HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING
29 COUNTRIES OR AREAS
40 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 1975 AND 1986-97
General Notes
Technical Notes
Revised Measures
All Manufacturing
Food, Beverages, and Tobacco
Textiles, Apparel, and Leather Products
Textile Mill Products
Apparel and Other Textile Products
Leather and Leather Products
Leather Footwear
Lumber, Wood Products, and Furniture
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper, Printing, and Publishing
Paper and Allied Products
Printing and Publishing
Chemicals & Petroleum, Rubber & Plastics
Chemicals and Allied Products
Petroleum and Coal Products
Petroleum Refining
Rubber and Plastics Products
Rubber Products
Tires and Inner Tubes
Plastics Products
Stone, Clay, and Glass Products
Glass and Glassware
Pottery and Related Products
Primary Metal Industries
Iron and Steel
Nonferrous Metals
Metal Products, Machinery & Equipment
Fabricated Metal Products
Industrial-Commercial Machinery & Equipment
Electronic & Other Electrical Equipment
Electronic Equipment
Household Audio & Video Equipment
Electronic Components & Accessories
Transportation Equipment
Motor Vehicles and Equipment
Aircraft, Space Vehicles, and Parts
Ship and Boat Building and Repairing
Instruments and Related Products
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Exchange Rates
General Notes:
The measures for total manufacturing were published in news release USDL 98-376,
"International Comparisons Of Hourly Compensation Costs For Production Workers
In Manufacturing, 1997," September 16, 1998. The measures for individual
manufacturing industries have not been published because there are technical
limitations associated with them. For more information about these limitations,
see the introduction. Although the data are not published, there are no
restrictions on their use.
The measures in these tables are shown according to the U.S. 1987 Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) for every U.S. two-digit level industry and
selected three-digit industries. Data are also shown for two-digit level
International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Rev. 2 industry groups.
National currency units shown are: United States, dollar; Canada, dollar;
Mexico, old peso (1975-92), new peso (1993-97); Australia, dollar; Hong Kong,
dollar; Israel, shekel (1975-84), new shekel (1985-97); Japan, yen; Korea, won;
New Zealand, dollar; Singapore, dollar; Sri Lanka, rupee; Taiwan, dollar;
Austria, schilling; Belgium, franc; Denmark, krone; Finland, markka; France,
franc; Germany, mark; Greece, drachma; Ireland, pound; Italy, lira;
Luxembourg, franc; Netherlands, guilder; Norway, krone; Portugal, escudo; Spain,
peseta; Sweden, krona; Switzerland, franc; Turkey, lira; United Kingdom, pound.
Germany refers to former West Germany.
.. Data not available.
-- Index not shown. Direct comparison with the United States measure is not
appropriate due to industrial classification differences.
Prepared By: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Office of Productivity And Technology, May 24, 1999.
Introduction
The accompanying tables present international comparisons of hourly compensation
costs for production workers in manufacturing industries in selected countries
or areas. The total compensation measures are prepared by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics in order to assess international differences in employer labor costs.
Comparisons based on the more readily available average earnings statistics
published by many countries can be very misleading: national definitions of
average earnings differ considerably; average earnings do not include all items
of labor compensation; and the omitted items of compensation frequently
represent a large proportion of total compensation.
The compensation measures are computed in national currency units and are
converted into U.S. dollars at prevailing commercial market currency exchange
rates. They are an appropriate measure for comparing levels of employer labor
costs. They do not indicate relative living standards of workers or the
purchasing power of their income. Prices of goods and services vary greatly
among countries, and commercial market exchange rates are not reliable
indicators of relative differences in prices.
Technical limitations to the measures at the two-digit and especially at the
three-digit industry level are more pronounced than at the all manufacturing
level. Approximations of trends in items of compensation not included in
earnings (using data for more aggregate industries) are used for some industries
at the two-digit and three-digit level. In addition, differences in industrial
classifications among countries can limit the comparability of some industry
level measures. This is particularly true at this time of transition in
industrial classification systems. The degree to which technical limitations
hamper comparability varies by country.
Industrial Classifications
The measures in these tables are shown according to the U.S. 1987 Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) for every U.S. two-digit level industry and
selected three-digit industries. Data are also shown for two-digit level
International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Rev. 2 industry groups.
Definitions
Hourly compensation costs include (1) hourly direct pay and (2) employer social
insurance expenditures and other labor taxes. Hourly direct pay includes all
payments made directly to the worker, before payroll deductions of any kind,
consisting of (a) pay for time worked (basic time and piece rates plus overtime
premiums, shift differentials, other premiums and bonuses paid regularly each
pay period, and cost-of-living adjustments) and (b) other direct pay (pay for
time not worked (vacations, holidays, and other leave, except sick leave),
seasonal or irregular bonuses and other special payments, selected social
allowances, and the cost of payments in kind). Social insurance expenditures
and other labor taxes include (c) employer expenditures for legally required
insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans (retirement and
disability pensions, health insurance, income guarantee insurance and sick
leave, life and accident insurance, occupational injury and illness
compensation, unemployment insurance, and family allowances) and, for some
countries, (d) other labor taxes (other taxes on payrolls or employment (or
reductions to reflect subsidies), even if they do not finance programs that
directly benefit workers, because such taxes are regarded as labor costs). For
consistency, compensation is measured on an hours-worked basis for every
country.
The BLS definition of hourly compensation costs is not the same as the
International Labour Office (ILO) definition of total labor costs. Hourly
compensation costs do not include all items of labor costs. The costs of
recruitment, employee training, and plant facilities and services--such as
cafeterias and medical clinics--are not included because data are not available
for most countries. The labor costs not included account for no more than 4 percent
of total labor costs in any country for which the data are available.
Production workers generally include those employees who are engaged in
fabricating, assembly, and related activities; material handling, warehousing,
and shipping; maintenance and repair; janitorial and guard services; auxiliary
production (e.g., powerplants); and other services closely related to the above
activities. Working supervisors are generally included; apprentices and other
trainees are generally excluded.
Methods
Total compensation is computed by adjusting each country's average earnings
series by additional compensation adjustment factors that cover items of direct
pay not included in earnings and employer expenditures for legally required
insurance, contractual and private benefit plans, and other labor taxes. For
the United States and other countries that measure earnings on an hours-paid
basis, the figures are also adjusted in order to approximate compensation per
hour worked. Descriptions of the country surveys used for the Bureau's
comparative measures, including definitions and survey coverage, are based on
information provided by each country.
Earnings statistics are obtained from surveys of employment, hours, and earnings
for most countries. They are obtained from surveys or censuses of manufactures
for five countries--Mexico, Israel, Austria, Denmark, and Portugal. The surveys
of employment, hours, and earnings are stratified sample surveys of
establishments for most countries (except they are full surveys of
establishments covered for Finland, Luxembourg, and Norway and a judgment sample
for Switzerland). The surveys of manufactures are stratified sample surveys of
establishments which collect data on industrial production and other industrial
statistics, including labor input and labor cost. Censuses are complete
enumerations of business establishments.
Benchmark adjustment factors are obtained from periodic labor cost surveys
(generally undertaken every 3-5 years) and interpolated or projected to
nonsurvey years on the basis of other available information for most countries.
The labor cost surveys are stratified sample surveys of establishments (full
surveys for Ireland, Italy, and Luxembourg). The information used to
interpolate or project the adjustment factors to nonsurvey years includes annual
tabulations on employer social security contribution rates provided by the
International Studies Staff of the U.S. Social Security Administration,
information on contractual and legislated fringe benefit changes from
ILO and national labor bulletins, and statistical series on indirect labor
costs. The adjustment factors are obtained from surveys of manufactures for
Mexico and Portugal, and from reports on fringe benefit systems and social
security for Hong Kong, Israel, New Zealand, Singapore, and Sri Lanka. For the
United States, the adjustment factors are special calculations for international
comparisons based on data from several surveys.
The statistics are also adjusted, where necessary, to account for major
differences in worker coverage; differences in industrial classification
systems; and changes over time in survey coverage, sample benchmarks, or
frequency of surveys. Nevertheless, some differences in industrial coverage
remain and, with the exception of the United States, Canada, and several other
countries, the data exclude very small establishments (less than 5 employees in
Japan and less than 10 employees in most European and some other countries).
Exceptions to the standard coverage and definitions and special estimation
procedures are explained in the country notes following the tables.
Hourly compensation costs are converted to U.S. dollars using the average daily
exchange rate for the reference period. Changes in hourly compensation in U.S.
dollars from one period to another are therefore affected by changes in currency
exchange rates as well as by changes in compensation. The exchange rates used
are prevailing commercial market exchange rates as published by either the U.S.
Federal Reserve Board or the International Monetary Fund. The exchange rates
used are shown in the table on page 118.
Data Limitations
Because compensation is partly estimated, the statistics should not be
considered as precise measures of comparative compensation costs. In addition,
the figures are subject to revision as the results of new labor cost surveys or
other data used to estimate total compensation become available.
Labor Costs Versus Labor Income
The hourly compensation figures in U.S. dollars shown in the tables provide
comparative measures of employer labor costs; they do not provide intercountry
comparisons of the purchasing power of worker incomes. Prices of goods and
services vary greatly among countries, and the commercial market exchange rates
used to compare employer labor costs do not reliably indicate relative
differences in prices. Purchasing power parities--that is, the number of
foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can
be purchased with one unit of U.S. or other base-country currency--must be used
for meaningful international comparisons of the relative purchasing power of
worker incomes.
Total compensation converted to U.S. dollars at purchasing power parities would
provide one measure for comparing relative real levels of labor income. It
should be noted, however, that total compensation includes employer payments to
funds for the benefit of workers in addition to payments made directly to
workers. (For a few countries, the compensation measures also include taxes or
subsidies on payrolls or employment even if they do not finance programs which
directly benefit workers.) Payments into these funds provide either deferred
income (e.g., payments to retirement funds), a type of insurance (e.g., payments
to unemployment or health benefit funds), or current social benefits (e.g.,
family allowances), and the relationship between employer payments and current
or future worker benefits is indirect. On the other hand, excluding these
payments would understate the total value of income derived from work because
they substitute for worker savings or self-insurance to cover retirement,
medical costs, etc.
Total compensation, since it takes account of employer payments into funds for
the benefit of workers, is a broader income concept than either total direct
earnings or direct spendable earnings. An even broader concept would take
account of all social benefits available to workers, including those financed
out of general revenues as well as those financed through employment or payroll
taxes.
Revised Measures
Major revisions were made to the data included in the prior update of these
tables (September 1996) for 18 of the countries or areas covered. These
revisions reflect mainly incorporation of data from new labor cost surveys,
changes in country industrial classifications, changes in methods of national
surveys, or changes in BLS calculation procedures.
1992 EUROSTAT labor cost surveys
Most countries do not conduct labor cost surveys every year; rather, surveys are
conducted periodically. The results from these surveys are used by BLS to
calculate benchmarks of additional compensation adjustment factors. The
adjustment factors are then interpolated between or projected from the
benchmarks using other available information.
In the current update of these tables, hourly compensation costs series for all
European Union countries except Portugal were revised from 1989 to incorporate
new data from the harmonized 1992 labor cost surveys.
The 1992 surveys were conducted with a new model questionnaire; industry data
were published using a revised industrial classification; and data were
published by the Statistical Office of the European Commission (Eurostat) for
all employees only. Only Germany collected and published data for production
workers and for all employees.
Additional compensation data for France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain, and
the United Kingdom already related to all employees in previous updates of these
tables. For this update, BLS used changes in all-employee compensation
structure to estimate 1992 benchmark adjustment factors for production workers
for Belgium, Denmark, Greece, and Italy.
For Luxembourg, all-employee compensation structure data were used to recompute
benchmark adjustment factors from earlier labor cost surveys and to revise
additional compensation costs from 1975 on. Consequently, the hourly
compensation cost series for Luxembourg is revised for all years.
Because of changes in the labor cost surveys, BLS made adjustments to the
published data on irregular bonuses in France and pay for time worked in the
United Kingdom for historical continuity.
For France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, 1992 benchmark additional
compensation adjustment factors were computed for each component industry. For
Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Spain, BLS
incorporated 1992 labor cost survey data in computing additional compensation
benchmarks for all manufacturing; the trends for all manufacturing were then
used to extrapolate additional compensation costs in the component industries
from 1989 forward. Labor cost survey data from 1992 for component industries
will be incorporated in a future update.
Changes in industrial classification
Data availability and series continuity were affected by changes in industrial
classifications for several countries.
Data are not available for some component industries for Korea (from 1993),
Sweden (from 1994), and Spain (from 1996); there are breaks in series for the
other industries.
Data are not available for some component industries for the United Kingdom from
1996; for the other industries, data on the new classification are linked to
data on the old classification.
For Australia, data are not shown from 1995 for any component industries because
of breaks in series due to a major change in industrial classification.
For Germany, data on an old classification are linked to data on a new
classification at October 1995. Consequently, the hourly compensation cost
series are revised for all years prior to 1996.
Other revisions
For Canada, data for selected industries were revised back to 1983 because of
revised methodology in the Canadian survey of employment, payrolls, and hours.
Future revisions are possible.
A new monthly industrial survey, with expanded industry coverage, was used to
compute the measures from 1995 for Mexico.
Hourly compensation costs for Japan were revised back to 1991 to incorporate
Monthly Labour Survey benchmarks and the results of a 1995 labor cost survey.
Revisions for Taiwan reflect incorporation of newly acquired labor cost survey
data for 1989-94 and 1996.
For Belgium, data are not shown for component industries from 1995. Series
links are not available to adjust for a wage survey sample change.
Additional compensation costs for Italy were revised back to 1989 to incorporate
new information on holiday and vacation pay and employer social insurance
expenditures as well as the 1992 labor cost survey benchmark.
Additional compensation costs for Sweden were revised back to 1993 to
incorporate a different method for calculating sick leave.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 6
ALL MANUFACTURING
1975 AND 1987-97
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COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA 94 89 97 103 106 110 106 100 94 93 94 91
MEXICO 23 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 15 9 9 10
AUSTRALIA 88 70 82 87 88 87 81 76 83 88 93 88
HONG KONG SAR (1) 12 15 17 19 21 23 24 26 27 28 29 30
ISRAEL 35 47 55 54 57 56 56 53 54 61 62 66
JAPAN 47 80 91 88 86 94 102 116 127 139 118 106
KOREA 5 12 16 22 25 30 32 34 38 42 46 40
NEW ZEALAND 50 50 59 54 56 54 49 49 53 59 62 60
SINGAPORE 13 17 19 22 25 28 31 32 37 43 47 45
SRI LANKA 4 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 ..
TAIWAN 6 17 20 25 26 28 32 32 33 34 34 32
AUSTRIA (1) 71 101 104 99 119 116 126 122 128 147 139 120
BELGIUM 101 113 114 108 129 127 137 130 137 155 146 125
DENMARK 99 108 109 101 121 118 126 116 120 140 136 121
FINLAND (1) 72 99 113 118 141 136 124 101 113 140 133 118
FRANCE 71 91 93 88 104 100 109 102 105 116 113 99
GERMANY (1) 99 125 131 123 147 145 158 153 160 187 180 155
GREECE 27 34 38 38 45 45 47 44 46 53 54 ..
IRELAND 48 69 72 67 78 76 82 72 73 79 78 74
ITALY 73 96 101 101 117 118 120 96 94 94 100 92
LUXEMBOURG 102 99 102 97 112 110 119 114 121 136 127 ..
NETHERLANDS 103 112 114 105 121 116 125 122 123 140 130 113
NORWAY 106 124 133 128 144 139 143 122 124 142 142 130
PORTUGAL 25 19 20 21 25 27 32 27 27 31 32 29
SPAIN 40 56 61 63 76 79 84 70 68 75 76 67
SWEDEN (1) 113 112 121 122 140 142 153 107 110 125 138 122
SWITZERLAND 96 126 129 117 140 139 144 137 148 170 160 133
UNITED KINGDOM 53 67 76 74 85 88 89 75 76 80 80 85
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: AVERAGE OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
AUSTRIA: EXCLUDING HANDICRAFT MANUFACTURES & ALL PRINTING & PUBLISHING & MISCELLANOUS MANUFACTURING.
FINLAND: INCLUDING MINING & ELECTRICAL POWER PLANTS. BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY. EXCLUDING HANDICRAFT MANUFACTURERS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 7
ALL MANUFACTURING
1975 AND 1987-97
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.36 13.52 13.91 14.32 14.91 15.58 16.09 16.51 16.87 17.19 17.70 18.24
CANADA 5.96 12.04 13.50 14.77 15.84 17.16 17.03 16.43 15.85 16.04 16.66 16.55
MEXICO 1.47 1.04 1.25 1.43 1.58 1.84 2.17 2.40 2.47 1.51 1.54 1.75
AUSTRALIA 5.62 9.46 11.35 12.41 13.07 13.53 13.02 12.49 14.02 15.05 16.52 16.00
HONG KONG SAR (1) .76 2.09 2.40 2.79 3.20 3.58 3.92 4.29 4.61 4.82 5.14 5.42
ISRAEL 2.25 6.34 7.67 7.69 8.55 8.79 9.09 8.82 9.19 10.54 10.99 12.05
JAPAN 3.00 10.79 12.63 12.53 12.80 14.67 16.38 19.21 21.35 23.82 20.91 19.37
KOREA .32 1.59 2.20 3.17 3.71 4.61 5.22 5.64 6.40 7.29 8.09 7.22
NEW ZEALAND 3.21 6.77 8.19 7.80 8.33 8.36 7.91 8.01 8.93 10.11 11.03 11.02
SINGAPORE .84 2.31 2.67 3.15 3.78 4.35 4.95 5.25 6.29 7.33 8.32 8.24
SRI LANKA .28 .30 .31 .31 .35 .40 .40 .42 .45 .48 .48 ..
TAIWAN .40 2.26 2.81 3.52 3.93 4.36 5.09 5.23 5.55 5.92 5.93 5.89
AUSTRIA (1) 4.51 13.67 14.52 14.16 17.75 18.09 20.29 20.16 21.51 25.21 24.66 21.92
BELGIUM 6.41 15.25 15.82 15.48 19.17 19.75 22.05 21.44 23.07 26.65 25.89 22.82
DENMARK 6.28 14.61 15.19 14.53 18.04 18.39 20.20 19.11 20.30 24.07 24.11 22.02
FINLAND (1) 4.61 13.44 15.70 16.85 21.03 21.25 19.92 16.63 19.06 24.14 23.56 21.44
FRANCE 4.52 12.29 12.95 12.65 15.49 15.65 17.46 16.79 17.63 20.01 19.92 17.97
GERMANY (1) 6.31 16.91 18.16 17.66 21.88 22.63 25.38 25.32 27.03 32.22 31.79 28.28
GREECE 1.69 4.61 5.22 5.49 6.76 6.95 7.60 7.23 7.73 9.17 9.59 ..
IRELAND 3.03 9.31 10.00 9.61 11.66 11.91 13.12 11.89 12.39 13.57 13.85 13.57
ITALY 4.67 13.02 13.98 14.40 17.45 18.32 19.35 15.80 15.89 16.21 17.73 16.74
LUXEMBOURG 6.50 13.35 14.22 13.92 16.74 17.14 19.10 18.74 20.33 23.35 22.55 ..
NETHERLANDS 6.58 15.14 15.83 15.00 18.06 18.13 20.10 20.08 20.80 24.02 23.08 20.61
NORWAY 6.77 16.79 18.45 18.29 21.47 21.63 23.03 20.21 20.97 24.38 25.05 23.72
PORTUGAL 1.58 2.52 2.78 2.97 3.77 4.24 5.17 4.50 4.60 5.37 5.58 5.29
SPAIN 2.53 7.63 8.55 8.96 11.38 12.29 13.50 11.62 11.54 12.88 13.51 12.16
SWEDEN (1) 7.18 15.12 16.82 17.52 20.93 22.15 24.59 17.59 18.62 21.44 24.37 22.24
SWITZERLAND 6.09 17.08 18.01 16.73 20.86 21.69 23.23 22.63 24.91 29.30 28.34 24.19
UNITED KINGDOM 3.37 9.09 10.61 10.56 12.70 13.74 14.37 12.41 12.80 13.67 14.13 15.47
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: AVERAGE OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
AUSTRIA: EXCLUDING HANDICRAFT MANUFACTURES & ALL PRINTING & PUBLISHING & MISCELLANOUS MANUFACTURING.
FINLAND: INCLUDING MINING & ELECTRICAL POWER PLANTS. BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY. EXCLUDING HANDICRAFT MANUFACTURERS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 8
ALL MANUFACTURING
1975 AND 1987-97
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.36 13.52 13.91 14.32 14.91 15.58 16.09 16.51 16.87 17.19 17.70 18.24
CANADA 6.07 15.97 16.61 17.48 18.49 19.66 20.59 21.20 21.66 22.02 22.73 22.92
MEXICO 18 1437 2834 3509 4440 5541 6716 7.48 8.34 9.69 11.68 13.86
AUSTRALIA 4.30 13.49 14.47 15.68 16.74 17.37 17.71 18.37 19.16 20.32 21.09 21.52
HONG KONG SAR (1) 3.73 16.31 18.74 21.79 24.91 27.82 30.31 33.19 35.65 37.30 39.74 41.99
ISRAEL 1.44 10.12 12.27 14.73 17.24 20.04 22.36 24.97 27.66 31.73 36.14 41.55
JAPAN 889 1560 1620 1730 1856 1975 2077 2134 2182 2238 2275 2344
KOREA 157 1311 1610 2127 2623 3383 4075 4531 5141 5620 6506 6862
NEW ZEALAND 2.65 11.42 12.48 13.14 13.98 14.46 14.70 14.79 15.06 15.41 16.04 16.62
SINGAPORE 2.00 4.87 5.37 6.15 6.85 7.51 8.07 8.49 9.61 10.39 11.73 12.25
SRI LANKA 1.97 8.82 9.81 11.11 14.05 16.58 17.51 20.20 22.32 24.45 26.49 ..
TAIWAN 15.17 71.93 80.29 92.91 105.68 116.66 128.02 138.27 146.79 156.83 162.87 169.48
AUSTRIA (1) 78.46 172.96 179.45 187.49 201.07 211.44 222.93 234.70 245.38 254.07 261.18 267.62
BELGIUM 235.10 569.91 581.89 610.19 640.60 675.43 709.06 741.27 771.23 785.47 801.77 817.19
DENMARK 36.00 100.07 102.40 106.38 111.65 117.75 121.96 123.96 129.00 134.77 139.86 145.54
FINLAND (1) 16.88 59.17 65.81 72.39 80.56 86.11 89.40 95.19 99.76 105.65 108.24 111.40
FRANCE 19.34 73.91 77.17 80.72 84.38 88.39 92.44 95.14 97.76 99.76 101.91 104.94
GERMANY (1) 15.48 30.40 31.90 33.22 35.37 37.59 39.64 41.90 43.84 46.14 47.85 49.06
GREECE 55 625 741 892 1071 1266 1449 1659 1876 2124 2309 ..
IRELAND 1.36 6.25 6.56 6.78 7.03 7.38 7.70 8.12 8.28 8.46 8.66 8.95
ITALY 3048 16890 18201 19750 20900 22734 23841 24858 25591 26398 27352 28528
LUXEMBOURG 239 498 523 549 559 585 614 648 680 688 698 ..
NETHERLANDS 16.59 30.68 31.31 31.82 32.90 33.94 35.35 37.32 37.84 38.52 38.91 40.26
NORWAY 35.29 113.18 120.37 126.43 134.26 140.43 143.13 143.47 147.92 154.44 161.78 168.10
PORTUGAL 40.26 356.13 400.97 467.42 538.11 614.62 697.80 724.15 763.09 804.35 860.39 927.61
SPAIN 145 942 997 1061 1161 1278 1383 1481 1545 1604 1712 1781
SWEDEN (1) 29.73 95.99 103.24 113.11 123.98 134.04 143.26 137.16 143.64 153.14 163.46 169.99
SWITZERLAND 15.72 25.48 26.37 27.38 29.00 31.14 32.66 33.45 34.06 34.61 35.03 35.10
UNITED KINGDOM 1.52 5.54 5.95 6.45 7.12 7.77 8.14 8.27 8.36 8.66 9.05 9.44
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: AVERAGE OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
AUSTRIA: EXCLUDING HANDICRAFT MANUFACTURES & ALL PRINTING & PUBLISHING & MISCELLANOUS MANUFACTURING.
FINLAND: INCLUDING MINING & ELECTRICAL POWER PLANTS. BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY. EXCLUDING HANDICRAFT MANUFACTURERS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 9
FOOD, BEVERAGES, AND TOBACCO MANUFACTURING (US SIC 20 & 21 & ISIC 31)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 86 89 97 103 106 109 101 98 92 90 92
MEXICO .. 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 9 9
AUSTRALIA 95 69 73 85 89 93 94 88 84 90 .. ..
ISRAEL 34 32 39 47 45 49 48 46 44 47 53 53
JAPAN 42 60 67 76 74 75 81 84 96 106 115 98
KOREA 6 11 13 18 23 27 32 34 35 36 41 43
TAIWAN 7 16 19 23 28 31 33 37 36 39 40 39
AUSTRIA 77 90 112 116 110 133 130 139 134 141 159 154
BELGIUM 101 94 112 114 109 130 129 139 131 138 .. ..
