Comparative levels of GDP per
capita and per employed person
FOURTEEN COUNTRIES
1960-1995
Important note
Introduction
General notes
GDP per capita and per employed person, Germany -- 1991-95
GDP per employed person hour - 1995
Tables
A. 1993 EKS Benchmark Results:
Table 1. Real GDP Per Capita (1995 U.S. Dollars)
Table 2. Real GDP Per Capita (United States = 100)
Table 3. Real GDP Per Employed Person (1995 U.S. Dollars)
Table 4. Real GDP Per Employed Person (United States = 100)
Table 5. Purchasing Power Parities and Relative Prices
B. 1993 GK Benchmark Results:
Table 6. Real GDP Per Capita (1995 U.S. Dollars)
Table 7. Real GDP Per Capita (United States = 100)
Table 8. Real GDP Per Employed Person (1995 U.S. Dollars)
Table 9. Real GDP Per Employed Person (United States = 100)
Table 10. Purchasing Power Parities and Relative Prices
IMPORTANT NOTE
The following report contains unpublished comparative levels of real gross
domestic product (GDP) per capita and per employed person to 1995.
The report describes the series and contains data for the period
1960 to 1995.
BLS does not publish these comparative series. A number of technical
difficulties are encountered in comparing output levels among countries
and in estimating the associated historical time series. Because some
of these difficulties cannot be resolved, the results are of limited
validity when judged by rigorous statistical standards. Nonetheless,
you may find these results useful. Please see the text and notes in the
report for a fuller discussion of the limitations of the data.
The level comparisons are based on GDP converted into U.S. dollars using
purchasing power parities (PPPs). The PPPs for all the countries
covered in this comparative data set (except Korea) are obtained from
periodic benchmark studies prepared by the Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) and EUROSTAT, the Statistical Office
of the European Union.
The following report presents results based on 1993 OECD/EUROSTAT
benchmark PPPs aggregated according to two alternative methods -- Geary-
Khamis (GK) and Elteto-Köves-Szulc (EKS). While they are not included
in the report, results based on alternative sets of PPPs for benchmark
years 1985 and 1990 are available upon request. Substantial
differences in comparative levels of GDP per capita and per employed
person can result from the use of alternative PPPs. There appears to be
no compelling reason to select one set of PPPs as preferable to the
others.
The attached tabulations are unpublished because of data limitations
that are explained in the introductory material. Data in the attached
tables for years prior to 1980 should be considered less accurate than
data for 1980-95 for reasons explained in the introductory material.
Prepared by: U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Office of Productivity and Technology
April 1997
INTRODUCTION
The accompanying tables present comparative levels and trends in real
gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and per employed person for
fourteen countries. The level comparisons are based on purchasing power
parities (PPPs).
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has been preparing these
comparative tables for many years. In the previous two releases of this
data set, level comparisons have been presented based on three
alternative sets of benchmark PPPs for the Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries (all the countries
in this data set except Korea). One of the alternative sets of PPPs was
based on benchmark results for 1985, while the other two sets were based
on benchmark results for 1990. The two sets of 1990 benchmark results
were based on different aggregation methods -- Geary-Khamis (GK) and
Elteto-Köves-Szulc (EKS). The alternative comparisons based on three
sets of PPPs were presented to highlight the fact that substantial
differences in the comparative levels of GDP per capita and per employed
person can result from the use of alternative sets of PPPs. Further,
there appeared to be no compelling reason to select one set of PPPs as
preferable to another.
Since the previous release of this data set in March 1994, the OECD and
EUROSTAT, the Statistical Office of the European Union, have published
the results of a 1993 benchmark study based on both EKS and GK
aggregation methods. Comparative figures based on these two alternative
aggregation schemes for the 1993 benchmark results are included in the
attached tables. While they are not included in this report, the
results based on alternative PPPs for benchmark years 1985 and 1990 are
available upon request. The table on pages 5 and 6 contains summary
results for all the alternative sets of PPPs beginning with 1985.
In 1991, EUROSTAT began publishing annual PPPs for the European Union
(EU) countries. 1994 and 1995 PPPs are now available for the EUROSTAT
countries in this comparative data set. These PPPs have not been used
in this data set because corresponding benchmark PPPs for these years
are not available for the non-EUROSTAT countries in the data set. The
1993 benchmark study is the most recent full-scale benchmark study
covering all the OECD countries.
Level comparisons of GDP
The level comparisons of GDP per capita and per employed person in this
report are labeled "real" because they are based on purchasing power
parities (PPPs). A PPP for a given country is the number of national
currency units required to buy goods and services in that country
equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of a base country's
currency in the base country (in this report, the base country is the
United States). Thus, PPPs are currency conversion rates that allow
output in different currency units to be compared among countries.
PPPs are interspatial indexes constructed for the purpose of comparing
currencies and volumes across countries. They are somewhat analogous to
intertemporal price indexes used within a country to compare changes in
prices and volumes over time, such as a consumer price index. Just as a
consumer price index measures the cost of a basket of goods and services
over time, PPPs can be used to measure the cost of a particular basket
of goods and services across countries. The procedures are similar: to
compare prices (or amounts of each country's currency) for each of a set
of goods and services and then to construct a weighted average of the
price (or units of currency) ratios to arrive at an overall index.
While the comparison of prices in different currencies across countries
(i.e., the development of PPPs) is comparable in concept and methodology
to the comparison of prices within a country over time, some aspects of
cross-country comparisons are more complicated. For example, it is more
difficult to find goods and services for pricing that are representative
of many different countries than to select representative goods and
services within a country for pricing over time; and there is no
consensus on the best method for aggregating the PPPs for commodity
groups to arrive at a single PPP for total GDP.
Inter-country comparisons of output levels are sometimes based on market
exchange rates rather than PPPs. However, market exchange rates seldom
reflect the relative purchasing powers of different currencies. At
best, even freely fluctuating market exchange rates represent only the
relative values of currencies for goods and services that are traded
internationally, not the relative value of total domestic output, which
also consists of goods, and particularly services, that are not traded
internationally or which are isolated from the effects of foreign trade.
Market exchange rates are also affected by influences entirely unrelated
to the relative values of currencies for purchases of any goods or
services. These influences include currency traders' views of the
stability of governments in various countries, relative interest rates
among countries, and other incentives for holding financial assets in
one country rather than another.
Comparisons using alternative benchmarks
Beginning in the early 1970s, periodic studies have been undertaken by
the United Nations International Comparison Project (UNICP) to develop
PPPs and comparative output levels across countries. These studies have
been conducted jointly since 1980 by the OECD and EUROSTAT for their
member countries as part of the UNICP. There have been OECD-wide
benchmark studies for the years 1980, 1985, 1990, and 1993. For the
countries covered by EUROSTAT, benchmark results were also prepared for
1991, 1992, 1994, and 1995. Results for the 1980 and 1985 benchmarks
were aggregated using the GK method. Beginning with the 1990 benchmark
study, the OECD and EUROSTAT have published PPPs for each benchmark
based on both the EKS and the GK aggregation methods.
Results from different benchmark years can be compared, to some extent,
when they are extrapolated to a common year. For example, the following
tables contain results based on different sets of benchmark PPPs
extrapolated forward to 1995, the most recent year for which the
underlying country trend data are available. The tables show that
comparative levels of GDP per capita and per employed person can vary
substantially according to the set of benchmark PPPs and aggregation
method used.
1995 Relative Levels of Real Gross Domestic Product per Capita
(US = 100)
Based on Alternative Benchmarks:
1993 1993 1990 1990 1985
EKS GK EKS GK GK
United States 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Canada 77.6 79.7 78.0 79.8 81.7
Japan 80.6 86.9 78.9 83.4 77.0
Austria 76.8 77.5 74.2 74.7 64.6
Belgium 77.8 79.9 72.5 74.6 65.7
Denmark 78.6 83.0 75.7 81.7 71.1
France 75.0 78.0 75.4 77.2 68.8
Germany 81.9 83.4 80.5 82.1 71.4
Italy 72.3 73.9 72.5 74.5 67.2
Netherlands 71.9 75.7 72.2 75.1 69.9
Norway 88.4 96.4 85.1 89.8 94.1
Sweden 68.7 70.2 70.9 73.7 68.8
United Kingdom 69.3 69.6 69.7 71.5 67.0
1995 Relative Levels of Real Gross Domestic Product per Employed Person
(US = 100)
Based on Alternative Benchmarks:
1993 1993 1990 1990 1985
EKS GK EKS GK GK
United States 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Canada 81.4 83.6 81.8 83.7 85.7
Japan 75.7 81.7 74.2 78.3 72.3
Austria 88.5 89.3 85.6 86.1 74.5
Belgium 101.1 103.9 94.3 97.0 85.4
Denmark 78.8 83.2 75.9 81.9 71.3
France 93.9 97.7 94.4 96.7 86.2
Germany 91.5 93.2 90.0 91.7 79.7
Italy 97.4 99.5 97.7 100.3 90.6
Netherlands 78.1 82.3 78.5 81.6 75.9
Norway 88.1 96.1 84.8 89.5 93.8
Sweden 71.5 73.1 73.8 76.7 71.6
United Kingdom 75.2 75.5 75.7 77.6 72.7
The same data for population, employed persons, and GDP in national
currency units are used for all five sets of figures above. The
comparative level figures differ only because of the different sets of
PPPs used to convert each country's GDP in national currency units into
GDP in U.S. dollars. Further, because the same underlying data are used
to generate time series in each case, percent changes over time in the
measures are identical regardless of the benchmark PPPs used.
