.0 484.0 484.0 484.0 607.4 681.0 731.1 775.8 806.0 870.0 New Zealand 0.825 1.009 1.032 .9649 .9782 1.027 1.151 1.332 1.497 1.729 2.010 Singapore 2.371 2.471 2.439 2.274 2.175 2.141 2.113 2.140 2.113 2.133 2.200 Sri Lanka 7.050 8.459 9.153 15.61 15.57 16.53 19.25 20.81 23.53 25.44 27.16 Taiwan 38.00 38.00 38.00 37.05 36.05 36.02 36.85 39.12 40.06 39.60 39.85 Austria 17.40 17.94 16.53 14.50 13.37 12.93 15.89 17.06 17.97 20.00 20.68 Belgium 36.69 38.58 35.83 31.44 29.33 29.20 37.03 45.78 51.12 57.75 59.34 Denmark 5.735 6.044 6.003 5.508 5.260 5.629 7.102 8.344 9.148 10.35 10.60 Finland 3.665 3.855 4.014 4.109 3.606 3.719 4.318 4.809 5.564 6.001 6.197 France 4.282 4.775 4.915 4.501 4.255 4.220 5.409 6.579 7.620 8.736 8.980 Germany 1 2.455 2.517 2.321 2.005 1.833 1.815 2.254 2.428 2.554 2.845 2.942 Greece 32.29 36.52 36.84 36.75 37.04 42.62 55.41 66.80 88.06 112.7 138.1 Ireland .4500 .5540 .5730 .5210 .4890 .4860 .6200 .7040 .8012 .9205 .9379 Italy 652.4 830.3 882.8 848.8 830.9 855.1 1131 1354 1519 1756 1909 Luxembourg 36.78 38.61 35.84 31.49 29.32 29.24 37.13 45.69 51.13 57.78 59.38 Netherlands 2.523 2.642 2.454 2.161 2.006 1.985 2.488 2.672 2.854 3.208 3.318 Norway 5.214 5.456 5.322 5.241 5.064 4.936 5.728 6.457 7.301 8.160 8.593 Portugal 25.45 30.16 38.12 43.89 48.93 50.05 61.44 80.10 111.6 147.7 172.1 Spain 57.39 66.85 75.26 76.49 67.13 71.64 92.00 110.1 143.5 160.8 170.0 Sweden 4.142 4.356 4.468 4.517 4.288 4.229 5.035 6.284 7.672 8.271 8.603 Switzerland 2.581 2.499 2.397 1.777 1.663 1.675 1.960 2.033 2.101 2.350 2.455 United Kingdom .4501 .5541 .5731 .5213 .4712 .4300 .4940 .5721 .6597 .7482 .7708 Country or area 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 United States 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Canada 1.390 1.326 1.231 1.184 1.167 1.146 1.209 1.290 1.366 1.373 1.364 Mexico 611.8 1378 2273 2461 2813 3018 3095 3.116 3.375 6.419 7.601 Australia 1.490 1.426 1.275 1.263 1.281 1.284 1.360 1.471 1.367 1.350 1.277 Hong Kong 7.804 7.798 7.807 7.801 7.790 7.771 7.740 7.736 7.729 7.736 7.735 Israel 1.488 1.595 1.599 1.916 2.016 2.279 2.459 2.830 3.011 3.011 3.288 Japan 168.4 144.6 128.2 138.1 145.0 134.6 126.8 111.1 102.2 93.96 108.80 Korea 881.4 822.6 731.5 671.5 707.8 733.4 780.6 802.7 803.5 771.3 804.5 New Zealand 1.906 1.686 1.525 1.685 1.677 1.729 1.859 1.847 1.685 1.524 1.454 Singapore 2.177 2.106 2.012 1.950 1.813 1.728 1.629 1.616 1.527 1.417 1.410 Sri Lanka 28.02 29.44 31.81 36.05 40.06 41.37 43.83 48.32 49.42 51.25 - Taiwan 37.84 31.84 28.59 26.41 26.92 26.76 25.16 26.42 26.47 26.50 27.47 Austria 15.26 12.65 12.36 13.24 11.33 11.69 10.99 11.64 11.41 10.08 10.59 Belgium 44.66 37.36 36.78 39.41 33.42 34.20 32.15 34.58 33.43 29.47 30.97 Denmark 8.095 6.848 6.741 7.321 6.190 6.404 6.037 6.486 6.356 5.600 5.801 Finland 5.072 4.404 4.193 4.296 3.830 4.052 4.487 5.725 5.234 4.376 4.595 France 6.926 6.012 5.959 6.380 5.447 5.647 5.294 5.667 5.546 4.986 5.116 Germany 1 2.170 1.798 1.757 1.881 1.617 1.661 1.562 1.655 1.622 1.432 1.505 Greece 140.0 135.4 141.9 162.4 158.5 182.3 190.6 229.3 242.6 231.7 - Ireland .7455 .6721 .6553 .7052 .6033 .6196 .5868 .6827 .6680 .6236 .6250 Italy 1491 1297 1302 1372 1198 1241 1232 1573 1611 1629 1543 Luxembourg 44.67 37.33 36.77 39.40 33.42 34.15 32.15 34.60 33.46 29.48 - Netherlands 2.448 2.026 1.978 2.122 1.822 1.872 1.759 1.858 1.819 1.604 1.686 Norway 7.398 6.741 6.524 6.913 6.254 6.491 6.214 7.098 7.055 6.336 6.459 Portugal 149.8 141.2 144.3 157.5 142.7 144.8 135.1 161.1 165.9 149.9 - Spain 140.0 123.5 116.5 118.4 102.0 104.0 102.4 127.5 133.9 124.6 126.7 Sweden 7.127 6.347 6.137 6.456 5.923 6.052 5.826 7.796 7.716 7.141 6.708 Switzerland 1.798 1.492 1.464 1.637 1.390 1.436 1.406 1.478 1.367 1.181 1.236 United Kingdom .6813 .6098 .5614 .6104 .5605 .5658 .5662 .6660 .6528 .6335 .6407 For currency units, see note to table 3. 1 Former West Germany. 2 For description of trade-weighted measures and economic groups, see introduction. 3 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 4 Mexico joined the OECD in 1994 and Korea joined in 1996. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 1997.
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