DENMARK 116 96 124 127 118 142 138 145 135 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 71 79 96 109 115 138 133 118 95 110 135 131
FRANCE 74 84 97 100 95 113 110 117 111 114 127 124
GERMANY (1) 94 94 115 120 113 136 135 145 141 148 172 164
GREECE 26 31 35 38 39 46 46 49 45 47 55 56
IRELAND 57 70 78 82 77 90 88 93 82 84 92 91
ITALY 84 88 106 112 112 134 132 134 108 109 105 112
NETHERLANDS 110 104 125 128 118 138 134 141 138 136 .. ..
NORWAY .. 99 124 132 128 147 143 147 126 128 147 147
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 66 81 84 88 73 70 76 78
SWEDEN (1) 118 97 114 125 126 147 148 160 112 117 130 143
SWITZERLAND 93 106 129 133 121 147 146 150 143 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 53 60 69 78 76 90 93 93 79 78 82 84
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 10
FOOD, BEVERAGES, AND TOBACCO MANUFACTURING (US SIC 20 & 21 & ISIC 31)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 5.84 12.22 12.55 12.85 13.15 13.58 14.14 14.76 15.12 15.39 15.63 15.96
CANADA .. 10.49 11.21 12.50 13.59 14.42 15.40 14.89 14.79 14.16 14.03 14.70
MEXICO .. .93 .91 1.06 1.22 1.35 1.61 1.83 2.04 2.21 1.34 1.42
AUSTRALIA 5.52 8.41 9.19 10.92 11.72 12.57 13.29 13.03 12.64 13.89 .. ..
ISRAEL 2.01 3.89 4.90 6.02 5.94 6.64 6.80 6.83 6.64 7.17 8.23 8.45
JAPAN 2.46 7.33 8.47 9.79 9.79 10.18 11.39 12.40 14.57 16.27 17.96 15.67
KOREA .36 1.35 1.68 2.25 3.05 3.71 4.49 4.98 5.27 5.56 6.42 6.85
TAIWAN .39 1.90 2.43 2.95 3.70 4.22 4.71 5.49 5.51 5.99 6.25 6.30
AUSTRIA 4.52 11.02 14.08 14.96 14.45 18.08 18.43 20.51 20.24 21.65 24.90 24.53
BELGIUM 5.89 11.48 14.10 14.65 14.31 17.67 18.25 20.51 19.87 21.29 .. ..
DENMARK 6.77 11.72 15.52 16.30 15.46 19.22 19.49 21.39 20.46 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 4.16 9.62 12.10 14.01 15.06 18.80 18.78 17.35 14.37 16.99 21.12 20.97
FRANCE 4.34 10.23 12.23 12.90 12.54 15.29 15.49 17.33 16.71 17.53 19.86 19.86
GERMANY (1) 5.50 11.48 14.49 15.45 14.91 18.53 19.05 21.42 21.26 22.75 26.83 26.11
GREECE 1.53 3.83 4.34 4.85 5.19 6.26 6.48 7.16 6.80 7.27 8.58 9.01
IRELAND 3.30 8.53 9.82 10.57 10.11 12.20 12.47 13.74 12.33 12.91 14.37 14.51
ITALY 4.89 10.79 13.29 14.35 14.77 18.17 18.65 19.79 16.32 16.70 16.48 17.93
NETHERLANDS 6.40 12.67 15.74 16.39 15.53 18.71 18.88 20.84 20.86 21.00 .. ..
NORWAY .. 12.12 15.52 16.98 16.89 19.97 20.24 21.66 18.99 19.66 22.94 23.43
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 8.72 10.95 11.86 13.04 10.98 10.70 11.86 12.48
SWEDEN (1) 6.87 11.81 14.34 16.06 16.62 19.93 20.95 23.59 16.86 17.97 20.33 22.87
SWITZERLAND 5.44 12.94 16.15 17.07 15.89 19.92 20.68 22.18 21.66 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.08 7.39 8.70 10.07 10.05 12.17 13.22 13.73 11.92 12.05 12.85 13.41
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 11
FOOD, BEVERAGES, AND TOBACCO MANUFACTURING (US SIC 20 & 21 & ISIC 31)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 5.84 12.22 12.55 12.85 13.15 13.58 14.14 14.76 15.12 15.39 15.63 15.96
CANADA .. 14.58 14.86 15.39 16.09 16.83 17.65 18.00 19.08 19.34 19.27 20.05
MEXICO .. 569 1253 2416 3011 3789 4865 5670 6.35 7.47 8.59 10.76
AUSTRALIA 4.22 12.53 13.11 13.92 14.81 16.11 17.06 17.73 18.59 18.99 .. ..
ISRAEL 1.28 5.79 7.82 9.62 11.39 13.38 15.49 16.80 18.80 21.57 24.78 27.79
JAPAN 729 1234 1224 1255 1351 1477 1533 1572 1619 1663 1688 1705
KOREA 175 1190 1379 1645 2046 2628 3295 3885 4233 4471 4954 5510
TAIWAN 14.96 72.04 77.31 84.37 97.72 113.70 126.05 138.22 145.52 158.51 165.56 173.18
AUSTRIA 78.57 168.18 178.14 184.95 191.31 204.80 215.47 225.43 235.64 246.99 250.96 259.78
BELGIUM 216.18 512.69 526.61 538.68 564.06 590.54 624.24 659.30 687.18 711.70 .. ..
DENMARK 38.83 94.91 106.28 109.90 113.18 119.00 124.81 129.14 132.73 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 15.24 48.82 53.27 58.76 64.70 72.00 76.08 77.83 82.25 88.94 92.42 96.36
FRANCE 18.59 70.87 73.51 76.88 80.00 83.28 87.47 91.76 94.69 97.20 99.03 101.59
GERMANY (1) 13.51 24.92 26.05 27.14 28.04 29.96 31.64 33.46 35.19 36.90 38.43 39.30
GREECE 49 536 588 688 843 992 1181 1364 1560 1763 1989 2168
IRELAND 1.49 6.36 6.60 6.93 7.13 7.36 7.73 8.06 8.42 8.62 8.96 9.07
ITALY 3190 16094 17234 18688 20258 21772 23149 24384 25678 26911 26839 27663
NETHERLANDS 16.14 31.03 31.88 32.43 32.96 34.08 35.34 36.66 38.75 38.21 .. ..
NORWAY .. 89.64 104.59 110.80 116.76 124.91 131.39 134.63 134.79 138.73 145.38 151.37
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1032 1117 1233 1335 1400 1433 1477 1581
SWEDEN (1) 28.44 84.18 91.02 98.55 107.31 118.05 126.78 137.45 131.44 138.66 145.18 153.42
SWITZERLAND 14.05 23.27 24.10 24.99 26.01 27.68 29.70 31.19 32.02 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.39 5.03 5.31 5.66 6.14 6.82 7.48 7.78 7.94 7.86 8.14 8.59
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 12
TEXTILE, APPAREL, AND LEATHER PRODUCTS (US SIC 22, 23, & 31 & ISIC 32)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 88 91 97 104 106 111 105 96 90 89 96
MEXICO .. 11 10 12 14 14 16 18 19 19 10 10
AUSTRALIA (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
JAPAN 51 74 84 93 89 87 96 102 115 123 134 113
KOREA 7 13 15 20 26 30 36 39 42 45 51 54
TAIWAN 8 20 25 29 34 36 38 41 41 41 43 40
AUSTRIA 79 93 113 116 109 132 130 139 134 139 157 150
BELGIUM 127 118 139 140 131 156 156 166 158 163 .. ..
DENMARK 135 117 148 149 139 167 165 171 159 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 88 104 125 137 139 164 163 146 119 128 150 141
FRANCE 90 101 118 120 112 131 128 135 128 130 142 136
GERMANY (1) 118 122 149 154 144 171 171 183 177 183 210 195
IRELAND 57 70 78 83 78 89 88 94 83 85 89 89
ITALY 95 108 128 133 130 155 155 156 125 121 119 126
NETHERLANDS (1) 138 121 146 149 137 159 153 162 161 156 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 75 91 93 97 81 76 82 83
SWEDEN (1) 153 134 156 169 170 193 197 210 148 150 165 180
SWITZERLAND 114 131 157 162 144 174 174 177 169 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 70 68 78 88 86 98 101 101 86 86 91 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRALIA: EXCLUDING LEATHER PRODUCTS EXCEPT FOOTWEAR.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
NETHERLANDS: EXCLUDING LEATHER & LEATHER PRODUCTS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 13
TEXTILE, APPAREL, AND LEATHER PRODUCTS (US SIC 22, 23, & 31 & ISIC 32)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 3.94 7.99 8.27 8.54 8.87 9.23 9.56 10.07 10.26 10.63 11.00 11.41
CANADA .. 7.05 7.49 8.30 9.23 9.77 10.58 10.56 9.81 9.57 9.83 10.93
MEXICO .. .88 .86 1.02 1.20 1.32 1.52 1.81 1.96 1.98 1.15 1.14
AUSTRALIA (1) 4.81 7.36 7.96 9.72 10.48 11.09 11.65 11.28 10.73 12.16 .. ..
JAPAN 2.00 5.91 6.95 7.96 7.86 8.07 9.22 10.30 11.77 13.07 14.79 12.92
KOREA .27 1.01 1.25 1.71 2.35 2.76 3.40 3.88 4.31 4.76 5.60 6.11
TAIWAN .32 1.56 2.06 2.49 3.05 3.28 3.62 4.14 4.20 4.41 4.69 4.56
AUSTRIA 3.13 7.43 9.35 9.92 9.63 12.20 12.39 13.96 13.76 14.73 17.28 17.17
BELGIUM 4.99 9.40 11.52 11.95 11.64 14.37 14.90 16.69 16.25 17.37 .. ..
DENMARK 5.32 9.36 12.28 12.75 12.36 15.45 15.73 17.19 16.30 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 3.45 8.27 10.36 11.69 12.29 15.16 15.63 14.67 12.26 13.61 16.55 16.06
FRANCE 3.55 8.08 9.72 10.21 9.96 12.07 12.24 13.60 13.14 13.77 15.63 15.56
GERMANY (1) 4.64 9.75 12.31 13.16 12.77 15.81 16.32 18.40 18.11 19.41 23.14 22.24
IRELAND 2.23 5.62 6.49 7.12 6.91 8.23 8.46 9.45 8.54 8.99 9.77 10.15
ITALY 3.74 8.65 10.60 11.35 11.56 14.31 14.79 15.73 12.78 12.90 13.07 14.32
NETHERLANDS (1) 5.42 9.69 12.09 12.72 12.13 14.67 14.62 16.36 16.52 16.63 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 6.62 8.38 8.91 9.77 8.29 8.07 8.99 9.51
SWEDEN (1) 6.03 10.70 12.89 14.45 15.04 17.86 18.88 21.12 15.17 15.96 18.10 20.52
SWITZERLAND 4.50 10.46 12.98 13.83 12.81 16.08 16.63 17.80 17.32 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 2.75 5.41 6.46 7.54 7.62 9.05 9.68 10.19 8.86 9.16 10.00 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRALIA: EXCLUDING LEATHER PRODUCTS EXCEPT FOOTWEAR.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
NETHERLANDS: EXCLUDING LEATHER & LEATHER PRODUCTS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 14
TEXTILE, APPAREL, AND LEATHER PRODUCTS (US SIC 22, 23, & 31 & ISIC 32)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 3.94 7.99 8.27 8.54 8.87 9.23 9.56 10.07 10.26 10.63 11.00 11.41
CANADA .. 9.79 9.93 10.22 10.93 11.40 12.12 12.77 12.65 13.08 13.49 14.91
MEXICO .. 540 1191 2318 2962 3724 4573 5606 6.11 6.70 7.36 8.68
AUSTRALIA (1) 3.68 10.96 11.35 12.40 13.24 14.20 14.96 15.34 15.79 16.62 .. ..
JAPAN 593 996 1005 1021 1085 1170 1241 1306 1308 1336 1390 1405
KOREA 131 887 1031 1250 1581 1952 2494 3026 3462 3824 4319 4914
TAIWAN 11.98 58.85 65.53 71.08 80.42 88.25 96.96 104.11 110.93 116.62 124.21 125.18
AUSTRIA 54.42 113.32 118.29 122.63 127.53 138.24 144.89 153.37 160.18 168.10 174.14 181.86
BELGIUM 182.91 419.80 430.26 439.60 458.78 480.19 509.68 536.63 561.99 580.51 .. ..
DENMARK 30.53 75.77 84.08 85.92 90.49 95.63 100.72 103.76 105.75 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 12.65 41.95 45.64 49.00 52.80 58.05 63.33 65.84 70.20 71.26 72.41 73.78
FRANCE 15.19 55.99 58.43 60.86 63.54 65.77 69.13 71.99 74.47 76.39 77.93 79.62
GERMANY (1) 11.40 21.16 22.13 23.12 24.03 25.56 27.11 28.74 29.97 31.48 33.14 33.46
IRELAND 1.00 4.19 4.36 4.66 4.87 4.96 5.24 5.55 5.83 6.00 6.09 6.35
ITALY 2442 12903 13754 14781 15863 17142 18359 19376 20097 20786 21292 22099
NETHERLANDS (1) 13.68 23.72 24.50 25.16 25.74 26.72 27.36 28.78 30.69 30.24 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 784 855 926 1001 1056 1081 1120 1205
SWEDEN (1) 24.98 76.23 81.82 88.66 97.07 105.78 114.25 123.07 118.28 123.15 129.29 137.63
SWITZERLAND 11.62 18.81 19.37 20.25 20.96 22.35 23.87 25.02 25.60 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.24 3.69 3.94 4.23 4.65 5.07 5.47 5.77 5.90 5.98 6.34 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRALIA: EXCLUDING LEATHER PRODUCTS EXCEPT FOOTWEAR.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
NETHERLANDS: EXCLUDING LEATHER & LEATHER PRODUCTS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 15
TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 22)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 96 99 106 114 115 119 114 104 96 98 104
MEXICO .. 13 12 14 16 16 18 20 23 23 13 13
HONG KONG SAR (1) 19 21 24 26 28 29 32 32 35 37 37 39
ISRAEL 49 43 55 64 58 63 61 61 57 59 65 65
JAPAN 52 78 91 101 96 92 101 108 124 135 152 134
KOREA 7 12 15 19 26 30 36 38 42 46 51 54
TAIWAN 8 19 24 28 33 35 37 40 39 39 40 37
AUSTRIA 78 95 117 119 109 132 130 136 131 136 155 151
BELGIUM 129 113 133 134 125 148 149 155 148 155 .. ..
DENMARK 129 112 142 143 133 159 156 160 149 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 89 97 119 132 132 156 153 136 111 119 144 137
FRANCE 90 95 109 111 104 121 118 123 118 119 131 127
GERMANY (1) 115 116 143 147 137 162 161 170 165 171 195 184
GREECE 37 46 51 58 57 66 65 66 63 63 72 73
IRELAND 61 76 84 89 83 94 93 97 85 86 91 92
ITALY 97 105 124 127 124 147 146 145 116 114 114 119
NETHERLANDS 147 125 149 152 139 159 154 161 157 153 .. ..
NORWAY .. 121 149 161 157 177 172 174 151 149 168 166
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 74 89 91 94 78 73 79 81
SWEDEN 153 126 147 161 159 180 183 194 136 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 118 132 159 163 146 174 175 176 170 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 67 66 77 87 83 95 100 99 84 84 89 89
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 16
TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 22)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 4.13 8.79 9.11 9.44 9.86 10.34 10.73 11.46 11.63 12.01 12.38 12.79
CANADA .. 8.41 8.98 9.97 11.23 11.88 12.80 13.02 12.06 11.56 12.18 13.29
MEXICO .. 1.12 1.13 1.36 1.56 1.68 1.94 2.31 2.62 2.78 1.63 1.62
HONG KONG SAR (1) .77 1.84 2.16 2.46 2.76 3.03 3.41 3.69 4.08 4.39 4.64 5.03
ISRAEL 2.03 3.79 4.99 6.00 5.71 6.47 6.52 6.95 6.61 7.05 8.00 8.28
JAPAN 2.16 6.83 8.25 9.51 9.42 9.48 10.85 12.35 14.47 16.27 18.86 17.12
KOREA .29 1.07 1.35 1.84 2.55 3.06 3.87 4.37 4.91 5.47 6.36 6.88
TAIWAN .32 1.66 2.20 2.68 3.27 3.57 3.98 4.54 4.53 4.63 4.92 4.72
AUSTRIA 3.23 8.35 10.65 11.20 10.78 13.67 13.92 15.59 15.26 16.34 19.17 19.26
BELGIUM 5.31 9.94 12.14 12.62 12.35 15.29 15.94 17.78 17.27 18.58 .. ..
DENMARK 5.34 9.87 12.95 13.50 13.13 16.46 16.69 18.31 17.33 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 3.68 8.55 10.82 12.46 13.06 16.15 16.43 15.56 12.94 14.35 17.77 17.51
FRANCE 3.72 8.34 9.96 10.48 10.22 12.48 12.68 14.15 13.69 14.35 16.27 16.24
GERMANY (1) 4.77 10.24 12.99 13.90 13.52 16.72 17.28 19.46 19.16 20.51 24.19 23.47
GREECE 1.54 4.06 4.69 5.43 5.59 6.87 6.98 7.59 7.28 7.58 8.95 9.33
IRELAND 2.50 6.64 7.64 8.38 8.14 9.71 9.96 11.08 9.91 10.38 11.26 11.82
ITALY 3.99 9.21 11.28 12.02 12.23 15.20 15.69 16.65 13.51 13.69 14.10 15.16
NETHERLANDS 6.09 10.99 13.56 14.31 13.66 16.46 16.53 18.41 18.26 18.39 .. ..
NORWAY .. 10.67 13.57 15.16 15.47 18.27 18.50 19.90 17.55 17.95 20.74 21.26
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 7.25 9.21 9.77 10.74 9.08 8.73 9.84 10.32
SWEDEN 6.30 11.07 13.42 15.18 15.69 18.59 19.63 22.19 15.85 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 4.87 11.60 14.47 15.39 14.38 18.04 18.82 20.18 19.78 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 2.76 5.83 7.04 8.18 8.19 9.87 10.69 11.40 9.82 10.14 11.03 11.43
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 17
TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 22)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 4.13 8.79 9.11 9.44 9.86 10.34 10.73 11.46 11.63 12.01 12.38 12.79
CANADA .. 11.69 11.90 12.28 13.29 13.87 14.67 15.74 15.55 15.80 16.73 18.13
MEXICO .. 685 1552 3080 3840 4715 5858 7152 8.16 9.37 10.47 12.33
HONG KONG SAR (1) 3.81 14.39 16.85 19.18 21.56 23.57 26.48 28.52 31.57 33.97 35.92 38.89
ISRAEL 1.30 5.64 7.95 9.59 10.94 13.05 14.86 17.09 18.70 21.23 24.10 27.23
JAPAN 640 1150 1193 1219 1301 1375 1461 1566 1607 1663 1772 1862
KOREA 140 944 1110 1344 1716 2168 2838 3411 3941 4393 4903 5532
TAIWAN 12.27 62.68 70.13 76.74 86.31 96.08 106.42 114.22 119.79 122.48 130.32 129.72
AUSTRIA 56.15 127.43 134.76 138.46 142.69 154.83 162.75 171.39 177.64 186.48 193.28 204.00
BELGIUM 194.64 444.01 453.55 464.33 486.64 511.09 545.20 571.70 597.08 621.25 .. ..
DENMARK 30.63 79.90 88.67 91.00 96.15 101.88 106.89 110.51 112.43 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 13.47 43.35 47.66 52.24 56.11 61.85 66.57 69.80 74.08 75.13 77.78 80.48
FRANCE 15.94 57.73 59.85 62.43 65.23 67.97 71.59 74.91 77.59 79.61 81.14 83.06
GERMANY (1) 11.72 22.22 23.35 24.42 25.44 27.04 28.70 30.40 31.71 33.27 34.63 35.33
GREECE 50 569 636 771 909 1089 1273 1447 1670 1839 2074 2245
IRELAND 1.12 4.95 5.13 5.49 5.74 5.86 6.17 6.50 6.77 6.93 7.02 7.39
ITALY 2606 13734 14625 15646 16783 18211 19469 20515 21249 22053 22968 23396
NETHERLANDS 15.36 26.91 27.48 28.31 28.98 30.00 30.95 32.38 33.93 33.44 .. ..
NORWAY .. 78.92 91.47 98.93 106.93 114.27 120.09 123.69 124.58 126.61 131.39 137.32
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 858 939 1016 1099 1158 1169 1226 1307
SWEDEN 26.08 78.89 85.16 93.16 101.32 110.12 118.80 129.29 123.56 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 12.56 20.86 21.59 22.54 23.55 25.08 27.03 28.38 29.24 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.24 3.97 4.30 4.59 5.00 5.53 6.05 6.45 6.54 6.62 6.99 7.32
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 18
APPAREL AND OTHER TEXTILE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 23)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 85 87 93 101 104 107 100 92 86 84 91
MEXICO .. 10 10 10 11 12 11 15 17 16 9 9
HONG KONG SAR (1) 20 25 27 30 33 36 38 39 41 43 42 42
ISRAEL 39 38 49 59 55 57 58 57 55 57 64 63
JAPAN 43 65 74 83 80 79 88 94 104 114 125 104
KOREA 6 12 15 19 25 28 32 35 38 42 47 48
TAIWAN 8 19 24 28 33 34 35 38 39 40 41 39
AUSTRIA 77 87 105 107 102 125 123 134 132 136 151 145
BELGIUM 118 116 140 140 132 156 156 169 162 166 .. ..
DENMARK 136 121 153 152 143 172 170 178 166 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 85 105 128 142 143 171 173 154 125 135 153 141
FRANCE 86 103 122 124 117 136 133 142 134 135 148 142
GERMANY (1) 118 120 147 152 143 170 170 184 178 182 210 197
GREECE (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
IRELAND 49 63 72 76 71 82 82 87 77 79 83 82
ITALY 92 107 128 132 130 155 156 159 126 124 120 127
NETHERLANDS 121 108 132 134 123 144 138 150 152 148 .. ..
NORWAY .. 135 169 182 181 213 202 201 171 167 188 188
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 72 88 91 96 79 76 81 83
SWEDEN 150 135 157 169 170 197 200 208 145 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 105 120 145 150 132 162 160 165 156 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 58 66 76 86 84 96 99 100 85 86 90 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
GREECE: INCLUDING LEATHER FOOTWEAR.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 19
APPAREL AND OTHER TEXTILE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 23)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 3.80 7.44 7.64 7.88 8.14 8.43 8.69 9.04 9.22 9.54 9.92 10.32
CANADA .. 6.35 6.68 7.35 8.21 8.73 9.26 9.06 8.51 8.24 8.29 9.39
MEXICO .. .76 .73 .79 .92 1.03 .93 1.40 1.54 1.55 .89 .91
HONG KONG SAR (1) .75 1.86 2.08 2.35 2.69 3.04 3.33 3.57 3.76 4.07 4.16 4.32
ISRAEL 1.47 2.83 3.73 4.68 4.48 4.81 5.01 5.16 5.10 5.46 6.37 6.54
JAPAN 1.62 4.87 5.64 6.53 6.50 6.67 7.62 8.52 9.59 10.89 12.43 10.77
KOREA .22 .90 1.12 1.53 2.06 2.35 2.77 3.19 3.51 3.99 4.66 5.00
TAIWAN .30 1.42 1.81 2.17 2.66 2.84 3.06 3.43 3.56 3.86 4.06 4.00
AUSTRIA 2.92 6.46 8.02 8.47 8.31 10.54 10.73 12.09 12.19 12.98 15.02 14.93
BELGIUM 4.47 8.66 10.66 11.05 10.71 13.16 13.58 15.31 14.97 15.81 .. ..
DENMARK 5.16 8.99 11.68 12.01 11.65 14.48 14.78 16.10 15.32 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 3.23 7.82 9.79 11.22 11.66 14.42 15.00 13.93 11.55 12.85 15.16 14.52
FRANCE 3.28 7.68 9.29 9.74 9.50 11.43 11.58 12.80 12.34 12.92 14.73 14.69
GERMANY (1) 4.48 8.95 11.26 11.99 11.62 14.30 14.80 16.61 16.42 17.40 20.80 20.29
GREECE (1) 1.29 3.24 3.72 4.20 4.46 5.65 5.71 6.29 5.99 6.34 7.48 7.74
IRELAND 1.88 4.68 5.52 6.00 5.74 6.88 7.09 7.90 7.12 7.57 8.27 8.51
ITALY 3.48 7.95 9.75 10.39 10.58 13.10 13.52 14.37 11.65 11.82 11.93 13.07
NETHERLANDS 4.60 8.00 10.10 10.52 10.05 12.18 12.00 13.55 14.06 14.16 .. ..