For any given benchmark year, there is a single set of basic PPPs for
the component expenditure items of GDP. The PPPs for GDP based on the
EKS and the GK methods differ because different weighting schemes are
used to combine the PPPs for component expenditure items up to the level
of total GDP.
The EKS results are recognized as the official results for the OECD and
EUROSTAT and are used for administrative purposes within the EU.
(Footnote 1) For this reason, they are prepared and released first for
each benchmark study. The GK results for the same benchmark year are
published one year later.
BLS did not select one of the aggregation methods for this study.
Rather, the following tables present results based on the latest OECD-
wide benchmark PPPs aggregated using both the EKS and GK methods.
Supplementary tables are available upon request containing the results
based on alternative benchmarks for 1985 and 1990 and alternative
aggregation methods.
Korea has not been included in the OECD/EUROSTAT benchmark studies and,
therefore, PPPs for Korea for 1985, 1990, and 1993 are not available
from the same sources as are the PPPs for the other countries in this
comparative data set. To derive the figures for Korea in the attached
tables, BLS estimated a 1993 benchmark PPP for Korea using a preliminary
1985 GK-aggregated PPP from Phase V of the UNICP. The 1985 PPP was
extrapolated forward to 1993 using the trend in Korea's implicit price
deflator for GDP relative to the trend in the corresponding U.S.
deflator. Results for Korea are not included in the above tables
showing relative levels of real GDP per capita and per employed person
based on alternative benchmarks because only a 1985 PPP is available for
Korea.
BLS method of updating the comparisons from benchmarks
BLS extends the comparisons to years other than the benchmark year by
updating, or backdating, the benchmark-year comparative GDP figures on
the basis of relative trends in real GDP as measured by each country in
prices of its own currency.
Methods of measuring GDP and price changes used to deflate current-value
GDP differ among the countries covered by this data set, and these
differences affect the measurement of real output growth. An important
difference is that individual countries' weighting schemes used to
develop real GDP measures vary considerably.
The real GDP series for the United States is the chain-type annual-
weighted measure of real GDP published with the U.S. national accounts
after the comprehensive revision of the national accounts in January
1996.
Most of the foreign countries covered by this data set develop real GDP
series using fixed-price-weight schemes in which the base year is
updated periodically, for example, every 5 or 10 years. Exceptions to
this are Japan, where real GDP measures for the entire 1970-95 period
are based on the price weights of a single base year, and Norway, where
real GDP measures are based on annually-changing weights for the period
from 1987 forward (both the 1994 and 1995 figures are currently based on
1993 prices).
Reasons subsequent benchmark results may differ
There are a number of reasons that subsequent benchmark results may
differ from those for earlier benchmark years.
1. Weighting patterns. The expectation that PPPs from different
benchmark years extrapolated to a common year will be the same implies
that a constant set of weights are being used. However, the weights
used to combine the relative price measures (PPPs for component items of
GDP) differ in alternative benchmark years because of changes in the
structure of aggregate expenditures in the countries studied.
In addition, BLS extrapolates benchmark PPPs using trends in individual
countries' implicit price deflators for GDP. These trend measures are
based on expenditure weights representative of the individual countries
and not the PPP weighting scheme. Thus, the BLS-extrapolated results
for different benchmark years would not be expected to match each other
even if the same set of weights were used for each of the benchmarks.
2. Other reasons. Changes in methodology used in preparing subsequent
benchmarks, measurement errors in country national accounts data, and
inconsistencies in the country price data supplied for subsequent
benchmark studies may be responsible for some of the variation in
results when PPPs from different benchmark years are used. In addition,
the OECD notes that the GK results can be quite sensitive to changes in
the composition of the group of countries being compared. (Footnote 2)
This may account for some of the variation in the GK results between the
1985 benchmark study, which covered 22 countries, and the 1990 study,
which covered 24 countries.
Cautionary note
Because the comparative levels in the attached tables are based on PPPs
that are developed for a single benchmark year (1993), their accuracy
likely decreases the further removed a listed year is from the benchmark
year. The accuracy of the data for all non-benchmark years is further
undermined by the fact that they are based on extrapolations utilizing
trends from each country's own national accounts measures, and, as noted
above, country differences in methods affect the measurement of real
output growth over time.
BLS presents the comparative data in the attached tables for years prior
to 1980 because they are requested frequently by users. However, BLS
considers the comparative data for years prior to 1980 to be of very
questionable accuracy.
GENERAL NOTES
Benchmark Comparisons for the OECD countries. The 1993 benchmark level
comparisons are derived from the PPPs for GDP published in Purchasing
Power Parities and Real Expenditures, 1993; Volume I, EKS Results
(Paris, OECD, 1995); and Volume II, GK Results (Paris, OECD, 1996).
These reports contain the data on per capita GDP and the PPPs produced
by the OECD/EUROSTAT studies. The per capita GDP figures presented in
the OECD reports have been modified by BLS, where applicable, to take
account of subsequent country revisions of national accounts data.
Benchmark Comparison for Korea. Since PPPs for Korea are not available
from the OECD/EUROSTAT benchmark studies, the PPP for Korea used in the
attached tables is estimated by BLS using a preliminary 1985 benchmark
PPP from Phase V of the UNICP. The 1985 PPP was extrapolated forward to
1993, the most current year for the benchmark PPPs for the other
countries, using the trend in Korea's implicit price deflator for GDP
relative to the corresponding U.S. deflator.
GDP Extrapolations. Benchmark year (i.e., 1993) figures were
extrapolated to the other years using relative changes in real GDP at
market prices as published by the individual countries covered. The
time series on gross domestic product used to extrapolate the figures
are constructed using each country's own price weights. Further, it has
generally been necessary to link several series, each of which has its
own set of base-year price weights, to construct one series for use over
a long time period. Thus, the weights used to extrapolate figures from
the benchmark year vary. (As noted above, the real GDP series for the
United States, and for Norway for 1987 forward, are based on annually-
changing weights.)
Purchasing Power Parities. The accompanying tables contain the
benchmark PPPs for GDP and implicit PPPs for selected other years.
Implicit PPPs were derived by extrapolating the benchmark year PPPs
using relative changes in implicit price deflators for GDP as measured
by each country.
The tables also contain comparative price-level indexes for total GDP
with the United States equal to 100. These comparative price-level
indexes indicate whether average prices for total GDP are high or low
relative to the United States. They are derived by dividing the PPPs by
the market exchange rates. An index number less than 100 indicates that
one U.S. dollar (exchanged at the market exchange rate) can purchase
more goods and services of equivalent value in the foreign country than
can be purchased in the United States; an index number greater than 100
that one U.S. dollar can purchase fewer goods and services of equivalent
value.
Employment. The primary sources of employment levels are household or
labor force surveys. The employment figures for the United States,
Canada, Japan, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom are
consistent with the BLS data set Comparative Civilian Labor Force
Statistics, Ten Countries. These series have been adjusted by BLS for
greater comparability with U.S. concepts. In addition, the series used
in the attached tables have been adjusted to include the armed forces.
The employment series for the remaining countries are those published by
the countries' national statistical offices or international statistical
organizations. The employment figures for France and Germany have been
adjusted by their statistical offices to include non-resident workers
living in border countries and to exclude residents working in border
countries.
Comparisons with OECD/EUROSTAT published data. The OECD publishes
comparative levels of GDP per capita. These may differ from the level
comparisons in the attached tables for several reasons. First, as noted
above, BLS modifies the per capita GDP figures presented in the OECD
reports to take account of subsequent revisions of country national
accounts data.
In addition, the OECD/EUROSTAT comparative levels of GDP per capita for
1990 forward are based on the available EKS-aggregated benchmark PPPs
for each year. That is, the comparative levels for 1990 and 1993 are
based on the 1990 and 1993 EKS-aggregated benchmark PPPs, respectively.
Since, for the EUROSTAT countries, benchmark PPPs have also been
prepared for 1991, 1992, 1994, and 1995, the comparative levels for
those countries are based on EUROSTAT benchmark PPPs for those years.
The comparative levels for non-benchmark years are based on PPPs
extrapolated to other years from the nearest benchmark year using
relative trends in implicit price deflators for GDP as measured by the
individual countries. The approach taken by BLS differs from the
approach taken by the OECD/EUROSTAT in that, in the attached tables, the
comparative levels for all years are based on the PPPs of a single
benchmark year.