NORWAY .. 10.06 12.94 14.32 14.74 17.94 17.59 18.14 15.76 15.89 18.62 19.42
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 5.85 7.41 7.93 8.67 7.30 7.27 8.02 8.55
SWEDEN 5.71 10.01 12.03 13.35 13.87 16.59 17.42 18.79 13.38 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 4.00 8.96 11.06 11.81 10.75 13.66 13.92 14.93 14.42 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 2.21 4.89 5.80 6.76 6.86 8.08 8.62 9.00 7.82 8.16 8.90 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
GREECE: INCLUDING LEATHER FOOTWEAR.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 20
APPAREL AND OTHER TEXTILE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 23)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 3.80 7.44 7.64 7.88 8.14 8.43 8.69 9.04 9.22 9.54 9.92 10.32
CANADA .. 8.83 8.86 9.04 9.73 10.18 10.62 10.96 10.98 11.26 11.39 12.81
MEXICO .. 465 1006 1801 2256 2897 2797 4334 4.80 5.23 5.73 6.88
HONG KONG SAR (1) 3.72 14.52 16.18 18.33 21.01 23.66 25.84 27.62 29.10 31.43 32.21 33.41
ISRAEL .94 4.22 5.96 7.48 8.59 9.69 11.43 12.70 14.42 16.43 19.17 21.50
JAPAN 480 820 815 837 898 967 1026 1080 1066 1113 1168 1172
KOREA 105 791 918 1116 1385 1664 2034 2493 2816 3204 3593 4023
TAIWAN 11.31 53.76 57.60 62.16 70.14 76.42 81.94 86.39 93.96 102.11 107.60 109.82
AUSTRIA 50.73 98.60 101.49 104.66 110.04 119.45 125.45 132.87 141.84 148.12 151.42 158.06
BELGIUM 164.15 386.85 398.07 406.46 422.23 439.72 464.60 492.30 517.64 528.55 .. ..
DENMARK 29.61 72.76 80.01 80.97 85.26 89.61 94.68 97.18 99.35 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 11.82 39.68 43.12 47.05 50.10 55.22 60.78 62.52 66.13 67.27 66.35 66.72
FRANCE 14.04 53.20 55.88 58.02 60.58 62.25 65.39 67.75 69.92 71.66 73.42 75.14
GERMANY (1) 11.01 19.43 20.24 21.06 21.85 23.13 24.58 25.94 27.17 28.22 29.78 30.53
GREECE (1) 42 453 504 596 724 896 1042 1200 1374 1537 1732 1863
IRELAND .84 3.49 3.71 3.93 4.05 4.15 4.39 4.64 4.86 5.06 5.16 5.32
ITALY 2270 11846 12643 13524 14513 15695 16783 17700 18332 19040 19432 20169
NETHERLANDS 11.61 19.57 20.47 20.81 21.32 22.18 22.46 23.84 26.13 25.76 .. ..
NORWAY .. 74.42 87.22 93.41 101.92 112.19 114.19 112.73 111.85 112.08 117.95 125.41
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 692 756 825 888 930 973 999 1084
SWEDEN 23.64 71.36 76.37 81.92 89.54 98.28 105.45 109.46 104.35 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 10.31 16.10 16.50 17.29 17.60 18.99 19.99 20.99 21.31 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.00 3.33 3.53 3.79 4.19 4.53 4.87 5.10 5.21 5.33 5.64 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
GREECE: INCLUDING LEATHER FOOTWEAR.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 21
LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 31)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 90 95 102 107 107 107 95 90 86 85 93
ISRAEL 46 51 61 71 64 71 68 69 64 66 75 77
JAPAN 61 88 96 106 101 112 122 120 141 147 157 126
KOREA 8 13 15 20 27 30 34 36 39 40 43 48
TAIWAN 7 18 24 29 34 35 36 39 41 42 44 43
AUSTRIA 85 94 115 120 112 134 127 134 127 127 148 136
BELGIUM 136 128 154 153 141 165 161 171 162 167 .. ..
DENMARK 131 121 157 154 139 167 165 171 157 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 89 103 127 141 140 163 157 140 111 113 147 133
FRANCE 92 107 125 127 118 136 131 139 130 130 146 139
GERMANY (1) 114 124 151 154 142 168 164 176 166 169 197 186
GREECE (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
IRELAND 67 80 85 88 83 96 95 96 86 83 90 90
ITALY 87 108 130 135 132 153 152 154 122 117 118 123
NORWAY .. 125 156 169 163 185 177 180 156 155 174 170
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 79 94 94 99 83 76 83 ..
SWEDEN 162 140 164 177 176 194 196 205 144 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 119 145 175 178 160 185 182 184 172 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 76 80 92 105 102 116 116 117 102 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
GREECE: EXCLUDING LEATHER FOOTWEAR.
SPAIN: INCLUDING RUBBER & PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 22
LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 31)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 3.91 7.74 7.96 8.26 8.66 9.10 9.53 9.97 10.27 10.74 10.87 11.34
CANADA .. 7.00 7.54 8.45 9.23 9.72 10.22 9.46 9.27 9.19 9.25 10.58
ISRAEL 1.78 3.97 4.85 5.86 5.52 6.46 6.52 6.83 6.55 7.09 8.20 8.78
JAPAN 2.38 6.80 7.66 8.78 8.77 10.20 11.62 11.99 14.50 15.81 17.04 14.31
KOREA .30 1.03 1.22 1.68 2.34 2.72 3.22 3.59 3.99 4.31 4.71 5.49
TAIWAN .27 1.42 1.92 2.38 2.95 3.18 3.43 3.88 4.21 4.47 4.74 4.82
AUSTRIA 3.31 7.25 9.16 9.89 9.70 12.19 12.12 13.38 13.00 13.62 16.10 15.47
BELGIUM 5.31 9.90 12.22 12.63 12.18 15.05 15.31 17.08 16.62 17.91 .. ..
DENMARK 5.12 9.34 12.48 12.69 12.00 15.16 15.69 17.08 16.17 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 3.48 7.94 10.13 11.65 12.15 14.85 15.00 13.95 11.43 12.09 15.96 15.08
FRANCE 3.59 8.27 9.97 10.49 10.21 12.35 12.46 13.84 13.37 14.01 15.87 15.72
GERMANY (1) 4.47 9.59 12.01 12.73 12.29 15.28 15.63 17.57 17.05 18.15 21.36 21.06
GREECE (1) 1.61 3.89 4.42 4.95 5.13 6.27 6.64 7.48 7.03 7.73 8.90 9.09
IRELAND 2.62 6.21 6.79 7.29 7.16 8.75 9.01 9.60 8.79 8.93 9.73 10.16
ITALY 3.40 8.35 10.34 11.12 11.40 13.91 14.46 15.37 12.55 12.52 12.79 13.95
NORWAY .. 9.68 12.42 13.94 14.09 16.85 16.88 17.99 15.97 16.61 18.95 19.30
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 6.80 8.51 8.97 9.89 8.52 8.12 9.02 ..
SWEDEN 6.33 10.82 13.09 14.65 15.25 17.63 18.72 20.45 14.74 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 4.65 11.25 13.93 14.73 13.83 16.82 17.39 18.37 17.63 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 2.97 6.20 7.36 8.69 8.85 10.54 11.05 11.64 10.43 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
GREECE: EXCLUDING LEATHER FOOTWEAR.
SPAIN: INCLUDING RUBBER & PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 23
LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 31)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 3.91 7.74 7.96 8.26 8.66 9.10 9.53 9.97 10.27 10.74 10.87 11.34
CANADA .. 9.73 10.00 10.41 10.93 11.34 11.71 11.44 11.96 12.55 12.71 14.43
ISRAEL 1.14 5.91 7.74 9.38 10.57 13.02 14.86 16.80 18.53 21.35 24.68 28.88
JAPAN 705 1146 1108 1126 1211 1479 1564 1520 1610 1615 1601 1556
KOREA 146 907 1002 1227 1573 1923 2359 2806 3202 3462 3634 4416
TAIWAN 10.20 53.70 61.09 67.92 77.96 85.74 91.80 97.72 111.26 118.43 125.57 132.37
AUSTRIA 57.55 110.70 115.93 122.22 128.41 138.08 141.63 147.10 151.29 155.40 162.33 163.82
BELGIUM 194.84 442.23 456.44 464.66 480.02 502.97 523.47 549.07 574.69 598.73 .. ..
DENMARK 29.37 75.61 85.47 85.53 87.89 93.84 100.50 103.13 104.88 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 12.74 40.26 44.59 48.83 52.21 56.88 60.80 62.58 65.44 63.29 69.84 69.30
FRANCE 15.39 57.25 59.94 62.53 65.15 67.27 70.37 73.24 75.76 77.71 79.11 80.42
GERMANY (1) 10.98 20.81 21.60 22.36 23.11 24.70 25.95 27.44 28.22 29.44 30.59 31.69
GREECE (1) 52 544 599 702 833 994 1211 1426 1612 1875 2062 2188
IRELAND 1.18 4.63 4.56 4.77 5.05 5.28 5.58 5.63 6.00 5.97 6.07 6.35
ITALY 2215 12444 13410 14476 15639 16663 17948 18933 19738 20166 20843 21531
NORWAY .. 71.61 83.75 90.92 97.41 105.38 109.56 111.80 113.33 117.20 120.04 124.65
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 805 868 933 1013 1086 1087 1124 ..
SWEDEN 26.21 77.08 83.11 89.92 98.48 104.44 113.30 119.13 114.88 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 12.01 20.23 20.79 21.57 22.64 23.39 24.97 25.82 26.06 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.34 4.22 4.49 4.88 5.40 5.91 6.25 6.59 6.95 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
GREECE: EXCLUDING LEATHER FOOTWEAR.
SPAIN: INCLUDING RUBBER & PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 24
LEATHER FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURING (US SIC 314)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
MEXICO .. 9 8 10 13 15 18 22 23 21 12 11
HONG KONG SAR (1) 24 30 31 34 35 37 38 36 .. .. .. ..
KOREA 9 14 16 21 28 30 34 37 .. .. .. ..
BELGIUM 147 138 164 161 146 170 167 178 170 169 .. ..
DENMARK 134 128 167 163 145 175 175 185 170 .. .. ..
FRANCE 98 113 132 133 123 140 138 147 140 137 154 146
GERMANY (1) 121 132 160 163 149 176 174 190 180 179 209 196
ITALY 87 110 132 137 133 153 154 159 127 119 120 125
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 76 90 91 96 80 71 78 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 81 86 96 110 106 123 124 126 111 107 118 116
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SPAIN: INCLUDING RUBBER & PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 25
LEATHER FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURING (US SIC 314)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 3.75 7.34 7.54 7.87 8.31 8.75 9.04 9.39 9.59 10.26 10.35 10.85
MEXICO .. .64 .61 .79 1.04 1.34 1.60 2.10 2.16 2.18 1.21 1.15
HONG KONG SAR (1) .89 2.18 2.33 2.67 2.87 3.20 3.39 3.38 .. .. .. ..
KOREA .32 1.00 1.18 1.65 2.31 2.62 3.05 3.47 .. .. .. ..
BELGIUM 5.51 10.11 12.35 12.70 12.14 14.89 15.11 16.74 16.27 17.30 .. ..
DENMARK 5.02 9.36 12.57 12.83 12.06 15.31 15.86 17.38 16.33 .. .. ..
FRANCE 3.67 8.28 9.97 10.49 10.22 12.29 12.50 13.81 13.42 14.08 15.95 15.80
GERMANY (1) 4.53 9.69 12.09 12.80 12.40 15.40 15.73 17.80 17.26 18.35 21.61 21.27
ITALY 3.26 8.04 9.98 10.76 11.02 13.43 13.95 14.93 12.17 12.17 12.41 13.56
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 6.30 7.88 8.19 8.99 7.69 7.28 8.08 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.04 6.29 7.27 8.66 8.85 10.74 11.24 11.87 10.66 10.99 12.26 12.64
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SPAIN: INCLUDING RUBBER & PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 26
LEATHER FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURING (US SIC 314)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 3.75 7.34 7.54 7.87 8.31 8.75 9.04 9.39 9.59 10.26 10.35 10.85
MEXICO .. 390 838 1804 2564 3768 4830 6494 6.72 7.36 7.74 8.76
HONG KONG SAR (1) 4.40 17.04 18.19 20.85 22.41 24.94 26.37 26.16 .. .. .. ..
KOREA 156 881 969 1206 1550 1857 2240 2705 .. .. .. ..
BELGIUM 202.01 451.71 461.32 467.02 478.40 497.56 516.89 538.15 562.67 578.34 .. ..
DENMARK 28.79 75.80 86.09 86.49 88.28 94.77 101.56 104.93 105.91 .. .. ..
FRANCE 15.72 57.32 59.96 62.48 65.22 66.96 70.59 73.14 76.07 78.09 79.51 80.83
GERMANY (1) 11.12 21.03 21.74 22.49 23.33 24.91 26.13 27.80 28.56 29.77 30.95 32.01
ITALY 2126 11989 12946 14006 15121 16095 17309 18390 19140 19602 20209 20918
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 745 804 852 920 981 975 1007 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.37 4.29 4.43 4.86 5.40 6.02 6.36 6.72 7.10 7.18 7.77 8.10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SPAIN: INCLUDING RUBBER & PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 27
LUMBER, WOOD PRODUCTS, & FURNITURE (US SIC 24 & 25 & ISIC 33) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 94 101 109 115 122 125 119 114 109 108 111
MEXICO .. 7 6 7 8 8 10 11 12 12 7 7
ISRAEL 42 42 53 63 60 64 63 65 64 69 79 78
JAPAN 46 72 84 95 92 90 98 105 122 132 145 122
KOREA 6 13 15 21 27 31 37 40 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 7 15 19 23 26 28 30 33 34 35 36 34
AUSTRIA 79 90 109 113 107 128 127 139 135 145 164 158
BELGIUM 116 108 128 128 120 145 145 156 148 155 .. ..
DENMARK 111 98 124 126 116 141 140 148 135 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 80 91 110 124 131 159 156 143 117 126 157 148
FRANCE 77 84 99 102 96 113 110 118 111 115 127 123
GERMANY (1) 115 117 143 148 139 167 169 204 185 185 213 ..
IRELAND 55 58 66 72 67 77 78 83 76 77 80 80
ITALY 76 87 104 108 110 130 133 137 109 108 107 113
NETHERLANDS 116 100 121 123 113 131 127 136 137 136 .. ..
NORWAY .. 113 139 147 140 158 154 155 133 137 156 157
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 57 69 74 79 66 63 68 75
SWEDEN 136 111 132 144 147 169 173 188 132 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 119 128 154 158 142 171 175 181 175 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 65 65 75 86 82 93 96 96 80 81 83 82
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA,
JAPAN, AND TAIWAN. METAL FURNITURE IS CLASSIFIED IN FABRICATED METAL
PRODUCTS IN THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 28
LUMBER, WOOD PRODUCTS, & FURNITURE (US SIC 24 & 25 & ISIC 33) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 4.97 10.37 10.64 10.91 11.26 11.67 11.98 12.38 12.66 12.86 13.21 13.61
CANADA .. 9.70 10.74 11.87 12.94 14.22 14.96 14.73 14.37 13.97 14.25 15.08
MEXICO .. .77 .68 .75 .85 .98 1.14 1.33 1.54 1.49 .91 .92
ISRAEL 2.07 4.40 5.61 6.82 6.72 7.49 7.53 8.05 8.09 8.87 10.39 10.65
JAPAN 2.29 7.45 8.90 10.41 10.31 10.48 11.80 12.99 15.44 16.95 19.13 16.63
KOREA .31 1.30 1.55 2.29 3.06 3.66 4.48 5.00 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .34 1.53 2.05 2.54 2.98 3.31 3.62 4.07 4.25 4.51 4.73 4.62
AUSTRIA 3.93 9.30 11.64 12.37 12.02 14.94 15.23 17.23 17.13 18.62 21.65 21.57
BELGIUM 5.79 11.19 13.61 13.97 13.52 16.88 17.38 19.37 18.69 19.92 .. ..
DENMARK 5.50 10.15 13.17 13.74 13.06 16.49 16.77 18.27 17.05 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 3.98 9.39 11.72 13.50 14.72 18.59 18.69 17.68 14.77 16.25 20.68 20.21
FRANCE 3.81 8.73 10.55 11.14 10.84 13.15 13.21 14.65 14.09 14.78 16.77 16.69
GERMANY (1) 5.71 12.18 15.22 16.15 15.70 19.52 20.30 25.20 23.47 23.78 28.16 ..
IRELAND 2.71 6.02 7.04 7.85 7.49 9.00 9.31 10.30 9.58 9.96 10.59 10.86
ITALY 3.79 9.03 11.10 11.73 12.38 15.16 15.99 16.94 13.84 13.89 14.19 15.37
NETHERLANDS 5.78 10.42 12.83 13.37 12.67 15.34 15.25 16.89 17.38 17.50 .. ..
NORWAY .. 11.69 14.83 16.08 15.82 18.42 18.44 19.15 16.90 17.67 20.66 21.39
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 6.40 8.03 8.84 9.72 8.36 8.04 9.00 10.19
SWEDEN 6.76 11.56 14.06 15.71 16.52 19.69 20.77 23.24 16.65 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 5.93 13.27 16.42 17.27 16.03 20.00 20.96 22.44 22.12 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.22 6.77 7.99 9.37 9.19 10.87 11.50 11.87 10.09 10.36 10.92 11.12
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA,
JAPAN, AND TAIWAN. METAL FURNITURE IS CLASSIFIED IN FABRICATED METAL
PRODUCTS IN THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 29
LUMBER, WOOD PRODUCTS, & FURNITURE (US SIC 24 & 25 & ISIC 33) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 4.97 10.37 10.64 10.91 11.26 11.67 11.98 12.38 12.66 12.86 13.21 13.61
CANADA .. 13.49 14.24 14.61 15.32 16.60 17.14 17.81 18.54 19.08 19.56 20.56
MEXICO .. 474 931 1701 2088 2755 3445 4128 4.80 5.03 5.83 6.99
ISRAEL 1.33 6.54 8.95 10.90 12.87 15.11 17.16 19.79 22.89 26.70 31.29 35.01
JAPAN 681 1254 1286 1334 1424 1519 1589 1647 1716 1732 1798 1810
KOREA 150 1146 1278 1678 2052 2588 3284 3905 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 13.05 57.77 65.42 72.67 78.74 88.98 96.75 102.34 112.22 119.35 125.36 126.83
AUSTRIA 68.30 141.90 147.27 152.90 159.17 169.31 177.98 189.41 199.36 212.40 218.24 228.41
BELGIUM 212.44 499.90 508.30 513.93 532.98 564.25 594.24 622.90 646.14 665.79 .. ..
DENMARK 31.55 82.13 90.22 92.62 95.65 102.10 107.39 110.28 110.61 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 14.60 47.63 51.62 56.60 63.25 71.19 75.73 79.34 84.57 85.04 90.48 92.86
FRANCE 16.29 60.48 63.41 66.38 69.14 71.63 74.58 77.56 79.82 81.94 83.63 85.36
GERMANY (1) 14.02 26.43 27.36 28.37 29.53 31.57 33.72 39.36 38.84 38.58 40.33 ..
IRELAND 1.22 4.49 4.73 5.15 5.28 5.43 5.77 6.04 6.54 6.66 6.60 6.79
ITALY 2471 13465 14397 15278 16991 18160 19847 20870 21777 22383 23119 23719
NETHERLANDS 14.59 25.50 26.00 26.45 26.90 27.95 28.54 29.71 32.29 31.83 .. ..
NORWAY .. 86.49 99.94 104.88 109.36 115.17 119.71 119.02 119.93 124.68 130.90 138.17
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 758 819 919 995 1066 1076 1121 1291
SWEDEN 28.00 82.37 89.26 96.43 106.65 116.63 125.68 135.40 129.77 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 15.31 23.86 24.50 25.28 26.23 27.80 30.10 31.55 32.70 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.45 4.62 4.87 5.26 5.61 6.09 6.51 6.72 6.72 6.77 6.92 7.13
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA,
JAPAN, AND TAIWAN. METAL FURNITURE IS CLASSIFIED IN FABRICATED METAL
PRODUCTS IN THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 30
LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 24)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 99 107 116 123 130 136 127 121 115 115 118
MEXICO .. 7 6 7 7 8 9 10 12 11 7 7
JAPAN 43 68 81 91 87 87 95 102 120 132 145 125
KOREA 6 12 14 20 27 31 36 40 44 46 53 53
TAIWAN 7 13 17 21 24 26 27 30 32 34 36 34
BELGIUM 113 104 125 127 120 144 145 157 150 157 .. ..
FINLAND (1) 76 88 109 123 131 160 157 144 118 129 162 154
FRANCE 74 82 98 101 96 113 111 120 113 117 130 125
GREECE 30 35 39 44 44 53 55 61 58 60 67 69
SWEDEN (1) 130 108 129 142 145 167 173 187 132 137 153 168
SWITZERLAND 107 114 137 143 130 156 160 165 163 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 31
LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 24)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 5.22 10.80 10.98 11.18 11.50 11.90 12.17 12.57 12.78 12.97 13.33 13.73
CANADA .. 10.72 11.71 12.92 14.10 15.48 16.51 15.98 15.50 14.95 15.36 16.21
MEXICO .. .77 .67 .75 .85 .96 1.12 1.30 1.49 1.43 .90 .94
JAPAN 2.26 7.33 8.84 10.12 9.98 10.32 11.61 12.79 15.32 17.13 19.32 17.10
KOREA .31 1.26 1.56 2.26 3.16 3.73 4.42 4.99 5.60 6.00 7.01 7.21
TAIWAN .35 1.43 1.92 2.30 2.72 3.04 3.31 3.81 4.06 4.46 4.79 4.60
BELGIUM 5.88 11.26 13.69 14.18 13.77 17.16 17.63 19.79 19.20 20.41 .. ..
FINLAND (1) 3.97 9.55 11.93 13.79 15.09 19.07 19.12 18.07 15.14 16.74 21.61 21.19
FRANCE 3.88 8.88 10.74 11.33 11.05 13.42 13.52 15.05 14.47 15.18 17.27 17.15
GREECE 1.58 3.80 4.33 4.89 5.07 6.35 6.65 7.73 7.37 7.83 8.98 9.52
SWEDEN (1) 6.81 11.67 14.19 15.86 16.71 19.92 21.04 23.49 16.82 17.78 20.41 23.07
SWITZERLAND 5.57 12.31 15.06 15.99 14.95 18.59 19.50 20.68 20.84 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 32
LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 24)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 5.22 10.80 10.98 11.18 11.50 11.90 12.17 12.57 12.78 12.97 13.33 13.73
CANADA .. 14.90 15.53 15.90 16.69 18.07 18.92 19.32 20.00 20.42 21.09 22.11
MEXICO .. 474 926 1707 2100 2696 3373 4019 4.64 4.83 5.79 7.14
JAPAN 671 1234 1279 1298 1378 1497 1563 1622 1702 1751 1815 1861
KOREA 149 1111 1279 1657 2124 2639 3239 3894 4498 4820 5410 5802
TAIWAN 13.39 54.28 61.14 65.69 71.91 81.91 88.68 95.74 107.29 117.99 126.94 126.25
BELGIUM 215.78 503.01 511.58 521.55 542.61 573.41 602.93 636.24 664.05 682.18 .. ..
FINLAND (1) 14.56 48.44 52.55 57.82 64.81 73.02 77.46 81.10 86.65 87.63 94.55 97.38
FRANCE 16.60 61.51 64.55 67.54 70.51 73.09 76.35 79.66 82.01 84.18 86.11 87.73
GREECE 51 531 586 694 823 1006 1213 1472 1691 1899 2081 2291
SWEDEN (1) 28.20 83.20 90.08 97.36 107.85 117.97 127.32 136.84 131.11 137.21 145.74 154.76
SWITZERLAND 14.36 22.14 22.47 23.40 24.48 25.83 28.00 29.07 30.80 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 33
FURNITURE AND FIXTURES MANUFACTURING (US SIC 25) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 81 86 91 97 101 102 99 93 90 87 90
MEXICO .. 8 7 7 8 9 10 11 13 12 7 7
HONG KONG SAR (1) 35 25 25 29 32 34 37 35 .. .. .. ..
JAPAN 50 77 88 102 98 94 104 110 126 133 146 121
KOREA 6 14 16 22 27 32 39 41 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 7 17 22 27 30 32 33 35 35 36 36 34
BELGIUM 124 114 133 131 122 148 147 158 147 154 .. ..
FINLAND (1) 87 92 110 121 126 153 150 137 109 115 140 130
FRANCE 82 88 103 105 98 115 111 119 112 115 127 122
GREECE 32 36 40 43 45 55 54 57 53 57 64 67
SWEDEN 142 114 134 144 144 165 168 184 127 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 131 138 165 167 149 179 181 188 179 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA,
JAPAN, AND TAIWAN. METAL FURNITURE IS CLASSIFIED IN FABRICATED METAL
PRODUCTS IN THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 34
FURNITURE AND FIXTURES MANUFACTURING (US SIC 25) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 4.63 9.79 10.16 10.56 10.95 11.38 11.75 12.15 12.53 12.77 13.15 13.61
CANADA .. 7.95 8.73 9.65 10.61 11.53 12.00 12.02 11.70 11.46 11.44 12.20
MEXICO .. .78 .68 .75 .84 1.00 1.16 1.36 1.58 1.53 .91 .89
HONG KONG SAR (1) 1.60 2.49 2.51 3.08 3.49 3.86 4.36 4.21 .. .. .. ..
JAPAN 2.33 7.57 8.99 10.77 10.71 10.69 12.17 13.38 15.78 17.04 19.23 16.42
KOREA .30 1.36 1.59 2.34 2.99 3.68 4.54 5.01 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .33 1.64 2.22 2.86 3.31 3.60 3.93 4.30 4.39 4.54 4.69 4.63
BELGIUM 5.75 11.16 13.56 13.87 13.40 16.79 17.25 19.17 18.42 19.67 .. ..