Finally, the OECD/EUROSTAT comparative levels of GDP per capita for all
years are generally published in U.S. dollars of the specific listed
year. In contrast, the levels of GDP per capita for all years in the
attached tables are in 1995 U.S. dollars.
GDP PER CAPITA AND PER EMPLOYED PERSON, GERMANY, 1991-95
The data contained in the tables included in this report relate only to
the former West Germany. However, since 1991, the German Federal
Statistical Office has published data for unified Germany as a whole.
The table below shows GDP per capita and per employed person for both
the former West Germany and unified Germany for 1991 to 1995 indexed to
the corresponding U.S. levels. The figures for both West Germany and
unified Germany are based on the 1993 EKS benchmark PPP for West
Germany.
GDP per Capita and per Employed Person, 1991-1995
Based on 1993 EKS
(U.S. = 100)
GDP GDP per
per Capita Employed Person
West Unified West Unified
Germany Germany Germany Germany
1991 87.0 68.8 90.5 71.5
1992 86.0 68.7 89.3 72.8
1993 82.5 66.6 88.1 72.6
1994 81.9 66.7 90.1 74.3
1995 81.9 67.0 91.5 75.5
GDP PER EMPLOYED PERSON HOUR -- 1995
In OECD countries, average hours have been falling over time for full-
time workers, while part-time work has increased. In addition, there
are significant differences in average hours worked among OECD
countries. Output per hour is generally considered a better
productivity measure than output per employed person. Because of these
changes over time and differences in levels of hours worked across
countries, cross-country comparisons of GDP per employed person can be
expected to differ substantially from GDP per person hour.
Accurate hours data for the total economy are not available for most
countries and are difficult to measure accurately for some workers, such
as the self-employed, and in some sectors, such as those with large
numbers of small establishments. In addition, it may be difficult to
account for hours worked in secondary jobs or to account for all
temporary absences from work. Despite these shortcomings, data are
available for some countries that appear to be relatively reliable and
comparable. However, comparative figures on GDP per hour should be
viewed with a greater degree of caution than the figures on GDP per
employed person.
The following tabulation shows real GDP per hour worked in 1995 for six
countries relative to the corresponding U.S. levels:
GDP per hour worked in 1995 a/
Based on Alternative Benchmarks
(U.S. = 100)
1993 1993 1990 1990 1985
EKS GK EKS GK GK
U.S. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Japan 69.9 75.5 68.5 72.4 66.9
France 104.7 109.0 105.2 107.8 96.1
Germany 106.7 108.6 104.9 106.9 92.9
Norway 113.1 123.3 108.9 114.9 120.3
Sweden 84.2 86.0 86.9 90.3 84.3
a/ Annual Hours Worked per Employed Person: U.S. 1819, Japan 1967,
France 1631, Germany 1560, Norway 1417, Sweden 1544.
The average annual hours figures for the United States and Japan were
calculated by BLS. The figures for Japan may be understated somewhat
because no account was taken of hours worked in secondary jobs by
private non-agricultural employees. The average annual hours figures
for the other countries are obtained from published sources. They are
data prepared by the national statistical offices of France, Norway, and
Sweden in conjunction with their national accounts and by the German
Institute for Labor Market and Occupational Research (IAB) for use with
the national accounts prepared by the German Federal Statistical Office.
(The data for Germany relate to the former West Germany.)
Footnote 1. For a discussion of the properties of the alternative
aggregation methods, see Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures,
1993; Volume I, EKS Results, Paris, Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development, 1995, p. 4.
Footnote 2. OECD, 1995, pp. 4 and 9.
Table 1. Real GDP per CAPITA
1993 EKS Benchmark (1995 U.S. Dollars)
Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United
States lands Kingdom
1960 13,460 9,542 4,460 1,444 7,806 8,338 9,598 8,290 9,825 7,053 8,745 8,170 9,406 9,685
1961 13,523 9,646 5,065 1,484 8,175 8,723 10,094 8,656 10,144 7,602 8,879 8,599 9,889 9,853
1962 14,120 10,139 5,371 1,473 8,320 9,141 10,571 9,070 10,494 8,007 9,132 8,760 10,253 9,893
1963 14,514 10,468 5,879 1,563 8,604 9,468 10,536 9,387 10,685 8,394 9,305 9,023 10,739 10,220
1964 15,150 10,958 6,587 1,670 9,063 10,032 11,389 9,897 11,282 8,542 9,971 9,404 11,386 10,703
1965 15,913 11,471 6,851 1,722 9,262 10,294 11,843 10,275 11,755 8,752 10,356 9,824 11,710 10,901
1966 16,745 12,024 7,507 1,883 9,716 10,549 12,021 10,721 11,975 9,206 10,508 10,113 11,842 11,048
1967 16,997 12,156 8,227 1,948 9,934 10,897 12,325 11,137 11,910 9,783 10,940 10,654 12,147 11,236
1968 17,623 12,610 9,172 2,120 10,324 11,310 12,741 11,530 12,515 10,347 11,555 10,801 12,515 11,640
1969 17,978 13,097 10,172 2,359 10,934 12,027 13,474 12,238 13,322 10,908 12,199 11,194 13,050 11,827
1970 17,772 13,250 11,019 2,510 11,672 12,786 13,647 12,823 13,858 11,402 12,743 11,339 13,769 12,060
1971 18,129 13,566 11,389 2,670 12,214 13,225 13,915 13,311 14,134 11,541 13,147 11,781 13,804 12,234
1972 18,911 14,178 12,181 2,747 12,897 13,871 14,564 13,780 14,642 11,795 13,417 12,295 14,078 12,624
1973 19,807 15,085 12,859 3,044 13,453 14,646 15,002 14,413 15,265 12,477 13,981 12,711 14,610 13,523
1974 19,555 15,532 12,529 3,234 13,960 15,200 14,795 14,764 15,275 12,940 14,434 13,289 15,034 13,290
1975 19,251 15,706 12,759 3,391 13,946 14,932 14,653 14,657 15,139 12,576 14,333 13,766 15,357 13,197
1976 20,131 16,456 13,119 3,730 14,610 15,739 15,562 15,218 16,022 13,319 14,892 14,635 15,464 13,566
1977 20,898 16,850 13,561 4,051 15,268 15,796 15,768 15,638 16,513 13,655 15,149 15,095 15,163 13,893
1978 21,714 17,445 14,147 4,365 15,289 16,215 15,951 16,092 17,028 14,118 15,414 15,721 15,383 14,376
1979 22,098 17,941 14,799 4,606 16,041 16,549 16,474 16,542 17,738 14,877 15,650 16,461 15,939 14,762
1980 21,786 17,973 15,096 4,413 16,509 17,245 16,382 16,725 17,852 15,387 15,711 17,098 16,173 14,419