FINLAND (1) 4.04 9.01 11.21 12.80 13.84 17.36 17.64 16.60 13.69 14.70 18.40 17.74
FRANCE 3.78 8.65 10.45 11.06 10.73 13.04 13.07 14.50 14.00 14.72 16.67 16.63
GREECE 1.49 3.57 4.07 4.57 4.93 6.21 6.34 6.92 6.64 7.24 8.48 9.13
SWEDEN 6.58 11.15 13.59 15.19 15.80 18.83 19.76 22.34 15.97 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 6.05 13.50 16.76 17.59 16.29 20.36 21.31 22.88 22.45 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA,
JAPAN, AND TAIWAN. METAL FURNITURE IS CLASSIFIED IN FABRICATED METAL
PRODUCTS IN THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 35
FURNITURE AND FIXTURES MANUFACTURING (US SIC 25) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 4.63 9.79 10.16 10.56 10.95 11.38 11.75 12.15 12.53 12.77 13.15 13.61
CANADA .. 11.05 11.58 11.88 12.56 13.46 13.75 14.53 15.09 15.65 15.70 16.64
MEXICO .. 476 937 1695 2076 2810 3506 4217 4.93 5.18 5.83 6.79
HONG KONG SAR (1) 7.88 19.41 19.55 24.05 27.25 30.04 33.86 32.57 .. .. .. ..
JAPAN 692 1274 1301 1380 1480 1551 1638 1696 1753 1742 1807 1787
KOREA 147 1195 1312 1714 2009 2601 3328 3911 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 12.51 61.99 70.60 81.72 87.29 96.98 105.25 108.25 115.87 120.28 124.29 127.22
BELGIUM 210.79 498.30 506.65 510.07 527.92 561.07 589.79 616.19 636.99 657.41 .. ..
FINLAND (1) 14.80 45.70 49.38 53.67 59.47 66.47 71.46 74.48 78.36 76.95 80.50 81.49
FRANCE 16.18 59.89 62.85 65.92 68.45 71.05 73.82 76.75 79.31 81.66 83.14 85.06
GREECE 48 499 551 649 800 985 1157 1318 1522 1756 1964 2198
SWEDEN 27.24 79.48 86.26 93.20 101.98 111.51 119.56 130.17 124.52 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 15.61 24.27 25.00 25.75 26.67 28.30 30.61 32.17 33.18 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA,
JAPAN, AND TAIWAN. METAL FURNITURE IS CLASSIFIED IN FABRICATED METAL
PRODUCTS IN THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 36
PAPER, PRINTING, AND PUBLISHING (US SIC 26 & 27 & ISIC 34)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 93 96 106 112 115 123 118 110 102 102 101
MEXICO .. 7 7 8 9 10 12 14 15 14 8 8
AUSTRALIA 95 69 78 87 91 91 92 85 81 87 .. ..
JAPAN 47 73 80 92 89 86 96 103 118 129 141 124
KOREA 6 11 13 17 22 25 30 32 33 37 41 43
TAIWAN 7 14 18 21 26 28 30 34 34 36 38 37
BELGIUM 104 94 112 115 109 131 129 141 134 140 .. ..
DENMARK 112 97 125 128 117 138 140 147 137 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 83 94 113 126 129 159 155 142 117 132 165 159
FRANCE 82 87 101 105 100 119 116 125 118 122 135 131
GERMANY (1) 95 95 117 124 116 141 141 153 147 155 183 173
IRELAND 50 66 75 81 77 88 85 91 82 84 90 90
ITALY 84 85 102 107 107 130 130 132 105 104 103 111
NETHERLANDS 107 95 113 116 109 127 122 131 128 127 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 63 75 77 81 70 69 75 74
SWEDEN (1) 120 102 119 129 130 152 154 168 117 122 137 154
SWITZERLAND 100 118 139 145 131 157 156 162 150 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 52 66 76 86 81 94 97 97 82 87 90 90
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 37
PAPER, PRINTING, AND PUBLISHING (US SIC 26 & 27 & ISIC 34)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.59 13.94 14.46 14.77 15.16 15.68 16.23 16.78 17.17 17.38 17.75 18.14
CANADA .. 12.91 13.87 15.68 16.91 18.03 20.00 19.87 18.91 17.72 18.03 18.36
MEXICO .. 1.01 1.04 1.23 1.43 1.57 1.88 2.28 2.51 2.50 1.48 1.52
AUSTRALIA 6.28 9.58 11.25 12.87 13.86 14.32 14.90 14.26 13.95 15.19 .. ..
JAPAN 3.13 10.12 11.62 13.59 13.51 13.52 15.50 17.28 20.22 22.39 24.96 22.42
KOREA .40 1.58 1.88 2.48 3.36 3.98 4.83 5.36 5.75 6.46 7.31 7.83
TAIWAN .48 2.01 2.54 3.13 3.88 4.34 4.79 5.69 5.82 6.26 6.79 6.76
BELGIUM 6.87 13.09 16.23 16.93 16.48 20.47 20.94 23.60 22.95 24.29 .. ..
DENMARK 7.41 13.55 18.04 18.88 17.67 21.71 22.69 24.72 23.53 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 5.46 13.16 16.27 18.56 19.56 24.93 25.22 23.80 20.07 22.89 29.33 28.81
FRANCE 5.41 12.17 14.58 15.48 15.15 18.69 18.87 20.95 20.19 21.22 24.05 23.84
GERMANY (1) 6.29 13.25 16.98 18.30 17.64 22.15 22.95 25.64 25.31 26.88 32.46 31.42
IRELAND 3.30 9.26 10.85 11.95 11.64 13.78 13.76 15.20 14.05 14.57 15.91 16.25
ITALY 5.55 11.86 14.79 15.79 16.28 20.38 21.06 22.12 18.06 18.14 18.32 20.17
NETHERLANDS 7.04 13.21 16.35 17.13 16.46 19.91 19.73 21.91 21.94 22.10 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 9.50 11.79 12.54 13.60 12.02 11.98 13.30 13.35
SWEDEN (1) 7.90 14.18 17.19 18.99 19.78 23.82 25.07 28.13 20.02 21.23 24.37 27.98
SWITZERLAND 6.60 16.40 20.14 21.36 19.82 24.63 25.30 27.17 25.68 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.42 9.22 10.97 12.70 12.32 14.78 15.71 16.33 14.05 15.07 15.99 16.29
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 38
PAPER, PRINTING, AND PUBLISHING (US SIC 26 & 27 & ISIC 34)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.59 13.94 14.46 14.77 15.16 15.68 16.23 16.78 17.17 17.38 17.75 18.14
CANADA .. 17.95 18.39 19.30 20.02 21.04 22.92 24.03 24.39 24.21 24.76 25.04
MEXICO .. 616 1439 2804 3529 4423 5687 7051 7.82 8.43 9.50 11.52
AUSTRALIA 4.80 14.27 16.04 16.42 17.50 18.35 19.13 19.40 20.52 20.77 .. ..
JAPAN 927 1704 1680 1743 1865 1960 2087 2192 2247 2288 2346 2439
KOREA 195 1396 1549 1812 2258 2818 3539 4181 4618 5192 5641 6297
TAIWAN 18.29 75.91 80.79 89.45 102.44 116.82 128.21 143.10 153.64 165.69 179.89 185.65
BELGIUM 251.89 584.51 606.45 622.62 649.47 684.20 716.20 758.82 793.78 812.09 .. ..
DENMARK 42.52 109.71 123.53 127.27 129.39 134.40 145.33 149.21 152.59 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 20.03 66.73 71.64 77.84 84.03 95.48 102.18 106.78 114.88 119.83 128.35 132.40
FRANCE 23.15 84.28 87.65 92.26 96.68 101.78 106.57 110.89 114.41 117.67 119.89 121.94
GERMANY (1) 15.45 28.76 30.52 32.16 33.18 35.82 38.12 40.05 41.88 43.59 46.48 47.29
IRELAND 1.48 6.91 7.29 7.83 8.21 8.31 8.53 8.92 9.59 9.73 9.92 10.15
ITALY 3622 17690 19186 20560 22334 24419 26139 27247 28413 29227 29839 31125
NETHERLANDS 17.75 32.33 33.12 33.87 34.93 36.27 36.94 38.54 40.76 40.20 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1125 1202 1304 1393 1533 1604 1658 1692
SWEDEN (1) 32.74 101.04 109.12 116.55 127.72 141.08 151.73 163.89 156.07 163.80 174.04 187.69
SWITZERLAND 17.03 29.49 30.05 31.28 32.45 34.23 36.33 38.20 37.96 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.54 6.28 6.69 7.13 7.52 8.28 8.89 9.25 9.36 9.84 10.13 10.44
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 39
PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 26)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 95 100 109 116 118 125 121 113 107 107 106
MEXICO .. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 14 8 9
ISRAEL 32 29 36 43 40 42 43 44 42 43 48 48
JAPAN 50 62 71 83 85 80 87 93 107 117 126 107
KOREA 6 9 11 15 20 22 26 28 29 32 35 37
TAIWAN 7 13 16 19 23 24 25 29 28 30 34 33
AUSTRIA 74 75 93 102 97 116 113 122 114 119 136 132
BELGIUM 100 81 98 101 95 114 113 124 117 121 .. ..
DENMARK 100 79 102 106 98 118 115 124 114 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 85 88 105 117 121 149 146 134 110 123 154 148
FRANCE 77 72 83 87 83 98 95 104 97 100 111 106
GERMANY (1) 88 81 101 107 100 122 122 132 125 131 151 143
GREECE 24 27 29 32 33 40 38 41 39 40 44 45
IRELAND 47 54 60 65 61 72 70 74 66 68 75 74
ITALY 81 72 88 92 92 111 111 113 89 87 88 92
NETHERLANDS 110 85 103 105 98 113 109 118 116 115 .. ..
NORWAY .. 86 107 114 111 126 121 123 105 107 125 127
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 59 71 72 78 63 61 66 67
SWEDEN (1) 118 92 109 118 121 140 142 153 106 111 125 141
SWITZERLAND 88 89 109 111 102 124 122 126 118 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 46 47 55 64 61 73 78 80 68 70 74 79
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 40
PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 26)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.52 15.47 15.90 16.23 16.66 17.26 18.02 18.56 19.14 19.51 20.09 20.61
CANADA .. 14.65 15.84 17.69 19.27 20.40 22.59 22.39 21.62 20.84 21.50 21.87
MEXICO .. 1.09 1.24 1.44 1.67 1.84 2.18 2.49 2.81 2.75 1.68 1.76
ISRAEL 2.10 4.56 5.66 7.06 6.68 7.33 7.78 8.18 7.99 8.39 9.57 9.86
JAPAN 3.24 9.56 11.29 13.41 14.17 13.78 15.61 17.34 20.46 22.73 25.27 22.09
KOREA .37 1.41 1.72 2.40 3.40 3.85 4.69 5.24 5.48 6.21 7.05 7.61
TAIWAN .47 2.01 2.55 3.14 3.85 4.22 4.50 5.35 5.34 5.87 6.82 6.76
AUSTRIA 4.84 11.54 14.83 16.50 16.16 20.07 20.41 22.68 21.81 23.22 27.23 27.22
BELGIUM 6.49 12.60 15.63 16.34 15.79 19.63 20.32 22.95 22.37 23.66 .. ..
DENMARK 6.49 12.27 16.27 17.16 16.41 20.42 20.70 22.98 21.76 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 5.51 13.56 16.75 19.06 20.19 25.75 26.35 24.96 21.05 23.99 30.94 30.48
FRANCE 5.02 11.07 13.22 14.04 13.75 16.94 17.14 19.28 18.54 19.50 22.21 21.88
GERMANY (1) 5.77 12.54 16.12 17.32 16.66 21.01 21.93 24.46 23.84 25.48 30.41 29.44
GREECE 1.59 4.14 4.67 5.16 5.57 6.90 6.90 7.57 7.45 7.86 8.83 9.20
IRELAND 3.05 8.36 9.59 10.48 10.21 12.51 12.67 13.81 12.66 13.32 14.98 15.26
ITALY 5.28 11.15 13.96 14.91 15.34 19.19 19.93 21.04 16.96 16.99 17.63 18.87
NETHERLANDS 7.18 13.22 16.31 17.01 16.30 19.57 19.73 21.99 22.19 22.34 .. ..
NORWAY .. 13.28 16.97 18.54 18.52 21.82 21.81 22.88 20.14 20.96 25.04 26.21
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 9.80 12.23 13.00 14.44 12.07 11.82 13.27 13.79
SWEDEN (1) 7.71 14.28 17.36 19.20 20.13 24.11 25.56 28.41 20.26 21.63 25.08 29.04
SWITZERLAND 5.73 13.77 17.28 18.01 16.93 21.35 21.94 23.34 22.67 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.00 7.31 8.82 10.45 10.18 12.53 14.11 14.85 13.04 13.63 14.81 16.28
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 41
PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 26)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.52 15.47 15.90 16.23 16.66 17.26 18.02 18.56 19.14 19.51 20.09 20.61
CANADA .. 20.36 21.01 21.78 22.81 23.81 25.89 27.07 27.89 28.46 29.52 29.84
MEXICO .. 665 1705 3284 4109 5166 6577 7720 8.75 9.29 10.77 13.39
ISRAEL 1.34 6.78 9.03 11.29 12.80 14.78 17.74 20.11 22.61 25.27 28.81 32.43
JAPAN 963 1610 1632 1720 1957 1999 2102 2199 2274 2323 2374 2403
KOREA 180 1243 1418 1755 2285 2723 3442 4092 4401 4990 5436 6126
TAIWAN 17.69 76.10 81.22 89.86 101.73 113.53 120.48 134.51 140.99 155.41 180.79 185.60
AUSTRIA 84.19 176.07 187.60 203.96 214.02 227.43 238.57 249.28 253.89 264.89 274.52 288.30
BELGIUM 238.08 562.58 584.03 601.11 622.24 655.89 694.81 737.82 773.67 791.03 .. ..
DENMARK 37.20 99.36 111.40 115.66 120.15 126.38 132.59 138.76 141.15 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 20.20 68.76 73.75 79.91 86.72 98.64 106.77 112.01 120.48 125.58 135.37 140.06
FRANCE 21.48 76.67 79.50 83.65 87.70 92.27 96.79 102.09 105.09 108.16 110.72 111.95
GERMANY (1) 14.16 27.22 28.98 30.42 31.34 33.98 36.42 38.21 39.46 41.33 43.54 44.30
GREECE 51 580 633 732 904 1094 1257 1443 1709 1906 2047 2214
IRELAND 1.37 6.23 6.44 6.87 7.20 7.55 7.85 8.10 8.64 8.90 9.34 9.53
ITALY 3442 16629 18100 19412 21053 22993 24728 25923 26677 27366 28722 29114
NETHERLANDS 18.12 32.35 33.04 33.64 34.59 35.66 36.93 38.68 41.23 40.64 .. ..
NORWAY .. 98.28 114.37 120.98 128.05 136.48 141.56 142.16 142.96 147.89 158.65 169.27
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1160 1247 1352 1479 1538 1583 1654 1747
SWEDEN (1) 31.93 101.75 110.17 117.82 129.97 142.82 154.67 165.51 157.94 166.86 179.11 194.77
SWITZERLAND 14.78 24.75 25.78 26.36 27.71 29.68 31.50 32.82 33.50 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.35 4.98 5.38 5.87 6.21 7.02 7.98 8.41 8.69 8.90 9.38 10.43
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 42
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING (US SIC 27)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 81 83 92 96 99 107 105 98 87 86 87
MEXICO .. 7 6 8 9 9 11 14 15 15 8 8
HONG KONG SAR (1) 12 18 19 22 26 28 32 34 37 41 44 46
ISRAEL 34 40 49 58 56 63 61 62 60 61 72 76
JAPAN 46 81 88 99 93 91 102 110 126 138 152 135
KOREA 6 14 15 19 23 28 33 35 38 41 46 48
TAIWAN 8 15 19 23 27 30 34 38 39 41 44 44
BELGIUM 113 108 128 130 125 148 146 158 151 158 .. ..
DENMARK 117 109 139 142 128 151 137 163 153 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 71 93 111 125 128 153 145 130 107 119 144 143
FRANCE 86 102 118 123 117 138 137 145 138 143 159 156
GERMANY (1) 101 107 131 139 131 157 158 172 169 177 213 201
GREECE 30 33 36 40 40 48 49 51 48 52 60 62
IRELAND 51 75 84 91 86 97 94 101 91 93 100 100
ITALY 88 97 116 121 121 147 147 149 121 120 118 128
NETHERLANDS 104 102 121 124 116 136 130 139 137 137 .. ..
NORWAY .. 141 174 187 176 196 190 194 168 168 192 192
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 66 78 82 84 76 75 82 79
SWEDEN (1) 123 108 126 135 136 159 161 177 123 128 143 158
SWITZERLAND 104 134 157 164 147 175 176 183 169 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 55 77 89 100 95 109 110 110 92 99 102 102
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 43
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING (US SIC 27)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.67 12.94 13.49 13.80 14.19 14.74 15.13 15.65 15.91 16.07 16.29 16.61
CANADA .. 10.50 11.25 12.64 13.65 14.55 16.16 16.51 15.64 14.02 14.09 14.49
MEXICO .. .92 .87 1.05 1.23 1.36 1.65 2.12 2.31 2.34 1.34 1.34
HONG KONG SAR (1) .81 2.30 2.59 2.99 3.64 4.20 4.81 5.26 5.92 6.61 7.22 7.70
ISRAEL 2.25 5.12 6.60 8.06 7.94 9.30 9.21 9.72 9.55 9.85 11.73 12.59
JAPAN 3.04 10.46 11.83 13.71 13.16 13.39 15.37 17.14 20.02 22.12 24.69 22.43
KOREA .43 1.82 2.06 2.58 3.32 4.19 5.04 5.51 6.00 6.55 7.53 7.94
TAIWAN .51 2.00 2.52 3.11 3.90 4.46 5.07 6.02 6.26 6.60 7.18 7.26
BELGIUM 7.51 14.00 17.31 17.96 17.70 21.88 22.09 24.79 24.02 25.44 .. ..
DENMARK 7.81 14.05 18.73 19.56 18.22 22.25 20.80 25.46 24.27 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 4.72 11.97 14.92 17.27 18.11 22.57 21.96 20.41 16.98 19.18 23.50 23.70
FRANCE 5.76 13.23 15.90 16.91 16.54 20.41 20.66 22.66 21.89 22.98 25.92 25.86
GERMANY (1) 6.74 13.91 17.70 19.15 18.54 23.19 23.93 26.93 26.83 28.43 34.76 33.39
GREECE 1.98 4.25 4.86 5.47 5.74 7.05 7.40 8.00 7.71 8.36 9.84 10.25
IRELAND 3.39 9.68 11.38 12.53 12.20 14.30 14.27 15.75 14.53 15.00 16.26 16.63
ITALY 5.84 12.54 15.59 16.66 17.23 21.61 22.30 23.31 19.20 19.32 19.16 21.24
NETHERLANDS 6.97 13.22 16.34 17.15 16.50 20.03 19.71 21.82 21.79 21.94 .. ..
NORWAY .. 18.25 23.47 25.87 24.92 28.89 28.71 30.42 26.71 26.97 31.31 31.81
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 9.38 11.57 12.34 13.22 12.03 12.06 13.34 13.17
SWEDEN (1) 8.18 14.03 16.93 18.67 19.26 23.43 24.37 27.63 19.55 20.59 23.28 26.32
SWITZERLAND 6.93 17.38 21.22 22.62 20.90 25.85 26.56 28.60 26.81 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.64 10.01 12.00 13.86 13.43 16.04 16.62 17.17 14.63 15.90 16.67 16.97
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 44
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING (US SIC 27)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.67 12.94 13.49 13.80 14.19 14.74 15.13 15.65 15.91 16.07 16.29 16.61
CANADA .. 14.60 14.91 15.56 16.16 16.98 18.52 19.96 20.18 19.15 19.34 19.77
MEXICO .. 563 1193 2390 3025 3815 4992 6557 7.19 7.89 8.60 10.15
HONG KONG SAR (1) 3.98 17.97 20.19 23.38 28.37 32.75 37.40 40.73 45.77 51.09 55.83 59.60
ISRAEL 1.44 7.62 10.53 12.88 15.22 18.74 20.99 23.91 27.03 29.65 35.33 41.41
JAPAN 903 1762 1711 1757 1818 1941 2069 2174 2224 2261 2319 2440
KOREA 210 1604 1696 1890 2229 2964 3694 4304 4814 5261 5810 6386
TAIWAN 19.37 75.66 80.31 88.97 103.09 119.95 135.71 151.43 165.34 174.57 190.24 199.50
BELGIUM 275.70 625.41 646.56 660.48 697.48 731.25 755.64 797.04 830.47 850.62 .. ..
DENMARK 44.76 113.77 128.24 131.85 133.43 137.72 133.22 153.71 157.44 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 17.28 60.71 65.70 72.41 77.79 86.46 88.97 91.56 97.24 100.41 102.82 108.92
FRANCE 24.67 91.64 95.60 100.74 105.52 111.18 116.68 119.98 124.04 127.43 129.24 132.29
GERMANY (1) 16.54 30.18 31.83 33.65 34.88 37.49 39.74 42.06 44.41 46.12 49.78 50.25
GREECE 64 595 658 776 932 1118 1350 1526 1768 2028 2281 2468
IRELAND 1.52 7.22 7.65 8.21 8.60 8.63 8.84 9.24 9.92 10.02 10.14 10.40
ITALY 3809 18702 20219 21692 23643 25892 27672 28718 30204 31125 31212 32766
NETHERLANDS 17.59 32.36 33.10 33.93 35.02 36.49 36.89 38.39 40.48 39.91 .. ..
NORWAY .. 135.05 158.23 168.80 172.25 180.65 186.37 189.05 189.60 190.24 198.37 205.48
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1111 1180 1283 1354 1534 1615 1662 1668
SWEDEN (1) 33.87 99.99 107.43 114.60 124.33 138.77 147.47 160.98 152.38 158.89 166.23 176.56
SWITZERLAND 17.90 31.25 31.65 33.11 34.22 35.94 38.14 40.21 39.63 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.64 6.82 7.32 7.78 8.20 8.99 9.40 9.72 9.74 10.38 10.56 10.87
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 45
CHEMICALS, PETROLEUM, & RUBBER & PLASTICS PRODUCTS (US SIC 28-30 & ISIC 35)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 80 83 90 93 94 96 93 87 83 79 82
MEXICO .. 10 9 12 13 14 15 18 20 20 12 12
JAPAN 54 77 89 99 96 95 103 110 127 140 153 130
KOREA 5 10 12 17 23 25 28 30 33 37 42 44
TAIWAN 6 12 16 19 23 26 28 32 32 33 36 36
AUSTRIA 75 86 103 108 102 122 119 130 127 134 153 147
BELGIUM 108 100 120 125 119 143 142 153 150 162 .. ..
DENMARK 89 77 100 101 94 112 109 115 107 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 66 71 86 98 103 123 117 106 86 103 128 121
FRANCE (1) 71 74 86 89 84 99 95 101 97 100 111 108
GERMANY (1) 99 97 119 123 114 138 136 .. 142 149 172 166
IRELAND (1) 52 64 73 76 70 82 79 85 75 78 84 84
ITALY 80 79 94 98 99 119 116 119 95 95 94 101
NETHERLANDS 108 95 114 116 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NORWAY .. 96 117 122 118 134 132 135 118 118 136 137
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 66 82 84 89 73 72 79 83
SWEDEN (1) 101 85 101 109 110 127 127 135 96 103 114 127
SWITZERLAND 96 105 127 130 116 141 141 147 142 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 52 56 64 73 70 82 84 86 72 73 76 74
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
FRANCE: EXCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: EXCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 46
CHEMICALS, PETROLEUM, & RUBBER & PLASTICS PRODUCTS (US SIC 28-30 & ISIC 35)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.83 14.57 15.05 15.46 16.08 16.66 17.44 18.03 18.35 18.53 18.91 19.43
CANADA .. 11.66 12.54 13.95 15.03 15.71 16.75 16.74 15.95 15.39 14.94 15.84
MEXICO .. 1.42 1.41 1.82 2.03 2.29 2.66 3.18 3.58 3.67 2.31 2.38
JAPAN 3.66 11.21 13.37 15.35 15.36 15.80 18.05 19.80 23.27 25.96 28.90 25.18
KOREA .37 1.45 1.82 2.59 3.66 4.11 4.89 5.44 6.11 6.82 7.88 8.54
TAIWAN .43 1.82 2.34 2.94 3.72 4.27 4.89 5.77 5.84 6.19 6.83 6.98
AUSTRIA 5.11 12.51 15.54 16.68 16.33 20.37 20.77 23.38 23.33 24.74 29.01 28.54
BELGIUM 7.39 14.58 18.06 19.37 19.14 23.80 24.80 27.66 27.49 30.05 .. ..