1981 22,099 18,404 15,462 4,614 16,420 16,956 16,239 16,828 17,836 15,428 15,523 17,189 16,151 14,228
1982 21,419 17,598 15,827 4,888 16,580 17,231 16,740 17,158 17,681 15,437 15,273 17,183 16,304 14,483
1983 22,082 17,974 16,085 5,370 16,930 17,258 17,178 17,189 18,055 15,561 15,473 17,920 16,582 14,999
1984 23,383 18,925 16,609 5,765 17,152 17,636 17,939 17,334 18,638 15,928 15,921 18,896 17,238 15,313
1985 24,038 19,644 17,236 6,082 17,557 17,762 18,701 17,578 19,064 16,330 16,338 19,833 17,541 15,838
1986 24,538 20,092 17,627 6,718 17,742 18,045 19,356 17,936 19,497 16,771 16,697 20,588 17,902 16,468
1987 25,022 20,656 18,270 7,418 18,012 18,413 19,390 18,248 19,782 17,264 16,821 20,900 18,403 17,213
1988 25,737 21,407 19,319 8,174 18,700 19,221 19,604 18,969 20,394 17,900 17,148 20,683 18,731 18,027
1989 26,354 21,542 20,169 8,610 19,306 19,849 19,705 19,669 20,924 18,392 17,847 20,785 19,049 18,356
1990 26,420 21,174 21,122 9,336 19,943 20,520 19,954 20,051 21,702 18,757 18,455 21,101 19,160 18,364
1991 25,881 20,551 21,893 10,088 20,289 20,764 20,169 20,094 22,505 18,912 18,722 21,655 18,817 17,927
1992 26,299 20,403 22,053 10,490 20,440 21,030 20,148 20,215 22,623 18,994 18,958 22,235 18,441 17,771
1993 26,613 20,564 22,019 10,981 20,315 20,666 20,380 19,849 21,956 19,035 18,968 22,716 17,927 18,082
1994 27,273 21,175 22,073 11,804 20,834 21,083 21,201 20,323 22,333 19,393 19,495 23,724 18,394 18,710
1995 27,572 21,405 22,210 12,732 21,170 21,445 21,678 20,675 22,586 19,934 19,814 24,371 18,952 19,108
Table 2. Real GDP per CAPITA
1993 EKS Benchmark (United States = 100)
Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United
States lands Kingdom
1960 100.0 70.9 33.1 10.7 58.0 61.9 71.3 61.6 73.0 52.4 65.0 60.7 69.9 72.0
1961 100.0 71.3 37.5 11.0 60.5 64.5 74.6 64.0 75.0 56.2 65.7 63.6 73.1 72.9
1962 100.0 71.8 38.0 10.4 58.9 64.7 74.9 64.2 74.3 56.7 64.7 62.0 72.6 70.1
1963 100.0 72.1 40.5 10.8 59.3 65.2 72.6 64.7 73.6 57.8 64.1 62.2 74.0 70.4
1964 100.0 72.3 43.5 11.0 59.8 66.2 75.2 65.3 74.5 56.4 65.8 62.1 75.2 70.6
1965 100.0 72.1 43.1 10.8 58.2 64.7 74.4 64.6 73.9 55.0 65.1 61.7 73.6 68.5
1966 100.0 71.8 44.8 11.2 58.0 63.0 71.8 64.0 71.5 55.0 62.8 60.4 70.7 66.0
1967 100.0 71.5 48.4 11.5 58.4 64.1 72.5 65.5 70.1 57.6 64.4 62.7 71.5 66.1
1968 100.0 71.6 52.0 12.0 58.6 64.2 72.3 65.4 71.0 58.7 65.6 61.3 71.0 66.0
1969 100.0 72.9 56.6 13.1 60.8 66.9 74.9 68.1 74.1 60.7 67.9 62.3 72.6 65.8
1970 100.0 74.6 62.0 14.1 65.7 71.9 76.8 72.2 78.0 64.2 71.7 63.8 77.5 67.9
1971 100.0 74.8 62.8 14.7 67.4 72.9 76.8 73.4 78.0 63.7 72.5 65.0 76.1 67.5
1972 100.0 75.0 64.4 14.5 68.2 73.4 77.0 72.9 77.4 62.4 70.9 65.0 74.4 66.8
1973 100.0 76.2 64.9 15.4 67.9 73.9 75.7 72.8 77.1 63.0 70.6 64.2 73.8 68.3
1974 100.0 79.4 64.1 16.5 71.4 77.7 75.7 75.5 78.1 66.2 73.8 68.0 76.9 68.0
1975 100.0 81.6 66.3 17.6 72.4 77.6 76.1 76.1 78.6 65.3 74.4 71.5 79.8 68.5
1976 100.0 81.7 65.2 18.5 72.6 78.2 77.3 75.6 79.6 66.2 74.0 72.7 76.8 67.4
1977 100.0 80.6 64.9 19.4 73.1 75.6 75.5 74.8 79.0 65.3 72.5 72.2 72.6 66.5
1978 100.0 80.3 65.2 20.1 70.4 74.7 73.5 74.1 78.4 65.0 71.0 72.4 70.8 66.2
1979 100.0 81.2 67.0 20.8 72.6 74.9 74.6 74.9 80.3 67.3 70.8 74.5 72.1 66.8
1980 100.0 82.5 69.3 20.3 75.8 79.2 75.2 76.8 81.9 70.6 72.1 78.5 74.2 66.2
1981 100.0 83.3 70.0 20.9 74.3 76.7 73.5 76.1 80.7 69.8 70.2 77.8 73.1 64.4
1982 100.0 82.2 73.9 22.8 77.4 80.4 78.2 80.1 82.5 72.1 71.3 80.2 76.1 67.6
1983 100.0 81.4 72.8 24.3 76.7 78.2 77.8 77.8 81.8 70.5 70.1 81.2 75.1 67.9
1984 100.0 80.9 71.0 24.7 73.4 75.4 76.7 74.1 79.7 68.1 68.1 80.8 73.7 65.5
1985 100.0 81.7 71.7 25.3 73.0 73.9 77.8 73.1 79.3 67.9 68.0 82.5 73.0 65.9
1986 100.0 81.9 71.8 27.4 72.3 73.5 78.9 73.1 79.5 68.3 68.0 83.9 73.0 67.1
1987 100.0 82.6 73.0 29.6 72.0 73.6 77.5 72.9 79.1 69.0 67.2 83.5 73.5 68.8
1988 100.0 83.2 75.1 31.8 72.7 74.7 76.2 73.7 79.2 69.6 66.6 80.4 72.8 70.0
1989 100.0 81.7 76.5 32.7 73.3 75.3 74.8 74.6 79.4 69.8 67.7 78.9 72.3 69.7
1990 100.0 80.1 79.9 35.3 75.5 77.7 75.5 75.9 82.1 71.0 69.9 79.9 72.5 69.5
1991 100.0 79.4 84.6 39.0 78.4 80.2 77.9 77.6 87.0 73.1 72.3 83.7 72.7 69.3
1992 100.0 77.6 83.9 39.9 77.7 80.0 76.6 76.9 86.0 72.2 72.1 84.5 70.1 67.6
1993 100.0 77.3 82.7 41.3 76.3 77.7 76.6 74.6 82.5 71.5 71.3 85.4 67.4 67.9
1994 100.0 77.6 80.9 43.3 76.4 77.3 77.7 74.5 81.9 71.1 71.5 87.0 67.4 68.6
1995 100.0 77.6 80.6 46.2 76.8 77.8 78.6 75.0 81.9 72.3 71.9 88.4 68.7 69.3
Important information about all tables follows Table 10.
Table 3. Real GDP per EMPLOYED PERSON
1993 EKS Benchmark (1995 U.S. Dollars)
Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United
States lands Kingdom
1960 35,627 NA 9,545 NA 17,219 21,993 21,664 19,190 20,897 NA 21,801 19,090 19,461 21,030
1961 36,371 NA 10,791 NA 17,990 22,916 22,607 20,249 21,564 NA 22,111 19,940 20,401 21,350
1962 37,893 NA 11,421 NA 18,571 23,744 23,493 21,605 22,492 NA 22,609 20,362 21,155 21,527
1963 38,972 NA 12,514 5,562 19,458 24,604 23,315 22,579 23,069 NA 23,041 21,039 22,171 22,324
1964 40,361 NA 13,960 5,993 20,663 25,945 24,887 23,789 24,585 NA 24,590 22,023 23,348 23,235
1965 41,900 NA 14,452 6,022 21,393 26,766 25,613 24,849 25,755 NA 25,675 22,996 24,074 23,586
1966 43,307 NA 15,646 6,582 22,826 27,514 25,776 25,951 26,555 NA 26,190 23,761 24,543 23,975
1967 43,411 NA 16,981 6,735 23,931 28,706 26,826 27,098 27,365 NA 27,664 25,074 25,643 24,810
1968 44,526 NA 18,793 7,140 25,329 29,945 27,582 28,337 28,833 NA 29,246 25,608 26,297 25,946
1969 44,771 NA 20,895 7,905 26,936 31,398 29,065 29,862 30,509 NA 30,723 26,530 27,104 26,481
1970 44,523 NA 22,685 8,305 28,743 33,368 29,445 31,151 31,645 NA 32,109 26,631 28,305 27,162
1971 45,816 NA 23,526 8,723 29,864 34,351 30,057 32,494 32,481 NA 33,339 27,597 28,628 28,111
1972 46,925 NA 25,451 8,717 31,495 36,243 30,993 33,735 33,727 NA 34,675 28,712 29,187 28,917
1973 48,037 NA 26,799 9,320 32,477 38,057 31,718 35,084 34,953 NA 36,410 29,696 30,232 30,449
1974 46,986 NA 26,567 9,684 33,474 39,020 31,527 35,863 35,451 NA 37,521 30,836 30,592 29,860