DENMARK 6.11 11.25 15.11 15.59 15.14 18.71 18.98 20.78 19.64 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 4.50 10.30 13.00 15.22 16.53 20.56 20.48 19.05 15.73 19.00 24.21 23.51
FRANCE (1) 4.87 10.75 12.95 13.75 13.44 16.42 16.55 18.23 17.73 18.57 21.07 21.00
GERMANY (1) 6.73 14.14 17.85 19.02 18.33 22.95 23.66 .. 26.05 27.64 32.53 32.23
IRELAND (1) 3.57 9.38 11.02 11.78 11.28 13.66 13.81 15.35 13.77 14.48 15.81 16.24
ITALY 5.47 11.47 14.20 15.22 15.85 19.79 20.29 21.40 17.49 17.66 17.76 19.60
NETHERLANDS 7.36 13.86 17.20 17.86 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NORWAY .. 14.06 17.58 18.93 18.93 22.29 22.94 24.40 21.57 21.93 25.70 26.71
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 10.61 13.59 14.64 16.09 13.45 13.37 14.90 16.14
SWEDEN (1) 6.92 12.37 15.16 16.84 17.62 21.19 22.18 24.27 17.60 19.08 21.61 24.69
SWITZERLAND 6.53 15.28 19.08 20.15 18.63 23.48 24.61 26.45 25.97 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.57 8.19 9.68 11.25 11.19 13.60 14.63 15.42 13.17 13.54 14.29 14.42
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
FRANCE: EXCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: EXCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 47
CHEMICALS, PETROLEUM, & RUBBER & PLASTICS PRODUCTS (US SIC 28-30 & ISIC 35)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.83 14.57 15.05 15.46 16.08 16.66 17.44 18.03 18.35 18.53 18.91 19.43
CANADA .. 16.20 16.62 17.17 17.79 18.33 19.20 20.24 20.58 21.03 20.51 21.61
MEXICO .. 872 1947 4126 4993 6438 8013 9830 11.15 12.40 14.83 18.13
JAPAN 1085 1887 1934 1968 2121 2291 2429 2511 2586 2653 2716 2740
KOREA 181 1278 1493 1894 2455 2912 3585 4247 4903 5476 6079 6869
TAIWAN 16.21 68.75 74.54 84.09 98.34 114.94 130.75 145.13 154.22 163.92 180.90 191.75
AUSTRIA 88.95 190.83 196.61 206.22 216.27 230.83 242.83 256.90 271.61 282.30 292.41 302.25
BELGIUM 271.06 651.24 674.62 712.46 754.18 795.33 848.00 889.15 950.66 1004.58 .. ..
DENMARK 35.06 91.06 103.49 105.07 110.83 115.79 121.54 125.45 127.41 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 16.50 52.23 57.24 63.80 71.01 78.74 82.98 85.47 90.08 99.46 105.96 108.04
FRANCE (1) 20.83 74.46 77.88 81.92 85.75 89.45 93.45 96.53 100.45 103.00 105.04 107.44
GERMANY (1) 16.52 30.68 32.09 33.41 34.48 37.10 39.29 .. 43.11 44.83 46.59 48.50
IRELAND (1) 1.60 6.99 7.40 7.72 7.96 8.24 8.56 9.01 9.40 9.68 9.86 10.15
ITALY 3568 17094 18416 19819 21746 23714 25185 26361 27516 28450 28925 30249
NETHERLANDS 18.58 33.93 34.85 35.32 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NORWAY .. 104.01 118.51 123.47 130.88 139.38 148.90 151.61 153.12 154.71 162.83 172.50
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1256 1386 1522 1648 1715 1790 1856 2045
SWEDEN (1) 28.68 88.17 96.23 103.32 113.74 125.50 134.21 141.39 137.23 147.20 154.34 165.64
SWITZERLAND 16.86 27.47 28.46 29.50 30.50 32.63 35.34 37.18 38.39 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.61 5.58 5.90 6.31 6.83 7.62 8.28 8.73 8.77 8.84 9.05 9.24
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
FRANCE: EXCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: EXCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 48
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 28)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 71 75 81 85 88 94 89 84 79 74 74
MEXICO .. 9 9 12 13 14 16 18 20 20 12 13
AUSTRALIA (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
ISRAEL (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
JAPAN 58 88 100 113 110 106 115 121 138 149 163 138
KOREA 7 12 14 19 25 27 30 32 33 36 42 43
TAIWAN 7 15 18 22 26 28 30 33 31 33 36 36
AUSTRIA (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
BELGIUM 105 91 110 114 110 131 131 140 137 147 .. ..
DENMARK 89 69 89 90 83 99 96 101 93 .. .. ..
FRANCE (1) 72 71 81 82 78 91 88 93 89 91 101 96
GERMANY (1) 99 93 115 118 111 135 134 .. 141 147 169 161
GREECE 24 26 29 32 33 40 38 39 36 38 43 42
IRELAND 49 61 70 72 68 77 76 80 70 73 77 77
ITALY 77 69 84 88 88 106 106 109 86 85 82 89
NETHERLANDS (1) 104 86 103 103 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 57 71 73 77 62 61 66 71
SWEDEN (1) 99 77 91 97 99 114 115 120 86 93 103 114
SWITZERLAND (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
UNITED KINGDOM 50 53 60 67 65 77 79 81 67 68 70 68
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRALIA: INCLUDING PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS.
ISRAEL: INCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING RUBBER & PLASTICS PRODUCTS.
FRANCE: EXCLUDING SYNTHETIC FIBERS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
NETHERLANDS: EXCLUDING SYNTHETIC FIBERS.
SWEDEN: INCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING BEGINNING 1994.
SWITZERLAND: INCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 49
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 28)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 7.20 16.62 17.21 17.81 18.33 19.12 19.95 20.75 21.22 21.71 22.29 23.04
CANADA .. 11.77 12.89 14.43 15.62 16.86 18.72 18.44 17.88 17.07 16.57 17.05
MEXICO .. 1.54 1.56 2.05 2.34 2.60 3.10 3.72 4.24 4.42 2.75 2.90
AUSTRALIA (1) 6.65 10.31 10.99 14.54 14.99 15.52 16.13 15.50 14.93 16.64 .. ..
ISRAEL (1) 2.92 5.73 7.02 8.44 8.55 9.61 10.25 10.93 10.85 11.46 13.61 13.75
JAPAN 4.16 14.56 17.25 20.15 20.10 20.27 22.94 25.09 29.24 32.39 36.30 31.69
KOREA .50 2.01 2.39 3.35 4.61 5.12 6.02 6.55 6.91 7.80 9.29 9.91
TAIWAN .53 2.41 3.14 3.86 4.72 5.26 5.99 6.80 6.64 7.06 7.92 8.18
AUSTRIA (1) 4.92 11.69 14.67 15.76 15.37 18.96 19.26 21.71 21.54 22.91 26.90 26.58
BELGIUM 7.55 15.18 18.92 20.38 20.19 25.10 26.11 28.98 29.04 31.86 .. ..
DENMARK 6.41 11.54 15.36 15.96 15.30 18.97 19.13 21.02 19.72 .. .. ..
FRANCE (1) 5.21 11.72 13.94 14.67 14.30 17.45 17.56 19.20 18.81 19.74 22.43 22.21
GERMANY (1) 7.16 15.49 19.75 21.07 20.41 25.88 26.69 .. 29.82 31.96 37.64 36.98
GREECE 1.76 4.25 5.00 5.76 6.01 7.57 7.52 8.12 7.70 8.27 9.51 9.77
IRELAND 3.52 10.20 12.01 12.85 12.38 14.79 15.11 16.55 14.92 15.81 17.19 17.84
ITALY 5.52 11.48 14.40 15.59 16.15 20.35 21.10 22.59 18.20 18.35 18.37 20.53
NETHERLANDS (1) 7.47 14.32 17.75 18.42 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 10.50 13.58 14.58 16.01 13.14 13.14 14.72 16.33
SWEDEN (1) 7.13 12.79 15.70 17.36 18.23 21.72 22.87 25.00 18.19 20.17 23.00 26.26
SWITZERLAND (1) 6.77 16.19 20.19 21.30 19.63 24.90 26.11 28.10 27.69 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.62 8.76 10.30 12.02 11.98 14.66 15.80 16.73 14.32 14.82 15.63 15.73
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRALIA: INCLUDING PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS.
ISRAEL: INCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING RUBBER & PLASTICS PRODUCTS.
FRANCE: EXCLUDING SYNTHETIC FIBERS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
NETHERLANDS: EXCLUDING SYNTHETIC FIBERS.
SWEDEN: INCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING BEGINNING 1994.
SWITZERLAND: INCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 50
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 28)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 7.20 16.62 17.21 17.81 18.33 19.12 19.95 20.75 21.22 21.71 22.29 23.04
CANADA .. 16.36 17.09 17.76 18.50 19.67 21.45 22.29 23.07 23.32 22.75 23.25
MEXICO .. 943 2149 4664 5750 7308 9353 11519 13.22 14.93 17.65 22.01
AUSTRALIA (1) 5.08 15.36 15.66 18.53 18.93 19.89 20.71 21.07 21.96 22.75 .. ..
ISRAEL (1) 1.87 8.52 11.20 13.49 16.39 19.37 23.37 26.88 30.71 34.50 40.98 45.20
JAPAN 1235 2453 2494 2583 2776 2939 3088 3181 3249 3310 3411 3448
KOREA 243 1769 1964 2450 3092 3624 4414 5116 5544 6266 7163 7976
TAIWAN 20.15 91.16 99.91 110.46 124.60 141.54 160.32 171.10 175.53 186.93 209.97 224.76
AUSTRIA (1) 85.52 178.39 185.60 194.76 203.46 214.86 225.20 238.54 250.77 261.40 271.13 281.46
BELGIUM 277.13 677.97 706.77 749.65 795.50 838.69 893.10 931.77 1004.10 1065.11 .. ..
DENMARK 36.77 93.39 105.16 107.59 112.00 117.44 122.52 126.90 127.89 .. .. ..
FRANCE (1) 22.32 81.20 83.80 87.41 91.26 95.06 99.18 101.64 106.57 109.50 111.82 113.62
GERMANY (1) 17.58 33.62 35.51 37.02 38.40 41.85 44.33 .. 49.34 51.83 53.91 55.66
GREECE 57 595 677 817 976 1200 1371 1548 1766 2007 2204 2352
IRELAND 1.59 7.60 8.07 8.42 8.73 8.92 9.36 9.71 10.19 10.56 10.72 11.15
ITALY 3601 17121 18671 20294 22152 24380 26189 27836 28636 29557 29931 31672
NETHERLANDS (1) 18.85 35.06 35.96 36.44 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1243 1385 1516 1640 1676 1760 1835 2069
SWEDEN (1) 29.53 91.14 99.63 106.56 117.68 128.66 138.38 145.65 141.85 155.64 164.27 176.18
SWITZERLAND (1) 17.48 29.11 30.12 31.18 32.14 34.61 37.49 39.51 40.92 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.63 5.97 6.28 6.75 7.31 8.22 8.94 9.47 9.54 9.67 9.90 10.08
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRALIA: INCLUDING PETROLEUM & COAL PRODUCTS.
ISRAEL: INCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING RUBBER & PLASTICS PRODUCTS.
FRANCE: EXCLUDING SYNTHETIC FIBERS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
NETHERLANDS: EXCLUDING SYNTHETIC FIBERS.
SWEDEN: INCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING BEGINNING 1994.
SWITZERLAND: INCLUDING PETROLEUM REFINING.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 51
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 29)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 29)
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 91 97 107 113 107 81 72 80 74 71 72
JAPAN 53 89 108 123 116 106 114 123 136 147 160 143
KOREA 7 12 14 18 24 26 30 32 33 35 39 40
TAIWAN 8 19 23 26 38 39 39 46 45 51 54 54
GREECE 26 29 33 34 31 35 34 38 38 38 42 42
SWEDEN 89 72 86 95 94 108 111 111 78 .. .. ..
PETROLEUM REFINING (US SIC 291)
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
AUSTRIA 67 88 106 115 116 143 143 148 140 145 176 170
BELGIUM 109 105 122 124 118 144 142 158 145 155 .. ..
DENMARK 62 53 72 73 70 78 77 81 72 .. .. ..
GERMANY (1) 87 90 108 109 102 122 121 129 122 125 147 142
ITALY 73 61 74 77 81 92 90 93 73 70 71 79
NETHERLANDS 97 83 101 100 93 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 76 87 89 95 79 76 83 91
UNITED KINGDOM 60 61 72 82 80 89 94 95 79 75 80 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 52
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 29)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 29)
UNITED STATES 8.94 19.55 20.18 20.72 21.48 22.96 24.32 25.45 26.63 27.50 27.94 27.72
CANADA .. 17.75 19.58 22.14 24.29 24.47 19.67 18.36 21.23 20.48 19.82 20.08
JAPAN 4.75 17.44 21.78 25.42 24.97 24.30 27.69 31.30 36.32 40.34 44.82 39.61
KOREA .63 2.32 2.84 3.65 5.26 5.89 7.18 8.10 8.78 9.70 11.00 11.04
TAIWAN .68 3.77 4.66 5.41 8.20 8.94 9.52 11.73 12.04 14.02 15.17 15.09
GREECE 2.28 5.69 6.63 7.01 6.66 8.01 8.36 9.59 10.23 10.44 11.63 11.52
SWEDEN 7.98 13.98 17.43 19.70 20.24 24.89 26.95 28.27 20.64 .. .. ..
PETROLEUM REFINING (US SIC 291)
UNITED STATES 9.68 21.03 21.74 22.39 23.23 24.95 26.51 27.92 29.52 30.67 31.26 31.07
AUSTRIA 6.46 18.58 22.97 25.77 26.96 35.62 37.82 41.41 41.33 44.62 55.11 52.94
BELGIUM 10.53 22.06 26.47 27.66 27.44 35.84 37.58 44.10 42.71 47.43 .. ..
DENMARK 5.98 11.25 15.55 16.41 16.19 19.54 20.32 22.55 21.27 .. .. ..
GERMANY (1) 8.46 18.94 23.41 24.50 23.77 30.56 31.98 36.08 35.87 38.38 45.85 44.17
ITALY 7.08 12.86 16.07 17.35 18.80 22.94 23.97 25.90 21.54 21.34 22.12 24.61
NETHERLANDS 9.41 17.53 21.91 22.49 21.58 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 17.56 21.73 23.60 26.45 23.45 23.33 25.98 28.39
UNITED KINGDOM 5.77 12.85 15.64 18.31 18.50 22.15 24.83 26.66 23.33 23.00 25.00 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 53
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 29)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 29)
UNITED STATES 8.94 19.55 20.18 20.72 21.48 22.96 24.32 25.45 26.63 27.50 27.94 27.72
CANADA .. 24.68 25.96 27.25 28.75 28.56 22.54 22.19 27.39 27.97 27.21 27.39
JAPAN 1409 2937 3150 3259 3449 3524 3728 3968 4035 4123 4211 4310
KOREA 303 2044 2339 2672 3534 4169 5264 6325 7050 7794 8486 8884
TAIWAN 25.74 142.84 148.27 154.74 216.45 240.62 254.79 295.02 318.13 371.01 401.90 414.51
GREECE 74 797 897 995 1082 1270 1525 1828 2346 2534 2695 2773
SWEDEN 33.04 99.63 110.65 120.88 130.68 147.40 163.10 164.68 160.90 .. .. ..
PETROLEUM REFINING (US SIC 291)
UNITED STATES 9.68 21.03 21.74 22.39 23.23 24.95 26.51 27.92 29.52 30.67 31.26 31.07
AUSTRIA 112.40 283.60 290.53 318.56 356.96 403.53 442.12 455.05 481.12 509.15 555.55 560.62
BELGIUM 386.38 985.03 988.99 1017.35 1081.22 1197.66 1285.17 1417.97 1477.07 1585.68 .. ..
DENMARK 34.28 91.09 106.51 110.62 118.52 120.95 130.10 136.15 137.99 .. .. ..
GERMANY (1) 20.76 41.11 42.09 43.05 44.71 49.41 53.12 56.36 59.36 62.26 65.65 66.47
ITALY 4621 19177 20842 22589 25788 27478 29748 31912 33888 34381 36032 37975
NETHERLANDS 23.74 42.92 44.39 44.48 45.80 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 2079 2216 2454 2708 2989 3124 3238 3596
UNITED KINGDOM 2.60 8.76 9.53 10.28 11.29 12.41 14.05 15.09 15.54 15.01 15.84 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 54
RUBBER AND PLASTICS PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 30)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 85 88 95 100 101 107 104 96 94 90 94
MEXICO .. 10 8 10 11 12 14 15 17 17 10 10
ISRAEL 35 39 50 58 56 59 57 58 54 60 68 69
JAPAN 49 72 84 95 92 92 100 107 124 138 150 127
KOREA 5 10 12 17 23 25 28 31 36 39 45 47
TAIWAN 6 13 17 20 24 26 29 33 33 34 36 35
BELGIUM 110 98 117 123 116 137 137 149 142 151 .. ..
DENMARK 100 92 121 120 114 136 132 139 130 .. .. ..
FRANCE 75 82 96 99 94 111 108 116 110 114 127 124
GERMANY (1) 101 103 126 130 123 146 144 155 149 158 182 173
GREECE 26 33 37 41 42 49 47 52 49 52 59 60
IRELAND 62 67 76 80 74 89 84 93 80 82 89 86
ITALY 88 94 111 116 116 138 134 134 109 110 109 115
NETHERLANDS 113 99 120 123 113 129 122 129 127 127 .. ..
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 73 88 91 97 82 82 88 92
SWEDEN (1) 112 97 116 127 129 150 149 157 111 122 134 148
SWITZERLAND 100 107 130 135 122 145 145 150 143 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 57 61 70 80 76 89 91 92 77 79 81 80
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SPAIN: EXCLUDING FOOTWEAR.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 55
RUBBER AND PLASTICS PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 30)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 5.87 11.92 12.27 12.55 12.95 13.50 14.07 14.55 14.80 14.88 15.18 15.63
CANADA .. 10.08 10.84 11.98 12.94 13.68 15.00 15.08 14.18 13.93 13.60 14.68
MEXICO .. 1.16 1.04 1.22 1.38 1.58 1.90 2.24 2.50 2.50 1.58 1.61
ISRAEL 2.07 4.61 6.08 7.32 7.30 7.99 8.05 8.39 8.00 8.99 10.30 10.79
JAPAN 2.90 8.63 10.34 11.89 11.90 12.40 14.14 15.52 18.35 20.51 22.76 19.91
KOREA .30 1.17 1.48 2.16 3.00 3.44 4.00 4.50 5.30 5.80 6.89 7.31
TAIWAN .35 1.58 2.04 2.53 3.11 3.52 4.14 4.84 4.94 5.03 5.41 5.48
BELGIUM 6.45 11.73 14.39 15.40 15.06 18.50 19.33 21.61 21.02 22.53 .. ..
DENMARK 5.86 11.01 14.83 15.12 14.81 18.32 18.59 20.27 19.27 .. .. ..
FRANCE 4.39 9.79 11.80 12.44 12.22 15.00 15.18 16.93 16.31 17.00 19.30 19.33
GERMANY (1) 5.92 12.23 15.40 16.37 15.87 19.65 20.29 22.50 22.02 23.44 27.69 27.00
GREECE 1.51 3.93 4.53 5.12 5.40 6.60 6.64 7.54 7.20 7.69 8.98 9.32
IRELAND 3.65 8.03 9.38 10.02 9.58 11.95 11.87 13.47 11.81 12.19 13.51 13.46
ITALY 5.15 11.18 13.64 14.50 15.08 18.64 18.84 19.54 16.17 16.37 16.49 18.01
NETHERLANDS 6.65 11.80 14.70 15.39 14.59 17.36 17.18 18.80 18.78 18.90 .. ..
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 9.40 11.89 12.84 14.11 12.15 12.13 13.41 14.33
SWEDEN (1) 6.58 11.60 14.28 15.94 16.75 20.24 20.96 22.88 16.41 18.12 20.33 23.15
SWITZERLAND 5.86 12.80 15.99 16.98 15.86 19.54 20.47 21.87 21.23 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.32 7.23 8.63 10.01 9.88 11.99 12.87 13.45 11.45 11.69 12.33 12.56
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SPAIN: EXCLUDING FOOTWEAR.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 56
RUBBER AND PLASTICS PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 30)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 5.87 11.92 12.27 12.55 12.95 13.50 14.07 14.55 14.80 14.88 15.18 15.63
CANADA .. 14.01 14.37 14.74 15.32 15.96 17.19 18.24 18.29 19.03 18.67 20.03
MEXICO .. 710 1440 2778 3408 4438 5747 6925 7.80 8.43 10.14 12.23
ISRAEL 1.33 6.85 9.69 11.70 13.99 16.10 18.35 20.62 22.63 27.08 31.01 35.47
JAPAN 861 1453 1495 1524 1644 1799 1904 1968 2039 2096 2138 2166
KOREA 146 1027 1217 1583 2012 2434 2936 3511 4251 4662 5312 5884
TAIWAN 13.33 59.73 64.98 72.28 82.25 94.72 110.66 121.82 130.41 133.16 143.31 150.62
BELGIUM 236.77 524.04 537.54 566.55 593.35 618.14 660.94 694.92 726.76 753.07 .. ..
DENMARK 33.58 89.09 101.57 101.95 108.39 113.43 119.07 122.39 124.98 .. .. ..
FRANCE 18.81 67.82 70.92 74.15 77.98 81.72 85.73 89.61 92.41 94.27 96.21 98.87
GERMANY (1) 14.53 26.53 27.70 28.76 29.85 31.77 33.70 35.14 36.45 38.02 39.65 40.63
GREECE 49 550 614 727 877 1046 1211 1438 1651 1865 2082 2244
IRELAND 1.64 5.99 6.30 6.57 6.76 7.21 7.36 7.90 8.06 8.14 8.42 8.41
ITALY 3362 16675 17694 18881 20687 22326 23377 24075 25434 26378 26863 27782
NETHERLANDS 16.77 28.88 29.77 30.44 30.96 31.64 32.16 33.07 34.90 34.39 .. ..
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 1113 1212 1335 1445 1550 1624 1671 1816
SWEDEN (1) 27.25 82.65 90.63 97.81 108.14 119.90 126.86 133.29 127.96 139.81 145.17 155.27
SWITZERLAND 15.11 23.01 23.85 24.86 25.97 27.17 29.39 30.75 31.38 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.50 4.93 5.26 5.62 6.03 6.72 7.28 7.61 7.63 7.63 7.81 8.05
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SPAIN: EXCLUDING FOOTWEAR.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 57
RUBBER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 301-6) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RUBBER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 301-6) (1)
UNITED STATES (1) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 72 78 85 90 93 104 100 90 88 84 85
MEXICO .. 14 13 16 16 18 21 24 26 25 17 17
JAPAN (1) 47 65 79 87 85 84 92 97 110 123 137 116
KOREA 4 8 9 15 19 21 24 26 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 6 12 16 19 22 24 25 27 27 28 30 29
BELGIUM 105 86 102 114 104 121 122 131 122 129 .. ..
DENMARK 88 76 97 103 94 111 110 114 105 .. .. ..
FRANCE 71 70 83 89 85 101 98 106 100 103 116 113
GERMANY (1) 98 92 113 120 112 133 130 141 135 141 166 158
IRELAND 63 63 69 76 69 86 79 88 73 74 84 81
ITALY 86 83 99 106 107 126 122 122 98 99 99 106
UNITED KINGDOM 54 53 62 74 71 82 86 86 70 70 74 ..
TIRES AND INNER TUBES (US SIC 301)
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
TAIWAN .. 12 15 18 21 21 21 22 21 22 22 21
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: AS NOTED BELOW, THE U.S. INDUSTRY INCLUDES SOME PLASTICS
PRODUCTS; THIS IS GENERALLY NOT TRUE FOR THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
UNITED STATES: INCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR & HOSE & BELTING.
JAPAN: INCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 58
RUBBER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 301-6) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RUBBER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 301-6) (1)
UNITED STATES (1) 6.62 14.53 14.86 14.79 15.37 16.12 16.91 17.59 18.12 18.29 18.38 18.80
CANADA .. 10.52 11.56 12.54 13.80 15.01 17.53 17.58 16.29 16.02 15.42 16.03
MEXICO .. 2.07 1.91 2.32 2.51 2.93 3.55 4.21 4.63 4.62 3.11 3.18
JAPAN (1) 3.10 9.40 11.70 12.91 13.08 13.61 15.59 17.00 19.98 22.58 25.16 21.87
KOREA .29 1.09 1.41 2.17 2.97 3.42 3.99 4.49 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .37 1.80 2.31 2.84 3.40 3.87 4.25 4.85 4.89 5.22 5.57 5.34
BELGIUM 6.97 12.53 15.22 16.82 16.06 19.49 20.65 23.10 22.12 23.64 .. ..
DENMARK 5.83 11.01 14.48 15.24 14.40 17.95 18.58 20.07 18.96 .. .. ..
FRANCE 4.68 10.21 12.34 13.11 13.05 16.24 16.59 18.69 18.07 18.84 21.28 21.27
GERMANY (1) 6.46 13.32 16.81 17.79 17.25 21.43 22.05 24.80 24.43 25.80 30.48 29.67
IRELAND 4.16 9.18 10.23 11.25 10.65 13.88 13.41 15.47 13.19 13.62 15.47 15.31
ITALY 5.71 12.12 14.76 15.68 16.38 20.34 20.66 21.53 17.82 18.04 18.17 19.84
UNITED KINGDOM 3.60 7.68 9.26 10.98 10.97 13.18 14.47 15.05 12.60 12.83 13.60 ..
TIRES AND INNER TUBES (US SIC 301)
UNITED STATES 8.03 19.67 20.04 20.29 21.63 22.82 24.62 25.38 26.55 27.41 27.11 27.53
TAIWAN .. 2.37 3.01 3.65 4.55 4.81 5.17 5.66 5.70 5.98 5.86 5.77
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: AS NOTED BELOW, THE U.S. INDUSTRY INCLUDES SOME PLASTICS
PRODUCTS; THIS IS GENERALLY NOT TRUE FOR THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
UNITED STATES: INCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR & HOSE & BELTING.
JAPAN: INCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 59
RUBBER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 301-6) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RUBBER PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 301-6) (1)
UNITED STATES (1) 6.62 14.53 14.86 14.79 15.37 16.12 16.91 17.59 18.12 18.29 18.38 18.80
CANADA .. 14.62 15.33 15.44 16.33 17.52 20.09 21.26 21.02 21.88 21.17 21.87
MEXICO .. 1269 2626 5273 6182 8255 10702 13039 14.41 15.60 19.97 24.19
JAPAN (1) 919 1582 1692 1655 1806 1973 2099 2155 2220 2308 2364 2380
KOREA 143 956 1157 1591 1992 2421 2924 3505 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 14.20 67.98 73.50 81.15 88.88 103.09 112.62 120.82 127.99 136.85 146.29 151.26
BELGIUM 255.89 559.76 568.67 618.67 633.04 651.42 706.11 742.72 764.78 790.38 .. ..
DENMARK 33.46 89.09 99.17 102.76 105.45 111.13 119.00 121.16 122.96 .. .. ..
FRANCE 20.06 70.69 74.19 78.12 83.28 88.48 93.67 98.94 102.40 104.46 106.08 108.80
GERMANY (1) 15.86 28.89 30.22 31.26 32.45 34.65 36.62 38.74 40.44 41.85 43.65 44.66
IRELAND 1.87 6.84 6.87 7.37 7.51 8.37 8.31 9.08 9.01 9.10 9.65 9.57
ITALY 3728 18068 19149 20420 22469 24371 25635 26527 28025 29063 29598 30607
UNITED KINGDOM 1.62 5.23 5.65 6.16 6.69 7.39 8.19 8.52 8.39 8.38 8.61 ..
TIRES AND INNER TUBES (US SIC 301)
UNITED STATES 8.03 19.67 20.04 20.29 21.63 22.82 24.62 25.38 26.55 27.41 27.11 27.53
TAIWAN .. 89.87 95.99 104.39 120.20 129.59 138.32 142.33 150.61 158.25 155.38 158.47
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: AS NOTED BELOW, THE U.S. INDUSTRY INCLUDES SOME PLASTICS
PRODUCTS; THIS IS GENERALLY NOT TRUE FOR THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
UNITED STATES: INCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR & HOSE & BELTING.
JAPAN: INCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 60
PLASTICS PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 308+) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES (1) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 91 93 101 105 106 109 105 97 95 91 97
MEXICO .. 8 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 14 9 8
HONG KONG SAR (1) 12 15 16 18 20 22 26 27 30 30 31 32
JAPAN (1) 51 76 87 98 95 95 104 111 130 144 155 132
KOREA 7 13 15 18 25 27 31 34 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 7 14 18 21 25 28 32 36 37 37 38 38
BELGIUM 118 106 125 127 122 145 145 157 151 162 .. ..
DENMARK 112 102 133 130 125 148 143 152 142 .. .. ..
FRANCE 79 88 102 103 97 113 109 118 111 116 128 124
GERMANY (1) 103 108 131 134 127 151 150 162 156 166 191 180
IRELAND 57 70 81 82 77 90 87 95 83 86 92 89
ITALY 87 99 116 119 120 142 138 139 113 114 112 118
NETHERLANDS 122 106 128 129 119 137 130 138 137 137 .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 59 65 74 82 78 92 93 95 81 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: AS NOTED BELOW, THE U.S. INDUSTRY (MISCELLANEOUS PLASTICS
PRODUCTS SIC 308) EXCLUDES SOME PLASTICS PRODUCTS; THIS IS GENERALLY NOT
TRUE FOR THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
UNITED STATES: EXCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR & HOSE & BELTING.
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
JAPAN: EXCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 61
PLASTICS PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 308+) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES (1) 5.23 10.80 11.19 11.63 11.97 12.47 12.99 13.36 13.58 13.67 14.02 14.51
CANADA .. 9.83 10.45 11.72 12.61 13.18 14.17 14.02 13.15 12.96 12.76 14.10
MEXICO .. .83 .77 .90 1.06 1.20 1.46 1.72 1.98 1.98 1.20 1.19
HONG KONG SAR (1) .63 1.63 1.81 2.10 2.35 2.80 3.33 3.65 4.09 4.11 4.35 4.70
JAPAN (1) 2.69 8.21 9.68 11.37 11.33 11.84 13.46 14.83 17.61 19.62 21.76 19.12
KOREA .35 1.35 1.65 2.10 3.00 3.39 4.07 4.49 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .35 1.54 1.99 2.47 3.05 3.43 4.11 4.84 4.97 5.00 5.39 5.49
BELGIUM 6.19 11.40 14.04 14.77 14.63 18.09 18.85 21.03 20.57 22.16 .. ..
DENMARK 5.86 11.02 14.91 15.17 14.93 18.42 18.61 20.33 19.32 .. .. ..
FRANCE 4.12 9.46 11.37 11.93 11.62 14.13 14.18 15.71 15.10 15.80 17.94 17.92
GERMANY (1) 5.40 11.65 14.68 15.64 15.17 18.80 19.46 21.71 21.23 22.67 26.79 26.15
IRELAND 2.98 7.58 9.07 9.58 9.21 11.26 11.26 12.72 11.30 11.69 12.83 12.86
ITALY 4.55 10.64 13.00 13.85 14.37 17.73 17.90 18.53 15.33 15.53 15.64 17.08
NETHERLANDS 6.40 11.48 14.32 15.05 14.26 17.07 16.87 18.41 18.60 18.73 .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.11 7.04 8.32 9.57 9.36 11.44 12.11 12.71 11.03 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: AS NOTED BELOW, THE U.S. INDUSTRY (MISCELLANEOUS PLASTICS
PRODUCTS SIC 308) EXCLUDES SOME PLASTICS PRODUCTS; THIS IS GENERALLY NOT
TRUE FOR THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
UNITED STATES: EXCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR & HOSE & BELTING.
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
JAPAN: EXCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 62
PLASTICS PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 308+) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES (1) 5.23 10.80 11.19 11.63 11.97 12.47 12.99 13.36 13.58 13.67 14.02 14.51
CANADA .. 13.66 13.86 14.43 14.93 15.38 16.24 16.95 16.96 17.71 17.52 19.24
MEXICO .. 506 1062 2053 2615 3387 4392 5311 6.17 6.67 7.68 9.07
HONG KONG SAR (1) 3.10 12.75 14.15 16.39 18.35 21.84 25.91 28.21 31.66 31.79 33.69 36.32
JAPAN (1) 797 1383 1399 1458 1565 1717 1812 1881 1957 2005 2045 2080
KOREA 170 1191 1356 1536 2015 2399 2983 3508 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 13.23 58.09 63.31 70.63 80.56 92.39 109.87 121.89 131.24 132.43 142.80 150.85
BELGIUM 227.17 509.28 524.57 543.20 576.53 604.73 644.70 676.01 711.15 740.69 .. ..
DENMARK 33.63 89.19 102.07 102.26 109.29 114.04 119.16 122.72 125.32 .. .. ..
FRANCE 17.62 65.53 68.33 71.07 74.14 76.97 80.05 83.15 85.55 87.60 89.46 91.69
GERMANY (1) 13.26 25.28 26.39 27.48 28.53 30.40 32.33 33.91 35.14 36.76 38.36 39.36
IRELAND 1.34 5.65 6.09 6.28 6.50 6.79 6.97 7.46 7.72 7.81 8.00 8.04
ITALY 2969 15868 16866 18029 19711 21245 22208 22831 24120 25015 25476 26349
NETHERLANDS 16.15 28.10 29.02 29.78 30.27 31.10 31.58 32.38 34.56 34.07 .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.40 4.80 5.08 5.37 5.72 6.41 6.85 7.19 7.35 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: AS NOTED BELOW, THE U.S. INDUSTRY (MISCELLANEOUS PLASTICS
PRODUCTS SIC 308) EXCLUDES SOME PLASTICS PRODUCTS; THIS IS GENERALLY NOT
TRUE FOR THE OTHER COUNTRIES.
UNITED STATES: EXCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR & HOSE & BELTING.
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
JAPAN: EXCLUDING PLASTICS FOOTWEAR.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 63
STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 32 & ISIC 36)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 86 91 98 105 106 112 110 102 95 95 95
MEXICO .. 8 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 15 9 9
ISRAEL 40 35 42 51 49 52 49 49 48 51 55 55
JAPAN 48 72 81 93 89 87 98 107 123 135 146 125
KOREA 6 11 13 18 25 29 33 36 38 39 44 45
TAIWAN 7 13 17 20 24 25 27 32 31 32 33 31
AUSTRIA 73 83 100 104 101 122 120 131 127 132 152 145
BELGIUM 103 94 113 113 108 129 129 139 133 138 .. ..
DENMARK 99 85 109 110 104 123 120 128 117 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 72 76 92 104 110 133 126 114 91 99 125 120
FRANCE 75 81 94 97 91 108 104 113 107 110 122 118
GERMANY (1) 95 92 113 117 109 132 132 144 138 145 168 158
GREECE 28 34 38 40 41 50 48 52 49 51 58 59
IRELAND 57 76 88 90 84 98 97 101 87 87 94 94
ITALY 69 76 91 94 95 113 116 120 96 93 94 100
NETHERLANDS 103 89 108 109 100 116 113 124 121 119 .. ..
NORWAY .. 98 121 127 123 139 134 139 117 120 136 136
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 58 73 77 82 69 68 74 72
SWEDEN (1) 111 91 109 119 120 140 141 150 104 107 121 133
SWITZERLAND 96 102 124 127 114 138 138 144 138 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 49 53 60 70 67 79 83 83 69 71 77 77
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 64
STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 32 & ISIC 36)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.43 13.59 13.94 14.37 14.77 15.30 15.85 16.27 16.67 16.98 17.29 17.81
CANADA .. 11.74 12.70 14.10 15.47 16.22 17.79 17.90 17.02 16.05 16.49 16.94
MEXICO .. 1.08 1.02 1.19 1.39 1.54 1.79 2.12 2.46 2.52 1.58 1.59
ISRAEL 2.54 4.69 5.90 7.31 7.24 7.89 7.70 8.03 7.99 8.58 9.59 9.86
JAPAN 3.07 9.75 11.24 13.36 13.08 13.26 15.52 17.39 20.45 22.87 25.19 22.21
KOREA .39 1.53 1.87 2.64 3.69 4.38 5.27 5.81 6.28 6.67 7.53 8.01
TAIWAN .44 1.79 2.32 2.92 3.50 3.90 4.24 5.16 5.21 5.42 5.63 5.54
AUSTRIA 4.71 11.28 13.92 14.99 14.87 18.63 19.00 21.31 21.14 22.38 26.24 25.83
BELGIUM 6.61 12.84 15.80 16.26 15.88 19.75 20.38 22.68 22.10 23.51 .. ..
DENMARK 6.34 11.53 15.17 15.81 15.29 18.88 19.00 20.86 19.56 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 4.62 10.27 12.84 14.91 16.21 20.40 19.99 18.56 15.11 16.85 21.62 21.29
FRANCE 4.83 11.02 13.14 13.93 13.51 16.48 16.56 18.44 17.77 18.60 21.15 21.03
GERMANY (1) 6.13 12.46 15.72 16.76 16.15 20.17 20.85 23.35 23.04 24.57 29.00 28.12
GREECE 1.79 4.61 5.27 5.73 6.01 7.58 7.57 8.51 8.13 8.66 10.05 10.53
IRELAND 3.64 10.36 12.29 12.95 12.45 15.04 15.31 16.36 14.52 14.76 16.30 16.79
ITALY 4.46 10.27 12.68 13.53 14.04 17.27 18.33 19.52 15.92 15.82 16.26 17.76
NETHERLANDS 6.61 12.14 15.05 15.62 14.83 17.80 17.98 20.12 20.12 20.26 .. ..
NORWAY .. 13.26 16.82 18.29 18.20 21.32 21.27 22.60 19.45 20.33 23.57 24.24
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 8.53 11.10 12.13 13.41 11.53 11.50 12.75 12.77
SWEDEN (1) 7.12 12.43 15.15 17.08 17.76 21.44 22.32 24.43 17.34 18.20 20.95 23.60
SWITZERLAND 6.17 13.92 17.33 18.25 16.91 21.05 21.86 23.39 23.06 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.18 7.20 8.42 10.07 9.88 12.10 13.14 13.51 11.57 12.11 13.26 13.67
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 65
STONE, CLAY, AND GLASS PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 32 & ISIC 36)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.43 13.59 13.94 14.37 14.77 15.30 15.85 16.27 16.67 16.98 17.29 17.81
CANADA .. 16.32 16.84 17.36 18.31 18.93 20.38 21.64 21.96 21.92 22.65 23.11
MEXICO .. 659 1409 2709 3418 4322 5396 6558 7.65 8.51 10.15 12.05
ISRAEL 1.62 6.98 9.41 11.69 13.87 15.90 17.54 19.74 22.60 25.82 28.87 32.42
JAPAN 910 1642 1625 1713 1807 1922 2089 2205 2272 2337 2367 2416
KOREA 189 1347 1534 1933 2479 3098 3863 4538 5043 5359 5811 6446
TAIWAN 16.65 67.66 73.87 83.47 92.39 104.88 113.40 129.93 137.74 143.48 149.23 152.13
AUSTRIA 81.92 172.15 176.04 185.23 196.89 211.07 222.11 234.17 246.11 255.30 264.47 273.52
BELGIUM 242.59 573.56 590.31 598.02 625.93 660.13 696.83 729.19 764.25 785.98 .. ..
DENMARK 36.35 93.30 103.90 106.60 111.95 116.86 121.66 125.96 126.86 .. .. ..
FINLAND (1) 16.91 52.11 56.54 62.52 69.65 78.14 81.00 83.28 86.51 88.17 94.63 97.82
FRANCE 20.68 76.31 79.00 83.00 86.17 89.78 93.49 97.63 100.69 103.15 105.44 107.59
GERMANY (1) 15.05 27.04 28.27 29.45 30.38 32.61 34.63 36.47 38.14 39.85 41.52 42.32
GREECE 58 645 714 814 976 1202 1380 1622 1863 2100 2328 2535
IRELAND 1.64 7.73 8.26 8.49 8.78 9.07 9.49 9.60 9.92 9.86 10.16 10.49
ITALY 2913 15317 16444 17619 19264 20686 22745 24044 25044 25491 26487 27402
NETHERLANDS 16.68 29.71 30.50 30.89 31.46 32.43 33.66 35.39 37.39 36.85 .. ..
NORWAY .. 98.09 113.36 119.32 125.83 133.34 138.08 140.41 138.07 143.43 149.33 156.59
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1010 1132 1261 1373 1470 1540 1589 1617
SWEDEN (1) 29.51 88.62 96.16 104.84 114.63 126.97 135.05 142.34 135.18 140.39 149.59 158.31
SWITZERLAND 15.93 25.03 25.86 26.72 27.68 29.26 31.40 32.89 34.08 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.43 4.91 5.13 5.66 6.03 6.78 7.44 7.65 7.71 7.91 8.40 8.76
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
FINLAND: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1994 AND 1995.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 66
GLASS AND GLASSWARE MANUFACTURING (US SIC 321-3)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 78 82 91 95 96 101 96 87 81 81 81
MEXICO .. 8 7 9 10 11 12 14 16 16 10 10
JAPAN (1) 56 79 91 110 103 99 111 121 127 139 154 131
KOREA 7 12 16 22 29 31 35 36 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 8 15 18 21 23 25 26 29 29 29 29 28
AUSTRIA 69 79 95 99 94 113 113 123 119 121 140 133
BELGIUM 100 87 104 106 100 118 118 127 119 128 .. ..
DENMARK 91 72 95 98 92 110 106 116 104 .. .. ..
FRANCE 80 78 91 95 90 106 102 109 101 103 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 90 86 107 113 106 128 127 138 130 137 157 147
ITALY 75 74 90 95 98 117 120 124 99 97 99 104
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 59 75 79 85 69 67 74 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 50 51 60 71 68 81 86 83 69 69 77 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 67
GLASS AND GLASSWARE MANUFACTURING (US SIC 321-3)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.86 15.03 15.28 15.44 15.84 16.53 17.15 17.73 18.39 18.80 19.13 19.78
CANADA .. 11.67 12.52 14.01 15.04 15.92 17.38 16.97 16.08 15.17 15.42 16.11
MEXICO .. 1.21 1.13 1.42 1.61 1.76 2.06 2.44 2.98 2.99 1.93 2.00
JAPAN (1) 3.87 11.81 13.93 16.92 16.38 16.38 19.06 21.54 23.29 26.17 29.54 25.90
KOREA .46 1.74 2.37 3.45 4.61 5.13 5.97 6.33 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .54 2.19 2.75 3.31 3.71 4.13 4.45 5.10 5.26 5.43 5.54 5.63
AUSTRIA 4.71 11.87 14.46 15.30 14.93 18.76 19.30 21.82 21.81 22.77 26.87 26.25
BELGIUM 6.88 13.10 15.85 16.40 15.86 19.45 20.19 22.59 21.92 24.12 .. ..
DENMARK 6.27 10.84 14.59 15.16 14.63 18.16 18.11 20.51 19.21 .. .. ..
FRANCE 5.47 11.68 13.95 14.73 14.27 17.45 17.43 19.30 18.62 19.45 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 6.15 12.96 16.41 17.48 16.78 21.22 21.72 24.50 23.91 25.71 30.12 29.01
ITALY 5.12 11.07 13.69 14.74 15.60 19.34 20.62 21.97 18.21 18.27 18.98 20.63
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 9.40 12.45 13.59 15.04 12.72 12.58 14.14 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.42 7.68 9.12 11.03 10.85 13.34 14.69 14.72 12.76 12.94 14.71 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 68
GLASS AND GLASSWARE MANUFACTURING (US SIC 321-3)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.86 15.03 15.28 15.44 15.84 16.53 17.15 17.73 18.39 18.80 19.13 19.78
CANADA .. 16.22 16.60 17.25 17.81 18.58 19.92 20.51 20.74 20.73 21.17 21.97
MEXICO .. 739 1562 3221 3968 4958 6220 7565 9.30 10.08 12.37 15.20
JAPAN (1) 1149 1989 2014 2169 2262 2375 2565 2732 2588 2674 2775 2818
KOREA 225 1536 1950 2524 3097 3633 4380 4943 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 20.40 82.80 87.40 94.63 98.09 111.10 118.96 128.26 138.91 143.66 146.73 154.55
AUSTRIA 81.89 181.13 182.94 189.15 197.71 212.50 225.62 239.76 253.91 259.84 270.84 277.94
BELGIUM 252.50 585.19 592.07 603.24 625.06 650.00 690.64 726.20 757.99 806.31 .. ..
DENMARK 35.96 87.77 99.88 102.23 107.12 112.41 115.96 123.83 124.62 .. .. ..
FRANCE 23.44 80.93 83.85 87.80 91.07 95.03 98.44 102.19 105.55 107.87 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 15.11 28.13 29.50 30.71 31.57 34.32 36.08 38.26 39.58 41.70 43.13 43.66
ITALY 3341 16507 17758 19187 21403 23167 25586 27069 28652 29431 30910 31835
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1113 1270 1414 1540 1622 1685 1762 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.54 5.23 5.56 6.19 6.63 7.48 8.31 8.33 8.50 8.45 9.32 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 69
POTTERY AND RELATED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 326)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
MEXICO .. 6 6 7 8 9 11 13 13 15 .. ..
JAPAN (1) 46 76 86 92 89 87 99 106 125 135 150 132
KOREA 5 8 10 13 17 20 25 27 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 6 12 15 19 23 24 26 31 30 32 35 33
AUSTRIA (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
BELGIUM 111 95 116 113 108 130 130 142 138 141 .. ..
DENMARK 119 93 123 123 115 138 137 148 137 .. .. ..
FRANCE 77 82 96 96 93 111 111 124 118 120 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 113 98 123 124 117 139 139 153 149 152 180 174
ITALY 90 85 103 105 106 126 131 137 111 106 108 117
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 64 79 84 92 75 72 82 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 53 52 62 68 63 78 84 85 73 75 82 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING STONE PRODUCTS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 70
POTTERY AND RELATED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 326)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 5.35 12.13 12.26 12.88 13.16 13.63 13.94 14.24 14.38 14.87 14.97 15.11
MEXICO .. .76 .79 .96 1.09 1.24 1.53 1.82 1.91 2.20 .. ..
JAPAN (1) 2.46 9.17 10.56 11.89 11.73 11.84 13.76 15.13 17.92 20.08 22.42 19.96
KOREA .29 .97 1.23 1.69 2.24 2.78 3.48 3.88 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .34 1.41 1.86 2.40 3.00 3.33 3.62 4.36 4.38 4.82 5.29 4.95
AUSTRIA (1) 4.71 11.17 13.90 15.00 14.90 18.59 18.94 21.23 20.90 22.23 26.00 25.66
BELGIUM 5.96 11.48 14.21 14.52 14.20 17.74 18.08 20.27 19.91 21.04 .. ..
DENMARK 6.35 11.34 15.07 15.87 15.17 18.84 19.09 21.11 19.71 .. .. ..
FRANCE 4.13 9.89 11.73 12.39 12.23 15.14 15.50 17.59 16.93 17.87 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 6.06 11.91 15.03 15.99 15.41 18.97 19.43 21.72 21.48 22.64 26.91 26.29
ITALY 4.82 10.27 12.63 13.52 13.96 17.18 18.21 19.48 15.92 15.71 16.21 17.65
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 8.41 10.80 11.74 13.10 10.78 10.77 12.26 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 2.84 6.26 7.55 8.76 8.35 10.58 11.66 12.10 10.44 11.09 12.26 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING STONE PRODUCTS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 71
POTTERY AND RELATED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 326)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 5.35 12.13 12.26 12.88 13.16 13.63 13.94 14.24 14.38 14.87 14.97 15.11
MEXICO .. 466 1090 2176 2681 3479 4629 5619 5.96 7.43 .. ..
JAPAN (1) 731 1545 1527 1525 1620 1717 1853 1919 1991 2052 2106 2172
KOREA 140 853 1009 1235 1504 1969 2550 3032 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 12.74 53.48 59.22 68.50 79.12 89.72 96.88 109.68 115.77 127.50 140.08 136.08
AUSTRIA (1) 81.95 170.38 175.81 185.44 197.29 210.68 221.41 233.33 243.25 253.60 262.07 271.72
BELGIUM 218.85 512.81 530.73 534.15 559.75 592.91 618.21 651.70 688.44 703.38 .. ..
DENMARK 36.42 91.79 103.21 106.96 111.09 116.63 122.22 127.41 127.82 .. .. ..
FRANCE 17.69 68.52 70.51 73.84 78.02 82.47 87.53 93.14 95.95 99.08 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 14.89 25.85 27.02 28.10 28.99 30.68 32.28 33.92 35.55 36.72 38.54 39.56
ITALY 3147 15312 16387 17602 19148 20578 22594 24000 25040 25303 26409 27236
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 996 1102 1221 1341 1375 1442 1528 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.28 4.27 4.60 4.92 5.10 5.93 6.60 6.85 6.95 7.24 7.77 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING STONE PRODUCTS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 72
PRIMARY METAL MANUFACTURING (US SIC 33 & ISIC 37)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 82 88 96 105 107 110 107 101 94 93 96
MEXICO .. 9 9 10 13 13 13 16 16 17 10 10
AUSTRALIA 71 56 61 71 78 77 77 70 65 75 .. ..
ISRAEL 30 32 36 40 38 39 37 35 34 35 41 41
JAPAN 51 76 88 100 99 97 103 110 124 132 140 121
KOREA 6 11 14 18 26 28 34 34 35 36 40 45
TAIWAN 7 13 17 22 28 29 32 33 32 33 34 33
AUSTRIA 65 74 94 95 91 108 104 112 107 111 129 126
BELGIUM 90 84 102 103 100 120 118 127 120 127 .. ..
DENMARK 75 60 78 79 74 88 85 90 83 .. .. ..
FINLAND 58 71 88 91 97 123 124 102 85 96 124 122
FRANCE 61 67 79 81 78 92 88 94 87 90 100 99
GERMANY (1) 80 83 103 106 103 121 118 128 122 127 151 147
GREECE 30 37 40 44 47 56 54 56 51 52 60 62
IRELAND (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
ITALY 62 69 85 87 89 103 104 104 82 80 81 88
NETHERLANDS 89 77 97 100 93 109 107 114 109 107 .. ..
NORWAY .. 79 96 104 101 116 112 115 97 100 113 118
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 62 75 78 85 70 68 75 75
SWEDEN (1) 93 77 92 98 101 116 113 117 83 86 99 114
UNITED KINGDOM 42 47 56 63 61 70 72 72 60 61 64 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: EXCLUDING FOUNDRIES.
SPAIN: EXCLUDING FOUNDRIES.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 73
PRIMARY METAL MANUFACTURING (US SIC 33 & ISIC 37)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 8.80 17.83 18.10 18.74 18.92 19.72 20.73 21.54 22.29 22.83 23.30 23.38
CANADA .. 14.57 15.94 17.95 19.78 21.09 22.84 23.05 22.59 21.35 21.62 22.43
MEXICO .. 1.61 1.60 1.89 2.45 2.63 2.76 3.44 3.66 3.79 2.31 2.35
AUSTRALIA 6.28 10.00 11.11 13.24 14.69 15.27 15.98 15.18 14.48 17.16 .. ..