1975 47,236 NA 27,484 10,114 33,551 39,003 31,720 36,077 35,973 NA 37,869 31,512 30,766 29,799
1976 48,300 39,289 28,308 10,650 34,881 41,409 33,178 37,315 38,090 NA 39,445 32,572 30,985 30,875
1977 48,896 39,891 29,161 11,409 36,136 41,774 33,443 38,198 39,118 NA 39,529 32,896 30,429 31,566
1978 49,245 40,339 30,326 11,962 36,074 42,871 33,584 39,284 39,965 NA 40,084 33,784 30,846 32,395
1979 49,294 40,199 31,594 12,652 37,562 43,389 34,360 40,481 40,967 NA 40,226 34,956 31,571 32,879
1980 48,926 39,625 32,153 12,295 38,535 45,308 34,369 41,070 40,737 NA 39,482 35,621 31,746 32,503
1981 49,570 39,945 32,896 12,741 38,406 45,422 34,517 41,755 40,821 41,076 39,073 35,587 31,690 33,227
1982 48,905 39,920 33,562 13,369 39,318 46,785 35,400 42,701 40,925 41,401 38,824 35,651 32,069 34,155
1983 50,221 40,918 33,779 14,776 40,479 47,337 36,184 43,058 42,246 41,826 40,275 37,437 32,556 35,575
1984 51,551 42,381 34,905 16,143 41,049 48,468 37,131 44,011 43,365 42,732 41,079 39,346 33,594 35,814
1985 52,415 43,116 36,195 16,578 41,956 48,557 37,778 44,973 43,918 43,810 41,165 40,339 33,893 36,688
1986 52,806 43,254 36,935 17,856 42,272 49,011 38,154 45,924 44,334 44,835 41,647 40,779 34,457 38,027
1987 52,978 43,870 38,090 18,879 42,991 49,805 37,938 46,807 44,666 46,373 41,525 40,752 35,260 38,970
1988 53,819 44,640 39,777 20,366 44,473 51,509 38,609 48,481 45,971 48,048 42,540 40,853 35,565 39,554
1989 54,534 44,801 40,882 20,813 45,499 52,463 39,044 49,885 46,953 49,472 43,578 42,420 35,887 39,492
1990 54,595 44,433 42,121 22,131 46,530 53,624 40,002 50,611 48,201 49,955 43,509 43,569 36,043 39,368
1991 54,571 44,475 42,955 23,468 47,103 54,396 41,154 50,951 49,402 50,176 43,738 45,272 36,183 39,508
1992 55,767 45,079 42,931 24,203 47,849 55,563 41,510 51,921 49,819 50,897 43,281 46,888 37,330 39,939
1993 56,279 45,475 42,859 25,206 48,289 55,409 42,541 51,832 49,603 51,592 43,157 48,093 38,516 41,085
1994 56,978 46,345 43,030 26,563 49,693 57,106 44,664 53,335 51,310 53,587 44,554 49,930 40,209 42,298
1995 57,333 46,693 43,377 28,174 50,746 57,977 45,166 53,843 52,462 55,841 44,776 50,511 41,013 43,137
Table 4. Real GDP per EMPLOYED PERSON
1993 EKS Benchmark (United States = 100)
Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United
States lands Kingdom
1960 100.0 NA 26.8 NA 48.3 61.7 60.8 53.9 58.7 NA 61.2 53.6 54.6 59.0
1961 100.0 NA 29.7 NA 49.5 63.0 62.2 55.7 59.3 NA 60.8 54.8 56.1 58.7
1962 100.0 NA 30.1 NA 49.0 62.7 62.0 57.0 59.4 NA 59.7 53.7 55.8 56.8
1963 100.0 NA 32.1 14.3 49.9 63.1 59.8 57.9 59.2 NA 59.1 54.0 56.9 57.3
1964 100.0 NA 34.6 14.8 51.2 64.3 61.7 58.9 60.9 NA 60.9 54.6 57.8 57.6
1965 100.0 NA 34.5 14.4 51.1 63.9 61.1 59.3 61.5 NA 61.3 54.9 57.5 56.3
1966 100.0 NA 36.1 15.2 52.7 63.5 59.5 59.9 61.3 NA 60.5 54.9 56.7 55.4
1967 100.0 NA 39.1 15.5 55.1 66.1 61.8 62.4 63.0 NA 63.7 57.8 59.1 57.2
1968 100.0 NA 42.2 16.0 56.9 67.3 61.9 63.6 64.8 NA 65.7 57.5 59.1 58.3
1969 100.0 NA 46.7 17.7 60.2 70.1 64.9 66.7 68.1 NA 68.6 59.3 60.5 59.1
1970 100.0 NA 51.0 18.7 64.6 74.9 66.1 70.0 71.1 NA 72.1 59.8 63.6 61.0
1971 100.0 NA 51.3 19.0 65.2 75.0 65.6 70.9 70.9 NA 72.8 60.2 62.5 61.4
1972 100.0 NA 54.2 18.6 67.1 77.2 66.0 71.9 71.9 NA 73.9 61.2 62.2 61.6
1973 100.0 NA 55.8 19.4 67.6 79.2 66.0 73.0 72.8 NA 75.8 61.8 62.9 63.4
1974 100.0 NA 56.5 20.6 71.2 83.0 67.1 76.3 75.5 NA 79.9 65.6 65.1 63.6
1975 100.0 NA 58.2 21.4 71.0 82.6 67.2 76.4 76.2 NA 80.2 66.7 65.1 63.1
1976 100.0 81.3 58.6 22.0 72.2 85.7 68.7 77.3 78.9 NA 81.7 67.4 64.2 63.9
1977 100.0 81.6 59.6 23.3 73.9 85.4 68.4 78.1 80.0 NA 80.8 67.3 62.2 64.6
1978 100.0 81.9 61.6 24.3 73.3 87.1 68.2 79.8 81.2 NA 81.4 68.6 62.6 65.8
1979 100.0 81.5 64.1 25.7 76.2 88.0 69.7 82.1 83.1 NA 81.6 70.9 64.0 66.7
1980 100.0 81.0 65.7 25.1 78.8 92.6 70.2 83.9 83.3 NA 80.7 72.8 64.9 66.4
1981 100.0 80.6 66.4 25.7 77.5 91.6 69.6 84.2 82.3 82.9 78.8 71.8 63.9 67.0
1982 100.0 81.6 68.6 27.3 80.4 95.7 72.4 87.3 83.7 84.7 79.4 72.9 65.6 69.8
1983 100.0 81.5 67.3 29.4 80.6 94.3 72.0 85.7 84.1 83.3 80.2 74.5 64.8 70.8
1984 100.0 82.2 67.7 31.3 79.6 94.0 72.0 85.4 84.1 82.9 79.7 76.3 65.2 69.5
1985 100.0 82.3 69.1 31.6 80.0 92.6 72.1 85.8 83.8 83.6 78.5 77.0 64.7 70.0
1986 100.0 81.9 69.9 33.8 80.1 92.8 72.3 87.0 84.0 84.9 78.9 77.2 65.3 72.0
1987 100.0 82.8 71.9 35.6 81.1 94.0 71.6 88.4 84.3 87.5 78.4 76.9 66.6 73.6
1988 100.0 82.9 73.9 37.8 82.6 95.7 71.7 90.1 85.4 89.3 79.0 75.9 66.1 73.5
1989 100.0 82.2 75.0 38.2 83.4 96.2 71.6 91.5 86.1 90.7 79.9 77.8 65.8 72.4
1990 100.0 81.4 77.2 40.5 85.2 98.2 73.3 92.7 88.3 91.5 79.7 79.8 66.0 72.1
1991 100.0 81.5 78.7 43.0 86.3 99.7 75.4 93.4 90.5 91.9 80.1 83.0 66.3 72.4
1992 100.0 80.8 77.0 43.4 85.8 99.6 74.4 93.1 89.3 91.3 77.6 84.1 66.9 71.6
1993 100.0 80.8 76.2 44.8 85.8 98.5 75.6 92.1 88.1 91.7 76.7 85.5 68.4 73.0
1994 100.0 81.3 75.5 46.6 87.2 100.2 78.4 93.6 90.1 94.0 78.2 87.6 70.6 74.2
1995 100.0 81.4 75.7 49.1 88.5 101.1 78.8 93.9 91.5 97.4 78.1 88.1 71.5 75.2
Table 5. Purchasing Power Parities and Relative Prices
1993 EKS Benchmark
Country 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Purchasing Power Parities for GDP
(United States = 1.00)
United States 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Canada 1.254 1.291 1.313 1.298 1.279 1.260 1.241 1.229
Japan 246.0 213.9 192.0 189.5 187.6 184.0 180.4 175.1
Korea 409.5 459.5 522.6 553.2 571.0 584.8 603.1 620.1
Austria 14.41 14.08 13.61 13.61 13.80 13.90 14.05 13.99
Belgium 36.98 37.97 36.88 36.55 36.86 37.30 37.40 36.99
Denmark 8.042 8.937 9.076 8.919 8.956 8.790 8.739 8.671
France 5.627 6.721 6.667 6.620 6.579 6.570 6.523 6.470
Germany 2.418 2.178 2.059 2.056 2.090 2.100 2.095 2.087
Italy 812.4 1220.1 1429.8 1480.3 1507.8 1534.0 1552.2 1589.4
Netherlands 2.776 2.498 2.182 2.154 2.144 2.130 2.123 2.101
Norway 8.079 9.255 9.399 9.257 8.970 8.930 8.781 8.831
Sweden 7.135 8.222 9.661 9.997 9.832 9.830 9.847 9.964
United Kingdom .5152 .5531 .6074 .6222 .6334 .6370 .6348 .6339
Relative Prices (Ratio of Purchasing Power Parities to Market Exchange Rates)
(United States = 100)
United States 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Canada 107.2 94.5 112.5 113.3 105.9 97.7 90.8 89.5
Japan 109.0 89.6 132.5 140.8 148.0 165.6 176.6 186.4
Korea 67.4 52.8 73.8 75.4 73.1 72.9 75.1 80.4
Austria 111.3 68.1 120.1 116.5 125.5 119.4 123.2 138.9
Belgium 126.6 64.0 110.4 106.9 114.7 107.9 111.9 125.5
Denmark 142.9 84.3 146.6 139.3 148.3 135.5 137.5 154.8
France 133.3 74.9 122.4 117.2 124.3 116.0 117.6 129.7
Germany 133.2 74.0 127.4 123.8 133.8 126.9 129.2 145.7
Italy 95.1 63.4 118.7 119.9 122.1 96.6 96.3 97.5
Netherlands 139.8 75.3 119.8 115.1 121.9 114.6 116.7 131.0
Norway 163.7 107.7 150.3 142.6 144.4 125.8 124.5 139.4
Sweden 168.7 95.6 163.1 165.2 168.8 126.1 127.6 139.5
United Kingdom 119.8 71.8 108.4 110.0 111.9 95.7 97.2 100.1
Table 6. Real GDP per CAPITA
1993 GK Benchmark (1995 U.S. Dollars)
Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United
States lands Kingdom
1960 13,460 9,798 4,814 1,444 7,877 8,567 10,137 8,626 10,008 7,205 9,212 8,912 9,607 9,725
1961 13,523 9,905 5,467 1,484 8,250 8,963 10,661 9,007 10,333 7,767 9,353 9,380 10,100 9,893
1962 14,120 10,411 5,798 1,473 8,397 9,393 11,164 9,437 10,689 8,181 9,620 9,555 10,472 9,933
1963 14,514 10,749 6,345 1,563 8,683 9,728 11,127 9,768 10,884 8,575 9,802 9,843 10,968 10,262
1964 15,150 11,252 7,110 1,670 9,146 10,308 12,029 10,298 11,492 8,727 10,504 10,258 11,629 10,746
1965 15,913 11,779 7,394 1,722 9,347 10,578 12,508 10,691 11,974 8,941 10,909 10,716 11,960 10,946
1966 16,745 12,347 8,102 1,883 9,805 10,839 12,696 11,156 12,198 9,405 11,069 11,032 12,095 11,093
1967 16,997 12,482 8,880 1,948 10,025 11,197 13,016 11,588 12,132 9,995 11,524 11,622 12,406 11,282
1968 17,623 12,949 9,900 2,120 10,419 11,621 13,456 11,998 12,747 10,571 12,171 11,782 12,783 11,687
1969 17,978 13,448 10,979 2,359 11,035 12,358 14,230 12,733 13,569 11,145 12,851 12,210 13,329 11,875
1970 17,772 13,606 11,893 2,510 11,779 13,137 14,413 13,343 14,115 11,649 13,424 12,369 14,063 12,109
1971 18,129 13,930 12,293 2,670 12,327 13,589 14,696 13,850 14,397 11,790 13,849 12,850 14,098 12,284
1972 18,911 14,558 13,148 2,747 13,016 14,253 15,381 14,338 14,914 12,050 14,133 13,412 14,379 12,676
1973 19,807 15,490 13,880 3,044 13,577 15,049 15,844 14,997 15,548 12,747 14,727 13,866 14,923 13,578
1974 19,555 15,949 13,523 3,234 14,088 15,618 15,625 15,363 15,559 13,221 15,205 14,496 15,355 13,344
1975 19,251 16,128 13,771 3,391 14,074 15,343 15,476 15,250 15,420 12,848 15,098 15,017 15,685 13,251
1976 20,131 16,897 14,160 3,730 14,744 16,172 16,436 15,835 16,320 13,607 15,687 15,964 15,794 13,621
1977 20,898 17,303 14,637 4,051 15,408 16,230 16,653 16,271 16,820 13,951 15,957 16,466 15,487 13,949
1978 21,714 17,914 15,269 4,365 15,430 16,661 16,846 16,744 17,345 14,424 16,236 17,148 15,712 14,435
1979 22,098 18,423 15,973 4,606 16,189 17,004 17,399 17,212 18,068 15,199 16,486 17,956 16,280 14,822
1980 21,786 18,456 16,294 4,413 16,661 17,720 17,301 17,403 18,184 15,721 16,550 18,651 16,518 14,478
1981 22,099 18,898 16,689 4,614 16,571 17,422 17,151 17,510 18,167 15,762 16,352 18,750 16,496 14,286
1982 21,419 18,071 17,083 4,888 16,732 17,705 17,679 17,853 18,009 15,772 16,088 18,743 16,652 14,542
1983 22,082 18,456 17,361 5,370 17,085 17,733 18,142 17,885 18,390 15,898 16,299 19,547 16,936 15,060
1984 23,383 19,433 17,927 5,765 17,310 18,121 18,946 18,037 18,985 16,272 16,771 20,612 17,606 15,375
1985 24,038 20,171 18,603 6,082 17,718 18,250 19,751 18,290 19,418 16,684 17,210 21,634 17,916 15,902
1986 24,538 20,631 19,026 6,718 17,905 18,541 20,442 18,662 19,860 17,134 17,588 22,458 18,284 16,535
1987 25,022 21,211 19,719 7,418 18,177 18,920 20,478 18,987 20,149 17,637 17,719 22,799 18,796 17,283
1988 25,737 21,981 20,852 8,174 18,872 19,749 20,705 19,738 20,773 18,288 18,064 22,562 19,131 18,100
1989 26,354 22,121 21,769 8,610 19,483 20,395 20,811 20,466 21,313 18,790 18,800 22,673 19,456 18,431
1990 26,420 21,742 22,798 9,336 20,126 21,084 21,074 20,864 22,105 19,163 19,440 23,017 19,569 18,439
1991 25,881 21,103 23,630 10,088 20,476 21,335 21,302 20,908 22,923 19,321 19,722 23,621 19,219 18,000
1992 26,299 20,950 23,802 10,490 20,627 21,609 21,279 21,034 23,043 19,405 19,970 24,255 18,835 17,843
1993 26,613 21,116 23,766 10,981 20,501 21,234 21,524 20,653 22,364 19,447 19,980 24,779 18,310 18,155
1994 27,273 21,743 23,824 11,804 21,025 21,662 22,391 21,147 22,747 19,813 20,535 25,878 18,787 18,786
1995 27,572 21,980 23,972 12,732 21,364 22,035 22,895 21,513 23,005 20,365 20,872 26,585 19,357 19,186
Table 7. Real GDP per CAPITA
1993 GK Benchmark(United States = 100)
Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United
States lands Kingdom
1960 100.0 72.8 35.8 10.7 58.5 63.6 75.3 64.1 74.4 53.5 68.4 66.2 71.4 72.2
1961 100.0 73.2 40.4 11.0 61.0 66.3 78.8 66.6 76.4 57.4 69.2 69.4 74.7 73.2
1962 100.0 73.7 41.1 10.4 59.5 66.5 79.1 66.8 75.7 57.9 68.1 67.7 74.2 70.3
1963 100.0 74.1 43.7 10.8 59.8 67.0 76.7 67.3 75.0 59.1 67.5 67.8 75.6 70.7
1964 100.0 74.3 46.9 11.0 60.4 68.0 79.4 68.0 75.9 57.6 69.3 67.7 76.8 70.9
1965 100.0 74.0 46.5 10.8 58.7 66.5 78.6 67.2 75.2 56.2 68.6 67.3 75.2 68.8
1966 100.0 73.7 48.4 11.2 58.6 64.7 75.8 66.6 72.8 56.2 66.1 65.9 72.2 66.2
1967 100.0 73.4 52.2 11.5 59.0 65.9 76.6 68.2 71.4 58.8 67.8 68.4 73.0 66.4
1968 100.0 73.5 56.2 12.0 59.1 65.9 76.4 68.1 72.3 60.0 69.1 66.9 72.5 66.3
1969 100.0 74.8 61.1 13.1 61.4 68.7 79.2 70.8 75.5 62.0 71.5 67.9 74.1 66.1
1970 100.0 76.6 66.9 14.1 66.3 73.9 81.1 75.1 79.4 65.5 75.5 69.6 79.1 68.1
1971 100.0 76.8 67.8 14.7 68.0 75.0 81.1 76.4 79.4 65.0 76.4 70.9 77.8 67.8
1972 100.0 77.0 69.5 14.5 68.8 75.4 81.3 75.8 78.9 63.7 74.7 70.9 76.0 67.0
1973 100.0 78.2 70.1 15.4 68.5 76.0 80.0 75.7 78.5 64.4 74.4 70.0 75.3 68.6
1974 100.0 81.6 69.2 16.5 72.0 79.9 79.9 78.6 79.6 67.6 77.8 74.1 78.5 68.2
1975 100.0 83.8 71.5 17.6 73.1 79.7 80.4 79.2 80.1 66.7 78.4 78.0 81.5 68.8
1976 100.0 83.9 70.3 18.5 73.2 80.3 81.6 78.7 81.1 67.6 77.9 79.3 78.5 67.7
1977 100.0 82.8 70.0 19.4 73.7 77.7 79.7 77.9 80.5 66.8 76.4 78.8 74.1 66.8
1978 100.0 82.5 70.3 20.1 71.1 76.7 77.6 77.1 79.9 66.4 74.8 79.0 72.4 66.5