ISRAEL 2.65 5.75 6.44 7.56 7.20 7.71 7.76 7.63 7.69 7.99 9.45 9.52
JAPAN 4.48 13.51 15.86 18.76 18.73 19.04 21.35 23.68 27.53 30.18 32.65 28.24
KOREA .49 1.95 2.46 3.40 4.90 5.52 7.03 7.39 7.88 8.22 9.43 10.61
TAIWAN .58 2.28 3.06 4.11 5.24 5.81 6.58 7.15 7.16 7.54 7.92 7.74
AUSTRIA 5.68 13.12 17.08 17.79 17.29 21.24 21.59 24.03 23.95 25.32 30.06 29.38
BELGIUM 7.93 15.05 18.44 19.28 18.83 23.71 24.48 27.35 26.83 28.95 .. ..
DENMARK 6.64 10.68 14.13 14.78 14.05 17.36 17.66 19.37 18.58 .. .. ..
FINLAND 5.13 12.73 15.98 17.00 18.44 24.18 25.80 21.96 18.96 22.02 28.99 28.45
FRANCE 5.35 12.00 14.33 15.11 14.82 18.09 18.25 20.28 19.44 20.47 23.25 23.11
GERMANY (1) 7.01 14.71 18.57 19.93 19.53 23.80 24.47 27.48 27.23 29.08 35.11 34.41
GREECE 2.66 6.59 7.19 8.33 8.91 10.96 11.10 12.15 11.37 11.77 13.96 14.41
IRELAND (1) 3.36 9.19 10.80 11.52 11.34 14.03 14.56 16.12 14.99 14.59 15.31 16.12
ITALY 5.49 12.25 15.30 16.38 16.78 20.34 21.52 22.44 18.26 18.29 18.94 20.69
NETHERLANDS 7.83 13.81 17.61 18.72 17.61 21.58 22.12 24.63 24.22 24.39 .. ..
NORWAY .. 14.02 17.32 19.41 19.18 22.85 23.28 24.84 21.70 22.94 26.34 27.51
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 11.79 14.80 16.24 18.26 15.62 15.54 17.36 17.53
SWEDEN (1) 8.16 13.72 16.62 18.42 19.20 22.79 23.42 25.25 18.42 19.63 23.06 26.64
UNITED KINGDOM 3.70 8.41 10.06 11.79 11.60 13.74 14.83 15.56 13.31 13.87 14.81 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: EXCLUDING FOUNDRIES.
SPAIN: EXCLUDING FOUNDRIES.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 74
PRIMARY METAL MANUFACTURING (US SIC 33 & ISIC 37)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 8.80 17.83 18.10 18.74 18.92 19.72 20.73 21.54 22.29 22.83 23.30 23.38
CANADA .. 20.25 21.14 22.09 23.42 24.61 26.17 27.87 29.14 29.17 29.68 30.60
MEXICO .. 987 2201 4301 6028 7397 8322 10660 11.40 12.78 14.80 17.86
AUSTRALIA 4.80 14.90 15.84 16.88 18.56 19.56 20.52 20.64 21.30 23.46 .. ..
ISRAEL 1.70 8.55 10.27 12.08 13.79 15.55 17.68 18.77 21.77 24.07 28.46 31.29
JAPAN 1329 2276 2293 2405 2587 2761 2874 3002 3059 3084 3068 3073
KOREA 238 1719 2028 2485 3292 3910 5156 5770 6324 6605 7276 8532
TAIWAN 22.17 86.12 97.53 117.65 138.45 156.46 176.09 180.01 189.20 199.69 209.77 212.50
AUSTRIA 98.83 200.29 216.01 219.89 228.93 240.70 252.38 264.06 278.83 288.90 302.97 311.16
BELGIUM 291.07 672.12 688.89 709.23 741.95 792.47 837.18 879.36 927.67 967.93 .. ..
DENMARK 38.09 86.43 96.73 99.66 102.86 107.47 113.09 116.93 120.50 .. .. ..
FINLAND 18.79 64.58 70.39 71.26 79.24 92.60 104.54 98.55 108.52 115.23 126.88 130.74
FRANCE 22.89 83.13 86.17 90.04 94.57 98.53 103.07 107.34 110.15 113.53 115.93 118.23
GERMANY (1) 17.20 31.93 33.40 35.01 36.74 38.48 40.65 42.93 45.06 47.16 50.27 51.79
GREECE 86 923 973 1182 1446 1738 2024 2316 2607 2856 3235 3468
IRELAND (1) 1.51 6.85 7.26 7.55 8.00 8.47 9.02 9.46 10.23 9.74 9.55 10.07
ITALY 3581 18261 19843 21324 23020 24368 26712 27640 28727 29467 30845 31927
NETHERLANDS 19.75 33.80 35.68 37.03 37.37 39.33 41.42 43.32 45.00 44.37 .. ..
NORWAY .. 103.71 116.78 126.64 132.58 142.90 151.14 154.36 154.06 161.86 166.86 177.72
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 1396 1509 1689 1870 1992 2081 2164 2221
SWEDEN (1) 33.78 97.79 105.47 113.05 123.96 135.00 141.75 147.09 143.61 151.44 164.66 178.71
UNITED KINGDOM 1.67 5.73 6.14 6.62 7.08 7.70 8.39 8.81 8.86 9.06 9.38 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: EXCLUDING FOUNDRIES.
SPAIN: EXCLUDING FOUNDRIES.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 75
IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING (US SIC 331)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING (US SIC 331)
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 70 75 79 85 87 90 86 79 73 69 72
JAPAN (1) 51 74 86 96 97 95 98 105 113 120 126 111
KOREA .. 10 12 16 24 26 31 31 .. .. .. ..
AUSTRIA 58 64 82 81 79 95 91 97 91 92 106 107
BELGIUM 79 70 82 82 81 98 96 103 94 97 .. ..
FRANCE 56 58 68 69 68 81 77 81 73 73 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 74 73 89 91 90 105 102 110 102 104 121 120
ITALY 56 57 70 71 73 86 86 85 65 62 61 69
NETHERLANDS 80 67 83 83 79 95 92 98 89 86 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 52 63 65 71 56 53 56 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 38 41 49 54 53 60 59 60 45 47 48 ..
IRON AND STEEL INCLUDING FOUNDRIES (US SIC 331-2)
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 76 82 87 94 95 99 95 89 82 79 82
MEXICO .. 9 9 10 13 14 14 17 17 17 10 10
AUSTRALIA (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
JAPAN 50 73 83 94 95 93 98 106 116 123 128 111
KOREA 5 10 13 17 25 27 33 33 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 6 12 15 20 26 28 30 31 30 30 30 30
SWEDEN 87 71 83 89 93 105 103 105 73 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
AUSTRALIA: PRIMARY METALS.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 76
IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING (US SIC 331)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING (US SIC 331)
UNITED STATES 10.26 21.86 22.53 23.72 23.60 24.28 25.76 26.98 28.92 30.25 31.52 30.71
CANADA .. 15.38 16.98 18.63 20.08 21.22 23.27 23.25 22.83 21.95 21.83 22.15
JAPAN (1) 5.21 16.20 19.41 22.80 22.84 23.11 25.31 28.46 32.56 36.16 39.76 34.16
KOREA .. 2.17 2.71 3.89 5.55 6.30 8.09 8.38 .. .. .. ..
AUSTRIA 5.92 14.04 18.50 19.21 18.64 23.00 23.36 26.12 26.30 27.84 33.26 32.76
BELGIUM 8.06 15.34 18.56 19.48 19.06 23.91 24.76 27.69 27.12 29.30 .. ..
FRANCE 5.74 12.74 15.30 16.31 16.07 19.59 19.78 21.96 21.01 22.11 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 7.55 15.90 20.14 21.58 21.17 25.61 26.35 29.61 29.44 31.43 38.21 36.95
ITALY 5.75 12.55 15.72 16.84 17.23 20.85 22.03 22.94 18.66 18.68 19.36 21.18
NETHERLANDS 8.24 14.56 18.66 19.76 18.69 23.07 23.69 26.31 25.84 26.01 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 12.22 15.26 16.86 19.07 16.23 16.09 17.65 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.88 9.02 10.97 12.87 12.62 14.48 15.29 16.11 13.15 14.30 15.22 ..
IRON AND STEEL INCLUDING FOUNDRIES (US SIC 331-2)
UNITED STATES 9.42 19.70 20.16 20.99 20.99 21.84 23.08 24.04 25.31 26.28 27.03 26.75
CANADA .. 14.99 16.49 18.20 19.70 20.83 22.89 22.92 22.45 21.48 21.36 22.06
MEXICO .. 1.72 1.73 2.00 2.71 3.00 3.12 4.01 4.34 4.52 2.69 2.73
AUSTRALIA (1) 6.28 10.00 11.11 13.24 14.69 15.27 15.98 15.18 14.48 17.16 .. ..
JAPAN 4.71 14.35 16.81 19.80 20.00 20.21 22.65 25.57 29.45 32.26 34.53 29.56
KOREA .49 2.04 2.59 3.63 5.21 5.92 7.59 7.87 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .58 2.29 3.10 4.21 5.42 6.08 6.92 7.43 7.51 7.87 8.24 8.04
SWEDEN 8.21 13.90 16.82 18.68 19.58 23.04 23.80 25.34 18.58 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
AUSTRALIA: PRIMARY METALS.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 77
IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING (US SIC 331)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING (US SIC 331)
UNITED STATES 10.26 21.86 22.53 23.72 23.60 24.28 25.76 26.98 28.92 30.25 31.52 30.71
CANADA .. 21.37 22.51 22.93 23.78 24.77 26.66 28.11 29.45 29.98 29.98 30.21
JAPAN (1) 1546 2728 2806 2924 3154 3351 3407 3609 3617 3696 3736 3716
KOREA .. 1911 2230 2844 3725 4457 5930 6541 .. .. .. ..
AUSTRIA 103.00 214.26 234.04 237.39 246.75 260.64 273.04 287.06 306.12 317.69 335.26 346.93
BELGIUM 295.68 685.00 693.44 716.32 751.01 799.07 846.75 890.18 937.96 979.66 .. ..
FRANCE 24.58 88.22 91.99 97.21 102.50 106.72 111.71 116.25 119.06 122.64 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 18.53 34.50 36.22 37.92 39.83 41.41 43.77 46.25 48.73 50.98 54.72 55.60
ITALY 3753 18709 20384 21924 23633 24976 27340 28262 29346 30093 31538 32681
NETHERLANDS 20.79 35.65 37.80 39.09 39.65 42.03 44.35 46.29 48.01 47.32 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1447 1557 1754 1952 2069 2154 2199 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.74 6.14 6.69 7.23 7.70 8.12 8.65 9.12 8.76 9.33 9.64 ..
IRON AND STEEL INCLUDING FOUNDRIES (US SIC 331-2)
UNITED STATES 9.42 19.70 20.16 20.99 20.99 21.84 23.08 24.04 25.31 26.28 27.03 26.75
CANADA .. 20.84 21.87 22.41 23.33 24.31 26.23 27.71 28.96 29.34 29.32 30.09
MEXICO .. 1054 2382 4541 6660 8427 9428 12403 13.51 15.24 17.27 20.79
AUSTRALIA (1) 4.80 14.90 15.84 16.88 18.56 19.56 20.52 20.64 21.30 23.46 .. ..
JAPAN 1397 2417 2431 2538 2761 2930 3049 3242 3271 3297 3244 3216
KOREA 238 1801 2133 2652 3499 4188 5570 6146 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 21.95 86.81 98.76 120.51 143.12 163.65 185.16 186.99 198.40 208.26 218.45 220.76
SWEDEN 34.02 99.07 106.74 114.65 126.40 136.49 144.04 147.64 144.89 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
AUSTRALIA: PRIMARY METALS.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 78
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 333-5)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 333-5)
UNITED STATES (1) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
BELGIUM 99 90 111 114 107 131 128 139 135 143 .. ..
DENMARK .. 69 94 93 84 98 95 100 92 .. .. ..
FRANCE 65 71 84 86 82 96 92 100 95 99 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 83 84 106 112 107 128 127 141 138 146 174 167
ITALY 64 69 87 92 92 107 108 110 88 87 90 95
NETHERLANDS 91 80 100 105 95 108 105 114 112 112 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 62 75 78 84 72 72 83 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 46 49 57 65 62 74 77 78 66 67 72 ..
NONFERROUS METALS INCLUDING FOUNDRIES (US SIC 333-6)
UNITED STATES (1) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 89 96 110 121 125 127 125 121 112 115 116
MEXICO .. 7 7 9 10 10 11 14 15 15 9 9
JAPAN 52 74 88 104 98 97 104 107 127 139 153 131
KOREA 7 11 14 18 26 28 30 32 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 8 14 18 23 28 28 29 32 31 33 35 34
SWEDEN 105 85 103 110 110 128 123 133 95 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
UNITED STATES: EXCLUDING SECONDARY SMELTING & REFINING (US SIC 334).
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 79
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 333-5)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 333-5)
UNITED STATES (1) 8.00 16.65 16.71 17.11 17.57 18.33 19.21 19.75 19.99 20.19 20.37 21.01
BELGIUM 7.95 15.01 18.62 19.44 18.87 24.00 24.60 27.48 27.04 28.97 .. ..
DENMARK .. 11.53 15.64 15.92 14.69 17.97 18.32 19.82 18.46 .. .. ..
FRANCE 5.18 11.83 14.05 14.66 14.36 17.55 17.66 19.66 18.96 20.02 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 6.65 13.99 17.75 19.09 18.78 23.51 24.44 27.79 27.57 29.50 35.44 35.18
ITALY 5.14 11.56 14.57 15.74 16.17 19.59 20.76 21.64 17.60 17.63 18.26 19.94
NETHERLANDS 7.29 13.31 16.74 18.02 16.68 19.82 20.11 22.59 22.41 22.56 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 10.94 13.83 14.97 16.61 14.37 14.44 17.00 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.70 8.17 9.58 11.13 10.93 13.62 14.87 15.42 13.24 13.61 14.58 ..
NONFERROUS METALS INCLUDING FOUNDRIES (US SIC 333-6)
UNITED STATES (1) 7.44 15.63 15.68 15.99 16.42 17.17 17.99 18.66 18.83 18.95 19.04 19.68
CANADA .. 13.86 15.00 17.51 19.92 21.46 22.76 23.24 22.78 21.18 21.98 22.91
MEXICO .. 1.16 1.10 1.46 1.67 1.76 2.04 2.57 2.78 2.81 1.75 1.82
JAPAN 3.87 11.63 13.78 16.55 16.12 16.62 18.69 20.04 23.87 26.34 29.22 25.81
KOREA .51 1.68 2.19 2.90 4.32 4.83 5.44 5.94 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .62 2.18 2.90 3.69 4.52 4.79 5.30 6.06 5.79 6.32 6.69 6.65
SWEDEN 7.82 13.22 16.10 17.61 18.13 21.92 22.19 24.87 17.92 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
UNITED STATES: EXCLUDING SECONDARY SMELTING & REFINING (US SIC 334).
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 80
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 333-5)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 333-5)
UNITED STATES (1) 8.00 16.65 16.71 17.11 17.57 18.33 19.21 19.75 19.99 20.19 20.37 21.01
BELGIUM 291.66 670.48 695.71 715.11 743.63 801.93 841.48 883.58 934.95 968.35 .. ..
DENMARK .. 93.33 107.10 107.34 107.55 111.25 117.34 119.64 119.74 .. .. ..
FRANCE 22.17 81.93 84.46 87.37 91.63 95.61 99.72 104.10 107.46 111.01 .. ..
GERMANY (1) 16.34 30.36 31.92 33.53 35.33 38.02 40.59 43.41 45.62 47.85 50.74 52.94
ITALY 3353 17230 18899 20494 22188 23473 25768 26661 27683 28403 29752 30770
NETHERLANDS 18.39 32.59 33.91 35.64 35.39 36.10 37.64 39.74 41.63 41.04 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1295 1411 1557 1701 1832 1933 2119 ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.67 5.56 5.84 6.25 6.67 7.63 8.42 8.73 8.82 8.88 9.23 ..
NONFERROUS METALS INCLUDING FOUNDRIES (US SIC 333-6)
UNITED STATES (1) 7.44 15.63 15.68 15.99 16.42 17.17 17.99 18.66 18.83 18.95 19.04 19.68
CANADA .. 19.26 19.89 21.56 23.59 25.04 26.09 28.10 29.38 28.94 30.18 31.25
MEXICO .. 711 1512 3326 4107 4956 6160 7951 8.67 9.47 11.26 13.82
JAPAN 1147 1959 1993 2121 2226 2410 2515 2541 2652 2692 2746 2808
KOREA 248 1485 1803 2122 2902 3418 3991 4635 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 23.57 82.54 92.22 105.45 119.34 128.95 141.77 152.43 152.92 167.16 177.17 182.65
SWEDEN 32.39 94.22 102.16 108.08 117.06 129.85 134.28 144.92 139.67 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
UNITED STATES: EXCLUDING SECONDARY SMELTING & REFINING (US SIC 334).
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 81
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY, & EQUIP. (US SIC 34-38 & ISIC 38) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA (1) .. 75 80 92 97 102 105 102 96 91 92 91
MEXICO .. 8 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 13 8 8
JAPAN 44 62 72 86 83 81 89 97 111 121 134 115
KOREA 5 10 11 16 22 25 29 31 32 36 42 46
TAIWAN 6 11 15 18 22 24 25 28 28 29 31 30
AUSTRIA 63 69 88 95 91 110 106 115 111 116 135 127
BELGIUM 93 84 101 106 100 119 118 127 120 126 .. ..
DENMARK 84 69 89 94 88 105 101 109 100 .. .. ..
FINLAND 65 67 83 97 101 122 117 105 86 96 122 116
FRANCE 63 68 80 86 81 96 92 100 93 96 108 104
GERMANY (1) 89 90 113 124 117 139 137 149 145 149 176 175
IRELAND (1) 42 50 56 61 57 67 65 69 61 62 67 67
ITALY 66 69 84 92 93 108 109 111 88 86 88 94
NETHERLANDS 88 74 91 97 89 102 98 106 102 101 .. ..
NORWAY .. 86 108 121 116 129 117 128 110 113 128 127
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 61 74 76 81 69 67 74 75
SWEDEN (1) 97 79 94 107 108 124 125 135 93 96 110 122
UNITED KINGDOM 48 50 59 70 68 79 82 83 69 70 75 76
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: GENERALLY INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE EXCEPT FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, JAPAN & TAIWAN,
WHICH INCLUDE METAL FURNITURE IN FURNITURE & FIXTURES MANUFACTURING (US SIC 25).
CANADA: EXCLUDING INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: INCLUDING FOUNDRY PRODUCTS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 82
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY, & EQUIP. (US SIC 34-38 & ISIC 38) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 7.38 15.56 15.78 15.47 15.93 16.59 17.46 17.97 18.51 18.92 19.09 19.60
CANADA (1) .. 11.63 12.66 14.27 15.52 16.84 18.35 18.38 17.68 17.23 17.59 17.91
MEXICO .. 1.18 1.07 1.27 1.43 1.61 1.89 2.26 2.50 2.52 1.59 1.55
JAPAN 3.25 9.65 11.32 13.29 13.15 13.46 15.48 17.41 20.49 22.88 25.67 22.56
KOREA .36 1.50 1.75 2.43 3.55 4.17 5.10 5.60 6.00 6.88 8.02 8.93
TAIWAN .46 1.76 2.29 2.83 3.57 3.90 4.35 5.07 5.18 5.50 5.87 5.88
AUSTRIA 4.65 10.79 13.89 14.76 14.55 18.18 18.54 20.73 20.60 21.88 25.75 24.94
BELGIUM 6.84 13.02 15.98 16.47 15.97 19.81 20.55 22.88 22.15 23.91 .. ..
DENMARK 6.23 10.72 14.09 14.54 13.99 17.43 17.70 19.61 18.45 .. .. ..
FINLAND 4.83 10.44 13.06 14.93 16.13 20.25 20.37 18.90 15.86 18.17 23.30 22.78
FRANCE 4.67 10.62 12.63 13.27 12.97 15.92 16.08 17.98 17.25 18.12 20.57 20.45
GERMANY (1) 6.56 14.07 17.83 19.20 18.70 23.07 23.95 26.83 26.93 28.27 33.67 34.29
IRELAND (1) 3.08 7.73 8.90 9.49 9.10 11.11 11.34 12.39 11.26 11.70 12.87 13.09
ITALY 4.85 10.70 13.32 14.29 14.75 17.96 19.07 19.96 16.26 16.28 16.83 18.39
NETHERLANDS 6.51 11.54 14.33 15.03 14.17 16.96 17.11 19.03 18.94 19.06 .. ..
NORWAY .. 13.41 17.00 18.67 18.45 21.45 20.46 23.02 20.40 21.31 24.44 24.90
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 9.68 12.34 13.33 14.64 12.80 12.74 14.21 14.69
SWEDEN (1) 7.18 12.22 14.91 16.53 17.19 20.49 21.82 24.17 17.24 18.17 21.09 23.88
UNITED KINGDOM 3.51 7.80 9.24 10.80 10.84 13.12 14.28 14.91 12.85 13.33 14.23 14.85
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: GENERALLY INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE EXCEPT FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, JAPAN & TAIWAN,
WHICH INCLUDE METAL FURNITURE IN FURNITURE & FIXTURES MANUFACTURING (US SIC 25).
CANADA: EXCLUDING INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: INCLUDING FOUNDRY PRODUCTS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 83
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY, & EQUIP. (US SIC 34-38 & ISIC 38) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 7.38 15.56 15.78 15.47 15.93 16.59 17.46 17.97 18.51 18.92 19.09 19.60
CANADA (1) .. 16.16 16.78 17.56 18.37 19.65 21.03 22.23 22.81 23.54 24.16 24.43
MEXICO .. 720 1475 2897 3527 4521 5691 7009 7.79 8.51 10.21 11.77
JAPAN 964 1625 1637 1704 1816 1952 2084 2208 2277 2338 2412 2455
KOREA 176 1322 1438 1774 2386 2955 3738 4369 4818 5528 6184 7181
TAIWAN 17.53 66.56 72.81 80.92 94.39 105.11 116.41 127.44 136.81 145.71 155.52 161.63
AUSTRIA 80.96 164.68 175.69 182.41 192.65 206.03 216.69 227.82 239.75 249.60 259.58 264.11
BELGIUM 251.09 581.59 597.20 605.83 629.24 662.11 702.97 735.69 766.03 799.48 .. ..
DENMARK 35.71 86.77 96.50 97.99 102.41 107.87 113.33 118.41 119.67 .. .. ..
FINLAND 17.71 52.94 57.49 62.60 69.31 77.55 82.52 84.79 90.77 95.12 101.95 104.68
FRANCE 20.00 73.53 75.95 79.09 82.72 86.70 90.83 95.17 97.77 100.50 102.54 104.61
GERMANY (1) 16.11 30.54 32.05 33.73 35.18 37.31 39.78 41.90 44.57 45.85 48.22 51.60
IRELAND (1) 1.39 5.76 5.98 6.22 6.41 6.70 7.02 7.27 7.69 7.82 8.02 8.18
ITALY 3166 15960 17278 18600 20241 21510 23668 24587 25571 26235 27414 28381
NETHERLANDS 16.41 28.25 29.04 29.72 30.07 30.91 32.04 33.48 35.18 34.68 .. ..
NORWAY .. 99.19 114.62 121.83 127.56 134.17 132.80 143.06 144.80 150.37 154.84 160.81
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1146 1258 1386 1499 1631 1706 1770 1862
SWEDEN (1) 29.75 87.12 94.65 101.42 110.97 121.35 132.04 140.84 134.41 140.20 150.63 160.19
UNITED KINGDOM 1.58 5.31 5.64 6.07 6.61 7.35 8.08 8.44 8.56 8.70 9.01 9.51
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: GENERALLY INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE EXCEPT FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, JAPAN & TAIWAN,
WHICH INCLUDE METAL FURNITURE IN FURNITURE & FIXTURES MANUFACTURING (US SIC 25).
CANADA: EXCLUDING INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: INCLUDING FOUNDRY PRODUCTS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 84
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 34) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 78 85 93 99 103 106 104 94 88 92 92
MEXICO .. 7 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 9 8
HONG KONG SAR (1) 11 13 14 16 18 17 20 24 26 25 26 26
ISRAEL 35 41 48 57 58 63 60 60 57 58 67 67
JAPAN 47 69 79 89 86 84 93 104 120 131 140 117
KOREA 5 11 13 17 23 26 31 34 35 37 43 48
TAIWAN 6 13 18 21 24 25 27 31 30 31 33 31
AUSTRIA (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
BELGIUM 99 95 114 114 107 127 127 137 130 139 .. ..
DENMARK 89 80 103 102 97 115 112 122 112 .. .. ..
FINLAND 69 75 90 101 109 130 125 114 93 104 133 128
FRANCE 67 75 88 90 85 101 97 106 100 103 116 112
GERMANY (1) 92 92 115 120 114 135 133 146 141 147 173 166
GREECE 26 32 37 40 41 48 48 51 47 49 58 59
IRELAND (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
ITALY 70 77 94 98 99 116 118 121 97 95 98 104
NETHERLANDS 97 82 101 103 95 111 107 116 113 112 .. ..