1979 100.0 83.4 72.3 20.8 73.3 76.9 78.7 77.9 81.8 68.8 74.6 81.3 73.7 67.1
1980 100.0 84.7 74.8 20.3 76.5 81.3 79.4 79.9 83.5 72.2 76.0 85.6 75.8 66.5
1981 100.0 85.5 75.5 20.9 75.0 78.8 77.6 79.2 82.2 71.3 74.0 84.8 74.6 64.6
1982 100.0 84.4 79.8 22.8 78.1 82.7 82.5 83.4 84.1 73.6 75.1 87.5 77.7 67.9
1983 100.0 83.6 78.6 24.3 77.4 80.3 82.2 81.0 83.3 72.0 73.8 88.5 76.7 68.2
1984 100.0 83.1 76.7 24.7 74.0 77.5 81.0 77.1 81.2 69.6 71.7 88.2 75.3 65.8
1985 100.0 83.9 77.4 25.3 73.7 75.9 82.2 76.1 80.8 69.4 71.6 90.0 74.5 66.2
1986 100.0 84.1 77.5 27.4 73.0 75.6 83.3 76.1 80.9 69.8 71.7 91.5 74.5 67.4
1987 100.0 84.8 78.8 29.6 72.6 75.6 81.8 75.9 80.5 70.5 70.8 91.1 75.1 69.1
1988 100.0 85.4 81.0 31.8 73.3 76.7 80.4 76.7 80.7 71.1 70.2 87.7 74.3 70.3
1989 100.0 83.9 82.6 32.7 73.9 77.4 79.0 77.7 80.9 71.3 71.3 86.0 73.8 69.9
1990 100.0 82.3 86.3 35.3 76.2 79.8 79.8 79.0 83.7 72.5 73.6 87.1 74.1 69.8
1991 100.0 81.5 91.3 39.0 79.1 82.4 82.3 80.8 88.6 74.7 76.2 91.3 74.3 69.5
1992 100.0 79.7 90.5 39.9 78.4 82.2 80.9 80.0 87.6 73.8 75.9 92.2 71.6 67.8
1993 100.0 79.3 89.3 41.3 77.0 79.8 80.9 77.6 84.0 73.1 75.1 93.1 68.8 68.2
1994 100.0 79.7 87.4 43.3 77.1 79.4 82.1 77.5 83.4 72.6 75.3 94.9 68.9 68.9
1995 100.0 79.7 86.9 46.2 77.5 79.9 83.0 78.0 83.4 73.9 75.7 96.4 70.2 69.6
Table 8. Real GDP per EMPLOYED PERSON
1993 GK Benchmark (1995 U.S. Dollars)
Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United
States lands Kingdom
1960 35,627 NA 10,303 NA 17,378 22,598 22,880 19,968 21,285 NA 22,965 20,824 19,877 21,115
1961 36,371 NA 11,647 NA 18,155 23,546 23,876 21,070 21,965 NA 23,291 21,751 20,837 21,437
1962 37,893 NA 12,327 NA 18,742 24,397 24,812 22,481 22,909 NA 23,815 22,212 21,607 21,615
1963 38,972 NA 13,507 5,562 19,636 25,280 24,624 23,494 23,498 NA 24,271 22,950 22,645 22,415
1964 40,361 NA 15,068 5,993 20,852 26,659 26,284 24,753 25,042 NA 25,903 24,023 23,847 23,330
1965 41,900 NA 15,599 6,022 21,589 27,502 27,050 25,856 26,233 NA 27,046 25,084 24,589 23,682
1966 43,307 NA 16,888 6,582 23,035 28,270 27,223 27,003 27,048 NA 27,589 25,919 25,068 24,072
1967 43,411 NA 18,329 6,735 24,150 29,495 28,332 28,196 27,873 NA 29,141 27,352 26,191 24,911
1968 44,526 NA 20,284 7,140 25,562 30,768 29,130 29,485 29,368 NA 30,807 27,934 26,859 26,051
1969 44,771 NA 22,553 7,905 27,183 32,261 30,697 31,072 31,075 NA 32,363 28,939 27,683 26,589
1970 44,523 NA 24,485 8,305 29,007 34,286 31,097 32,413 32,233 NA 33,823 29,049 28,910 27,273
1971 45,816 NA 25,393 8,723 30,138 35,296 31,744 33,811 33,084 NA 35,119 30,104 29,239 28,226
1972 46,925 NA 27,470 8,717 31,784 37,239 32,733 35,102 34,354 NA 36,526 31,319 29,811 29,035
1973 48,037 NA 28,925 9,320 32,775 39,104 33,499 36,506 35,602 NA 38,354 32,394 30,878 30,573
1974 46,986 NA 28,675 9,684 33,782 40,093 33,297 37,317 36,110 NA 39,524 33,637 31,246 29,981
1975 47,236 NA 29,665 10,114 33,859 40,076 33,501 37,539 36,641 NA 39,891 34,373 31,424 29,921
1976 48,300 40,343 30,555 10,650 35,202 42,548 35,040 38,827 38,798 NA 41,551 35,530 31,647 31,001
1977 48,896 40,962 31,474 11,409 36,467 42,923 35,320 39,746 39,845 NA 41,639 35,883 31,079 31,695
1978 49,245 41,422 32,732 11,962 36,405 44,050 35,470 40,876 40,708 NA 42,224 36,853 31,505 32,527
1979 49,294 41,278 34,101 12,652 37,907 44,582 36,289 42,121 41,728 NA 42,373 38,130 32,246 33,013
1980 48,926 40,689 34,704 12,295 38,889 46,554 36,298 42,735 41,494 NA 41,589 38,857 32,424 32,635
1981 49,570 41,017 35,506 12,741 38,759 46,671 36,454 43,447 41,579 41,966 41,159 38,819 32,367 33,362
1982 48,905 40,992 36,225 13,369 39,679 48,072 37,387 44,431 41,685 42,298 40,897 38,889 32,754 34,295
1983 50,221 42,016 36,459 14,776 40,851 48,639 38,215 44,803 43,031 42,732 42,425 40,837 33,252 35,720
1984 51,551 43,518 37,675 16,143 41,426 49,801 39,215 45,794 44,171 43,658 43,272 42,920 34,312 35,960
1985 52,415 44,274 39,067 16,578 42,341 49,892 39,899 46,796 44,734 44,758 43,363 44,003 34,617 36,838
1986 52,806 44,415 39,866 17,856 42,660 50,359 40,296 47,785 45,158 45,806 43,871 44,482 35,194 38,181
1987 52,978 45,048 41,112 18,879 43,386 51,175 40,067 48,704 45,496 47,377 43,742 44,454 36,013 39,129
1988 53,819 45,839 42,933 20,366 44,881 52,926 40,776 50,446 46,825 49,088 44,811 44,563 36,325 39,715
1989 54,534 46,004 44,126 20,813 45,916 53,906 41,236 51,907 47,826 50,543 45,905 46,273 36,654 39,653
1990 54,595 45,626 45,463 22,131 46,958 55,099 42,247 52,661 49,096 51,037 45,831 47,526 36,813 39,529
1991 54,571 45,669 46,363 23,468 47,536 55,892 43,464 53,016 50,319 51,263 46,072 49,384 36,956 39,669
1992 55,767 46,290 46,338 24,203 48,288 57,091 43,840 54,025 50,744 51,999 45,592 51,146 38,127 40,102
1993 56,279 46,696 46,259 25,206 48,733 56,933 44,929 53,932 50,524 52,709 45,461 52,461 39,339 41,252
1994 56,978 47,589 46,445 26,563 50,150 58,676 47,171 55,496 52,263 54,747 46,932 54,465 41,068 42,470
1995 57,333 47,947 46,818 28,174 51,212 59,571 47,701 56,025 53,436 57,050 47,166 55,098 41,890 43,313
Table 9. Real GDP per EMPLOYED PERSON
1993 GK Benchmark (United States = 100)
Year United Canada Japan Korea Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Nether- Norway Sweden United
States lands Kingdom
1960 100.0 NA 28.9 NA 48.8 63.4 64.2 56.0 59.7 NA 64.5 58.5 55.8 59.3
1961 100.0 NA 32.0 NA 49.9 64.7 65.6 57.9 60.4 NA 64.0 59.8 57.3 58.9
1962 100.0 NA 32.5 NA 49.5 64.4 65.5 59.3 60.5 NA 62.8 58.6 57.0 57.0
1963 100.0 NA 34.7 14.3 50.4 64.9 63.2 60.3 60.3 NA 62.3 58.9 58.1 57.5
1964 100.0 NA 37.3 14.8 51.7 66.1 65.1 61.3 62.0 NA 64.2 59.5 59.1 57.8
1965 100.0 NA 37.2 14.4 51.5 65.6 64.6 61.7 62.6 NA 64.5 59.9 58.7 56.5
1966 100.0 NA 39.0 15.2 53.2 65.3 62.9 62.4 62.5 NA 63.7 59.8 57.9 55.6
1967 100.0 NA 42.2 15.5 55.6 67.9 65.3 65.0 64.2 NA 67.1 63.0 60.3 57.4
1968 100.0 NA 45.6 16.0 57.4 69.1 65.4 66.2 66.0 NA 69.2 62.7 60.3 58.5
1969 100.0 NA 50.4 17.7 60.7 72.1 68.6 69.4 69.4 NA 72.3 64.6 61.8 59.4
1970 100.0 NA 55.0 18.7 65.1 77.0 69.8 72.8 72.4 NA 76.0 65.2 64.9 61.3
1971 100.0 NA 55.4 19.0 65.8 77.0 69.3 73.8 72.2 NA 76.7 65.7 63.8 61.6
1972 100.0 NA 58.5 18.6 67.7 79.4 69.8 74.8 73.2 NA 77.8 66.7 63.5 61.9
1973 100.0 NA 60.2 19.4 68.2 81.4 69.7 76.0 74.1 NA 79.8 67.4 64.3 63.6
1974 100.0 NA 61.0 20.6 71.9 85.3 70.9 79.4 76.9 NA 84.1 71.6 66.5 63.8
1975 100.0 NA 62.8 21.4 71.7 84.8 70.9 79.5 77.6 NA 84.5 72.8 66.5 63.3
1976 100.0 83.5 63.3 22.0 72.9 88.1 72.5 80.4 80.3 NA 86.0 73.6 65.5 64.2
1977 100.0 83.8 64.4 23.3 74.6 87.8 72.2 81.3 81.5 NA 85.2 73.4 63.6 64.8
1978 100.0 84.1 66.5 24.3 73.9 89.4 72.0 83.0 82.7 NA 85.7 74.8 64.0 66.1
1979 100.0 83.7 69.2 25.7 76.9 90.4 73.6 85.4 84.7 NA 86.0 77.4 65.4 67.0
1980 100.0 83.2 70.9 25.1 79.5 95.2 74.2 87.3 84.8 NA 85.0 79.4 66.3 66.7
1981 100.0 82.7 71.6 25.7 78.2 94.2 73.5 87.6 83.9 84.7 83.0 78.3 65.3 67.3
1982 100.0 83.8 74.1 27.3 81.1 98.3 76.4 90.9 85.2 86.5 83.6 79.5 67.0 70.1
1983 100.0 83.7 72.6 29.4 81.3 96.8 76.1 89.2 85.7 85.1 84.5 81.3 66.2 71.1
1984 100.0 84.4 73.1 31.3 80.4 96.6 76.1 88.8 85.7 84.7 83.9 83.3 66.6 69.8
1985 100.0 84.5 74.5 31.6 80.8 95.2 76.1 89.3 85.3 85.4 82.7 84.0 66.0 70.3
1986 100.0 84.1 75.5 33.8 80.8 95.4 76.3 90.5 85.5 86.7 83.1 84.2 66.6 72.3
1987 100.0 85.0 77.6 35.6 81.9 96.6 75.6 91.9 85.9 89.4 82.6 83.9 68.0 73.9
1988 100.0 85.2 79.8 37.8 83.4 98.3 75.8 93.7 87.0 91.2 83.3 82.8 67.5 73.8
1989 100.0 84.4 80.9 38.2 84.2 98.8 75.6 95.2 87.7 92.7 84.2 84.9 67.2 72.7
1990 100.0 83.6 83.3 40.5 86.0 100.9 77.4 96.5 89.9 93.5 83.9 87.1 67.4 72.4
1991 100.0 83.7 85.0 43.0 87.1 102.4 79.6 97.1 92.2 93.9 84.4 90.5 67.7 72.7
1992 100.0 83.0 83.1 43.4 86.6 102.4 78.6 96.9 91.0 93.2 81.8 91.7 68.4 71.9
1993 100.0 83.0 82.2 44.8 86.6 101.2 79.8 95.8 89.8 93.7 80.8 93.2 69.9 73.3
1994 100.0 83.5 81.5 46.6 88.0 103.0 82.8 97.4 91.7 96.1 82.4 95.6 72.1 74.5
1995 100.0 83.6 81.7 49.1 89.3 103.9 83.2 97.7 93.2 99.5 82.3 96.1 73.1 75.5
Table 10. Purchasing Power Parities and Relative Prices
1993 GK Benchmark
Country 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Purchasing Power Parities for GDP
(United States = 1.00)
United States 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Canada 1.221 1.257 1.278 1.264 1.246 1.227 1.208 1.197
Japan 227.9 198.2 177.9 175.5 173.8 170.5 167.1 162.2
Korea 409.5 459.5 522.6 553.2 571.0 584.8 603.1 620.1
Austria 14.28 13.96 13.49 13.49 13.67 13.77 13.92 13.87
Belgium 35.99 36.95 35.90 35.58 35.87 36.30 36.39 36.00
Denmark 7.615 8.462 8.593 8.445 8.480 8.323 8.274 8.210
France 5.408 6.459 6.407 6.362 6.323 6.314 6.269 6.218
Germany 2.374 2.138 2.021 2.019 2.052 2.062 2.056 2.048
Italy 795.2 1194.3 1399.5 1448.9 1475.9 1501.5 1519.3 1555.8
Netherlands 2.635 2.372 2.071 2.045 2.035 2.022 2.016 1.995
Norway 7.407 8.485 8.617 8.486 8.223 8.186 8.050 8.096
Sweden 6.985 8.050 9.459 9.788 9.626 9.624 9.641 9.756
United Kingdom .5132 .5509 .6050 .6196 .6308 .6344 .6322 .6314
Relative Prices (Ratio of Purchasing Power Parities to Market Exchange Rates)
(United States = 100)
United States 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Canada 104.4 92.0 109.6 110.3 103.1 95.1 88.4 87.2
Japan 100.9 83.1 122.7 130.4 137.1 153.4 163.6 172.7
Korea 67.4 52.8 73.8 75.4 73.1 72.9 75.1 80.4
Austria 110.3 67.5 119.1 115.4 124.4 118.3 122.0 137.6
Belgium 123.3 62.3 107.4 104.0 111.6 105.0 108.9 122.2
Denmark 135.3 79.9 138.8 131.9 140.5 128.3 130.2 146.6
France 128.1 72.0 117.6 112.7 119.4 111.4 113.0 124.7
Germany 130.8 72.7 125.0 121.5 131.4 124.6 126.8 143.0
Italy 93.0 62.1 116.2 117.4 119.5 94.6 94.3 95.5
Netherlands 132.7 71.5 113.7 109.2 115.7 108.8 110.8 124.3
Norway 150.1 98.7 137.8 130.7 132.3 115.3 114.1 127.8
Sweden 165.2 93.6 159.7 161.7 165.2 123.5 124.9 136.6
United Kingdom 119.3 71.5 107.9 109.5 111.4 95.3 96.8 99.7
Important information about all tables is on the following page.
TABLE NOTES
NA = Not available
1. Data are subject to revision as countries revise the underlying statistics.
2. Data for years prior to 1980 are shaded to reflect the limited accuracy of these data. The accuracy of
Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) likely decreases the further removed a listed year is from the
benchmark year. Benchmark year (i.e., 1993) figures were extrapolated to the other years using
relative changes in real GDP at market prices as published by the individual countries covered. The
time series on gross domestic product used to extrapolate the figures are constructed using each
country's own price weights. Further, it has generally been necessary to link several series, each of
which has its own set of base-year price weights, to construct one series for use over a long time
period. Thus, the weights used to extrapolate figures from the benchmark year vary.
3. Germany refers to the former West Germany.
4. The PPPs for Korea are estimated by BLS using a preliminary 1985 benchmark PPP from Phase V of the
United Nations International Comparison Project (UNICP). The 1985 PPP is extrapolated forward to 1993
using the trend in Korea's implicit price deflator for GDP relative to the corresponding U.S. deflator.
Therefore, the same 1993 PPP is used for Korea in both the EKS and the GK results.
5. The employment figures for the Netherlands are BLS estimates of persons employed beginning 1973, linked
to Dutch estimates of work-years of employed persons for previous years.
6. The employment figures for Norway are persons employed from the Norwegian national accounts beginning
1972, linked to Norwegian national accounts estimates of work-years of employed persons for previous
years.
7. There are breaks in the following series:
United States, employment (1990, 1994)
Italy, population (1991, 1993)
The Netherlands, employment (1983, 1988)
The trend series do not include any adjustment for these breaks. Therefore, the computed trends may
differ from those that would result had the series been linked to remove the effects of the breaks.
In addition, due to breaks in series, data on employment in Canada are not shown prior to 1976, and
data on employment in Italy are not shown prior to 1981.
This report is online: http://www.stats.bls.gov
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