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 60 74 78 83 70 69 77 73
SWEDEN (1) 108 89 106 115 116 135 136 147 103 108 122 134
SWITZERLAND (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
UNITED KINGDOM 47 52 60 68 66 76 78 80 67 69 74 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: GENERALLY INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE EXCEPT FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, JAPAN & TAIWAN,
WHICH INCLUDE METAL FURNITURE IN FURNITURE & FIXTURES MANUFACTURING (US SIC 25).
HONG KONG: HARDWARE, METAL WRISTWATCH BANDS, & METAL PRODUCTS NEC.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING INSTRUMENTS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: INCLUDING FOUNDRY PRODUCTS.
SPAIN: INCLUDING FOUNDRY PRODUCTS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 85
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 34) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.60 13.51 13.77 14.17 14.59 15.10 15.76 16.13 16.49 16.70 16.85 17.36
CANADA .. 10.57 11.70 13.17 14.49 15.55 16.69 16.70 15.42 14.75 15.55 15.91
MEXICO .. .92 .88 1.04 1.23 1.35 1.54 1.89 2.15 2.32 1.48 1.41
HONG KONG SAR (1) .75 1.78 1.95 2.24 2.61 2.64 3.08 3.81 4.27 4.11 4.33 4.49
ISRAEL 2.32 5.48 6.60 8.05 8.44 9.58 9.45 9.61 9.46 9.70 11.27 11.68
JAPAN 3.08 9.35 10.90 12.65 12.52 12.65 14.62 16.81 19.85 21.85 23.55 20.38
KOREA .34 1.44 1.76 2.35 3.39 3.99 4.94 5.45 5.80 6.25 7.28 8.38
TAIWAN .42 1.81 2.44 2.94 3.56 3.80 4.23 4.94 4.90 5.23 5.51 5.41
AUSTRIA (1) 4.48 9.93 12.69 13.52 13.32 16.79 17.05 19.00 18.60 19.70 23.33 22.70
BELGIUM 6.53 12.81 15.72 16.09 15.60 19.18 20.00 22.16 21.42 23.14 .. ..
DENMARK 5.88 10.77 14.23 14.51 14.08 17.35 17.68 19.68 18.39 .. .. ..
FINLAND 4.56 10.13 12.37 14.38 15.84 19.59 19.76 18.44 15.26 17.45 22.44 22.19
FRANCE 4.41 10.11 12.13 12.71 12.40 15.19 15.36 17.12 16.46 17.26 19.59 19.48
GERMANY (1) 6.10 12.48 15.79 17.02 16.58 20.34 21.01 23.48 23.33 24.61 29.21 28.79
GREECE 1.73 4.38 5.03 5.66 6.01 7.23 7.63 8.28 7.75 8.24 9.72 10.25
IRELAND (1) 2.85 7.51 8.58 9.27 8.87 10.70 10.82 11.75 10.62 11.30 12.35 12.37
ITALY 4.60 10.44 12.99 13.90 14.39 17.54 18.65 19.54 15.93 15.93 16.47 17.98
NETHERLANDS 6.37 11.08 13.88 14.63 13.84 16.80 16.88 18.76 18.64 18.77 .. ..
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 8.81 11.21 12.24 13.36 11.48 11.55 12.94 12.62
SWEDEN (1) 7.11 12.00 14.60 16.23 16.94 20.31 21.48 23.69 16.95 17.97 20.64 23.21
SWITZERLAND (1) 6.53 14.10 17.50 18.41 17.11 21.29 22.10 23.63 23.05 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.12 6.97 8.30 9.68 9.64 11.46 12.36 12.88 11.01 11.55 12.43 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: GENERALLY INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE EXCEPT FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, JAPAN & TAIWAN,
WHICH INCLUDE METAL FURNITURE IN FURNITURE & FIXTURES MANUFACTURING (US SIC 25).
HONG KONG: HARDWARE, METAL WRISTWATCH BANDS, & METAL PRODUCTS NEC.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING INSTRUMENTS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: INCLUDING FOUNDRY PRODUCTS.
SPAIN: INCLUDING FOUNDRY PRODUCTS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 86
FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 34) (1)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.60 13.51 13.77 14.17 14.59 15.10 15.76 16.13 16.49 16.70 16.85 17.36
CANADA .. 14.69 15.51 16.22 17.15 18.15 19.12 20.19 19.89 20.15 21.35 21.70
MEXICO .. 560 1207 2370 3024 3788 4640 5842 6.69 7.82 9.47 10.75
HONG KONG SAR (1) 3.71 13.86 15.24 17.49 20.33 20.57 23.90 29.52 33.05 31.78 33.48 34.75
ISRAEL 1.48 8.15 10.53 12.87 16.17 19.31 21.55 23.63 26.76 29.21 33.94 38.40
JAPAN 913 1575 1577 1622 1729 1834 1967 2131 2206 2233 2213 2217
KOREA 165 1272 1448 1719 2275 2826 3622 4253 4656 5020 5616 6746
TAIWAN 16.07 68.65 77.75 84.04 94.08 102.25 113.22 124.34 129.57 138.40 146.08 148.71
AUSTRIA (1) 77.94 151.47 160.50 167.09 176.34 190.19 199.27 208.85 216.54 224.83 235.19 240.34
BELGIUM 239.57 571.88 587.24 591.72 614.93 641.01 684.16 712.57 740.76 773.44 .. ..
DENMARK 33.71 87.17 97.47 97.80 103.08 107.37 113.22 118.79 119.28 .. .. ..
FINLAND 16.72 51.38 54.47 60.28 68.06 75.02 80.05 82.75 87.36 91.31 98.19 101.96
FRANCE 18.87 69.99 72.90 75.76 79.12 82.75 86.76 90.62 93.30 95.71 97.70 99.64
GERMANY (1) 14.98 27.09 28.39 29.90 31.19 32.89 34.89 36.67 38.62 39.92 41.83 43.33
GREECE 56 613 681 803 975 1146 1391 1578 1777 2000 2253 2467
IRELAND (1) 1.28 5.60 5.77 6.08 6.26 6.45 6.71 6.89 7.25 7.55 7.70 7.73
ITALY 3001 15572 16853 18100 19747 21016 23140 24074 25051 25669 26827 27743
NETHERLANDS 16.08 27.12 28.13 28.93 29.36 30.60 31.60 32.99 34.63 34.14 .. ..
SPAIN (1) .. .. .. .. 1043 1144 1273 1368 1463 1546 1612 1599
SWEDEN (1) 29.43 85.50 92.65 99.60 109.34 120.28 129.97 138.05 132.13 138.67 147.40 155.68
SWITZERLAND (1) 16.84 25.35 26.10 26.95 28.02 29.59 31.73 33.23 34.07 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.41 4.75 5.06 5.43 5.88 6.42 6.99 7.29 7.33 7.54 7.88 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES: GENERALLY INCLUDES METAL FURNITURE EXCEPT FOR THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, JAPAN & TAIWAN,
WHICH INCLUDE METAL FURNITURE IN FURNITURE & FIXTURES MANUFACTURING (US SIC 25).
HONG KONG: HARDWARE, METAL WRISTWATCH BANDS, & METAL PRODUCTS NEC.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING INSTRUMENTS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
IRELAND: INCLUDING FOUNDRY PRODUCTS.
SPAIN: INCLUDING FOUNDRY PRODUCTS.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 87
INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (US SIC 35)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 78 85 93 97 103 107 105 96 92 93 95
MEXICO .. 7 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 16 10 9
ISRAEL 35 41 49 59 57 62 61 63 59 64 71 67
JAPAN 49 74 85 98 94 92 103 110 123 134 149 126
KOREA 5 11 13 17 25 28 32 34 34 38 43 44
TAIWAN 7 14 17 21 25 26 27 31 30 32 34 33
AUSTRIA (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
BELGIUM 98 91 111 113 106 127 126 136 128 136 .. ..
DENMARK 88 74 95 96 90 108 105 113 104 .. .. ..
FINLAND 72 74 95 106 111 134 128 118 94 110 139 133
FRANCE 68 74 87 89 85 100 97 106 98 102 114 111
GERMANY (1) 96 96 120 126 119 141 140 152 147 153 181 177
GREECE 24 28 31 35 37 44 44 46 43 46 52 52
IRELAND 40 54 62 64 60 71 69 73 65 66 73 73
ITALY 69 75 92 96 97 113 116 118 93 92 94 100
NETHERLANDS 93 79 97 98 90 104 101 109 107 106 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 60 74 76 82 71 71 80 80
SWEDEN (1) 101 84 102 110 111 128 131 141 98 101 114 126
SWITZERLAND (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
UNITED KINGDOM 49 55 64 73 72 83 86 87 74 75 79 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING SHIPBUILDING, SOME RAILROAD EQUIP & METAL PRODS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 88
INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (US SIC 35)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 7.02 14.44 14.66 14.98 15.45 16.07 16.73 17.20 17.71 17.93 18.15 18.63
CANADA .. 11.25 12.45 13.93 15.05 16.51 17.93 18.10 17.03 16.42 16.90 17.70
MEXICO .. 1.08 1.00 1.20 1.43 1.53 1.90 2.30 2.69 2.80 1.82 1.75
ISRAEL 2.45 5.93 7.24 8.88 8.75 9.97 10.23 10.78 10.42 11.47 12.85 12.56
JAPAN 3.46 10.64 12.45 14.63 14.52 14.80 17.20 18.94 21.81 23.97 27.11 23.47
KOREA .36 1.59 1.87 2.62 3.86 4.45 5.42 5.86 6.10 6.82 7.86 8.26
TAIWAN .52 2.03 2.56 3.13 3.83 4.22 4.55 5.40 5.38 5.67 6.20 6.13
AUSTRIA (1) 5.08 11.47 14.77 15.53 15.35 19.49 19.91 22.18 21.77 23.13 27.37 26.14
BELGIUM 6.89 13.17 16.20 16.96 16.42 20.44 21.04 23.39 22.61 24.47 .. ..
DENMARK 6.16 10.71 13.88 14.44 13.89 17.38 17.57 19.47 18.47 .. .. ..
FINLAND 5.07 10.68 13.90 15.85 17.19 21.56 21.43 20.36 16.73 19.75 25.19 24.82
FRANCE 4.78 10.67 12.78 13.39 13.09 16.08 16.23 18.17 17.43 18.30 20.74 20.62
GERMANY (1) 6.74 13.89 17.56 18.92 18.45 22.69 23.43 26.18 26.00 27.40 32.94 33.01
GREECE 1.71 4.06 4.61 5.31 5.64 7.09 7.37 7.96 7.64 8.23 9.48 9.68
IRELAND 2.81 7.81 9.08 9.57 9.32 11.41 11.57 12.59 11.47 11.76 13.22 13.60
ITALY 4.85 10.79 13.44 14.41 14.94 18.20 19.39 20.30 16.54 16.55 17.11 18.66
NETHERLANDS 6.52 11.45 14.15 14.64 13.95 16.74 16.82 18.75 18.89 19.02 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 9.34 11.91 12.74 14.19 12.57 12.77 14.55 14.92
SWEDEN (1) 7.07 12.13 14.90 16.52 17.20 20.55 21.92 24.21 17.35 18.13 20.71 23.48
SWITZERLAND (1) 6.53 14.10 17.50 18.41 17.11 21.29 22.10 23.63 23.05 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.46 7.87 9.31 11.01 11.14 13.34 14.47 15.03 13.03 13.42 14.39 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING SHIPBUILDING, SOME RAILROAD EQUIP & METAL PRODS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 89
INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (US SIC 35)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 7.02 14.44 14.66 14.98 15.45 16.07 16.73 17.20 17.71 17.93 18.15 18.63
CANADA .. 15.63 16.51 17.15 17.82 19.27 20.54 21.88 21.97 22.42 23.21 24.14
MEXICO .. 662 1383 2729 3521 4311 5730 7111 8.38 9.45 11.67 13.32
ISRAEL 1.57 8.82 11.54 14.19 16.76 20.09 23.31 26.52 29.50 34.54 38.69 41.31
JAPAN 1026 1793 1801 1876 2005 2146 2315 2401 2423 2450 2547 2553
KOREA 173 1400 1539 1917 2589 3150 3975 4577 4896 5479 6065 6646
TAIWAN 19.88 76.95 81.45 89.44 101.26 113.56 121.73 135.87 142.05 150.20 164.22 168.45
AUSTRIA (1) 88.32 175.05 186.82 192.00 203.25 220.82 232.80 243.75 253.45 263.90 275.93 276.78
BELGIUM 252.96 587.98 605.15 623.81 646.96 683.26 719.53 751.94 781.82 818.17 .. ..
DENMARK 35.34 86.71 95.07 97.33 101.71 107.57 112.54 117.55 119.82 .. .. ..
FINLAND 18.59 54.15 61.23 66.47 73.84 82.56 86.82 91.33 95.77 103.35 110.25 114.06
FRANCE 20.46 73.93 76.83 79.80 83.49 87.61 91.65 96.17 98.80 101.47 103.42 105.51
GERMANY (1) 16.54 30.13 31.58 33.24 34.71 36.69 38.92 40.90 43.04 44.45 47.17 49.68
GREECE 55 569 625 753 916 1124 1343 1516 1751 1996 2197 2329
IRELAND 1.27 5.83 6.10 6.27 6.57 6.88 7.17 7.39 7.83 7.86 8.24 8.50
ITALY 3161 16095 17438 18767 20500 21809 24060 25004 26017 26669 27868 28794
NETHERLANDS 16.44 28.02 28.66 28.96 29.60 30.50 31.49 32.98 35.10 34.59 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1106 1215 1325 1453 1603 1709 1813 1891
SWEDEN (1) 29.29 86.46 94.56 101.39 111.04 121.72 132.65 141.07 135.30 139.92 147.92 157.51
SWITZERLAND (1) 16.84 25.35 26.10 26.95 28.02 29.59 31.73 33.23 34.07 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.56 5.36 5.67 6.18 6.80 7.48 8.19 8.51 8.68 8.76 9.11 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRIA: INCLUDING SHIPBUILDING, SOME RAILROAD EQUIP & METAL PRODS.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 90
ELECTRONIC AND OTHER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (US SIC 36)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA 95 101 109 110 109 103 96 93 93
MEXICO 8 9 9 11 12 13 13 8 8
HONG KONG SAR (1) 15 18 19 21 24 28 30 30 33
ISRAEL 75 76 83 83 84 78 80 88 91
JAPAN 84 82 82 90 99 115 128 145 125
KOREA 16 23 24 28 30 32 37 43 46
TAIWAN 19 23 25 26 29 30 32 34 34
AUSTRIA 105 99 122 118 129 129 134 154 147
BELGIUM 119 113 136 134 146 137 145 .. ..
DENMARK 103 97 116 111 119 109 .. .. ..
FINLAND 98 104 129 123 110 87 99 126 121
FRANCE 96 91 108 103 112 105 108 121 117
GERMANY (1) 127 121 146 145 159 157 163 192 187
GREECE 39 40 49 49 53 50 52 60 61
IRELAND 64 60 71 69 73 65 67 72 71
ITALY 104 105 124 126 129 102 101 103 109
NETHERLANDS 112 101 117 114 123 120 118 .. ..
SPAIN .. 67 82 84 89 76 73 81 81
SWEDEN (1) 119 120 137 140 154 107 -- -- --
SWITZERLAND (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
UNITED KINGDOM 73 71 83 84 88 73 74 78 77
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: INCLUDING PRECISION INSTRUMENTS BEGINNING 1994.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 91
ELECTRONIC AND OTHER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (US SIC 36)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES .. .. .. 13.51 13.85 14.31 15.05 15.50 15.89 16.19 16.35 16.86
CANADA .. 10.75 11.61 12.87 14.02 15.55 16.55 16.88 16.32 15.54 15.28 15.66
MEXICO .. .98 .94 1.10 1.24 1.34 1.62 1.90 2.11 2.05 1.33 1.34
HONG KONG SAR (1) .64 1.67 1.89 2.08 2.55 2.78 3.12 3.65 4.49 4.92 4.93 5.49
ISRAEL 2.25 7.08 8.46 10.20 10.52 11.90 12.48 12.97 12.46 12.92 14.46 15.40
JAPAN 2.83 8.15 9.71 11.38 11.38 11.80 13.52 15.39 18.23 20.70 23.63 21.09
KOREA .34 1.31 1.55 2.11 3.12 3.50 4.21 4.60 5.11 5.91 6.99 7.70
TAIWAN .43 1.55 2.03 2.51 3.21 3.51 3.91 4.51 4.75 5.18 5.55 5.70
AUSTRIA 4.19 10.35 13.36 14.20 13.69 17.46 17.78 20.06 20.51 21.68 25.20 24.78
BELGIUM 6.69 12.68 15.57 16.08 15.63 19.50 20.19 22.63 21.76 23.50 .. ..
DENMARK 5.93 10.28 13.61 13.94 13.37 16.60 16.75 18.40 17.38 .. .. ..
FINLAND 4.15 9.06 11.46 13.24 14.37 18.50 18.52 17.11 13.87 16.08 20.56 20.39
FRANCE 4.31 10.26 12.23 12.93 12.61 15.42 15.48 17.41 16.75 17.53 19.81 19.66
GERMANY (1) 5.88 12.56 15.94 17.20 16.82 20.85 21.82 24.58 24.96 26.43 31.41 31.55
GREECE 1.65 3.96 4.53 5.23 5.59 6.95 7.39 8.25 7.92 8.44 9.75 10.27
IRELAND 2.60 7.12 8.07 8.62 8.32 10.11 10.41 11.27 10.34 10.77 11.72 11.94
ITALY 4.74 10.36 13.00 13.99 14.53 17.79 18.99 19.95 16.25 16.29 16.83 18.39
NETHERLANDS 6.31 11.58 14.36 15.11 14.00 16.71 17.16 19.06 19.03 19.16 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 9.33 11.76 12.66 13.87 12.03 11.85 13.18 13.68
SWEDEN (1) 6.84 11.97 14.55 16.02 16.57 19.59 21.12 23.90 16.95 17.70 20.51 23.36
SWITZERLAND (1) 6.53 14.10 17.50 18.41 17.11 21.29 22.10 23.63 23.05 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.18 7.14 8.39 9.84 9.78 11.88 12.62 13.59 11.63 12.04 12.69 13.00
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: INCLUDING PRECISION INSTRUMENTS BEGINNING 1994.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 92
ELECTRONIC AND OTHER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (US SIC 36)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES .. .. .. 13.51 13.85 14.31 15.05 15.50 15.89 16.19 16.35 16.86
CANADA .. 14.94 15.39 15.84 16.60 18.15 18.97 20.41 21.05 21.23 20.98 21.36
MEXICO .. 600 1292 2496 3057 3758 4883 5876 6.58 6.90 8.54 10.15
HONG KONG SAR (1) 3.16 13.01 14.71 16.23 19.90 21.66 24.21 28.21 34.72 38.00 38.14 42.47
ISRAEL 1.44 10.53 13.49 16.32 20.16 23.98 28.44 31.89 35.27 38.89 43.55 50.63
JAPAN 838 1372 1403 1459 1571 1711 1819 1951 2025 2115 2220 2294
KOREA 162 1154 1279 1547 2093 2480 3084 3588 4102 4746 5394 6198
TAIWAN 16.45 58.51 64.50 71.90 84.71 94.49 104.54 113.43 125.55 137.20 147.08 156.44
AUSTRIA 72.84 158.01 169.03 175.53 181.26 197.78 207.86 220.48 238.70 247.39 254.00 262.46
BELGIUM 245.50 566.40 581.82 591.28 615.81 651.65 690.49 727.62 752.57 785.58 .. ..
DENMARK 34.03 83.21 93.23 93.99 97.86 102.73 107.28 111.06 112.70 .. .. ..
FINLAND 15.22 45.96 50.47 55.52 61.75 70.84 75.03 76.79 79.39 84.18 89.99 93.70
FRANCE 18.44 71.04 73.53 77.05 80.48 84.01 87.44 92.18 94.95 97.24 98.79 100.57
GERMANY (1) 14.42 27.25 28.66 30.22 31.65 33.72 36.25 38.40 41.30 42.87 44.99 47.48
GREECE 53 554 614 742 909 1102 1348 1572 1817 2048 2259 2473
IRELAND 1.17 5.31 5.43 5.65 5.86 6.10 6.45 6.61 7.06 7.20 7.31 7.46
ITALY 3095 15447 16857 18214 19936 21314 23568 24583 25568 26239 27418 28374
NETHERLANDS 15.92 28.34 29.08 29.88 29.70 30.45 32.13 33.53 35.37 34.86 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1105 1200 1317 1421 1533 1587 1642 1733
SWEDEN (1) 28.35 85.32 92.36 98.33 106.95 116.01 127.79 139.24 132.16 136.57 146.46 156.67
SWITZERLAND (1) 16.84 25.35 26.10 26.95 28.02 29.59 31.73 33.23 34.07 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.43 4.87 5.12 5.52 5.97 6.66 7.14 7.69 7.75 7.86 8.04 8.33
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: INCLUDING PRECISION INSTRUMENTS BEGINNING 1994.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 93
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 365-367)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 365-367)
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
HONG KONG SAR (1) 16 19 20 21 24 29 32 32 35
JAPAN (1) 81 80 81 87 97 112 126 144 124
KOREA 16 23 25 28 30 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN (1) 18 22 24 25 28 29 31 33 33
SPAIN .. 75 91 92 98 82 79 89 85
HOUSEHOLD AUDIO AND VIDEO EQUIPMENT (US SIC 365)
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
JAPAN (1) 47 56 68 81 82 83 87 97 117 129 155 145
KOREA 5 9 11 15 23 25 28 29 .. .. .. ..
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES (US SIC 367)
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
JAPAN (1) 49 65 76 86 84 82 89 97 110 126 144 121
KOREA .. 11 13 17 25 27 31 32 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .. 13 16 20 24 25 26 29 30 33 36 35
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: INCLUDING ELECTRONIC OFFICE EQUIPMENT & COMPUTERS.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991. FOR HOUSEHOLD AUDIO
AND VIDEO EQUIP (US SIC 365), INCLUDES COMMUNICATION (TRANS-
MITTING) EQUIPMENT (US SIC 366).
TAIWAN: INCLUDING ELECTRONIC OFFICE EQUIPMENT & COMPUTERS.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 94
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 365-367)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 365-367)
UNITED STATES .. .. .. 13.20 13.55 14.04 14.85 15.33 15.80 16.03 15.97 16.48
HONG KONG SAR (1) .62 1.69 1.93 2.09 2.60 2.80 3.13 3.68 4.63 5.11 5.11 5.75
JAPAN (1) 2.55 7.59 9.14 10.74 10.85 11.31 12.95 14.87 17.71 20.13 23.07 20.40
KOREA .. 1.26 1.53 2.09 3.11 3.50 4.20 4.59 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN (1) .42 1.48 1.92 2.34 3.04 3.34 3.71 4.30 4.55 4.92 5.32 5.48
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 10.11 12.73 13.64 14.99 12.88 12.60 14.27 14.00
HOUSEHOLD AUDIO AND VIDEO EQUIPMENT (US SIC 365)
UNITED STATES 5.57 13.39 12.92 13.23 13.41 13.77 14.93 15.61 15.68 16.14 15.19 14.55
JAPAN (1) 2.63 7.44 8.85 10.74 10.93 11.46 13.00 15.15 18.29 20.77 23.57 21.12
KOREA .29 1.19 1.42 2.03 3.07 3.45 4.14 4.52 .. .. .. ..
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES (US SIC 367)
UNITED STATES 5.06 11.75 12.17 12.56 12.93 13.62 14.43 15.08 15.62 15.60 15.79 16.38
JAPAN (1) 2.46 7.67 9.31 10.75 10.82 11.22 12.80 14.57 17.24 19.65 22.66 19.85
KOREA .. 1.28 1.64 2.17 3.28 3.68 4.42 4.83 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .. 1.51 1.99 2.45 3.14 3.45 3.80 4.39 4.72 5.10 5.62 5.81
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: INCLUDING ELECTRONIC OFFICE EQUIPMENT & COMPUTERS.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991. FOR HOUSEHOLD AUDIO
AND VIDEO EQUIP (US SIC 365), INCLUDES COMMUNICATION (TRANS-
MITTING) EQUIPMENT (US SIC 366).
TAIWAN: INCLUDING ELECTRONIC OFFICE EQUIPMENT & COMPUTERS.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 95
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 365-367)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 365-367)
UNITED STATES .. .. .. 13.20 13.55 14.04 14.85 15.33 15.80 16.03 15.97 16.48
HONG KONG SAR (1) 3.06 13.16 15.05 16.31 20.31 21.84 24.29 28.49 35.78 39.51 39.51 44.46
JAPAN (1) 757 1277 1321 1377 1499 1639 1743 1885 1967 2057 2168 2219
KOREA .. 1110 1262 1527 2091 2479 3083 3587 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN (1) 16.06 55.94 61.20 66.85 80.16 89.96 99.24 108.29 120.11 130.35 140.99 150.67
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1197 1299 1419 1535 1642 1687 1778 1774
HOUSEHOLD AUDIO AND VIDEO EQUIPMENT (US SIC 365)
UNITED STATES 5.57 13.39 12.92 13.23 13.41 13.77 14.93 15.61 15.68 16.14 15.19 14.55
JAPAN (1) 779 1253 1280 1377 1509 1662 1750 1922 2032 2122 2214 2298
KOREA 141 1045 1171 1487 2059 2441 3035 3531 .. .. .. ..
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES (US SIC 367)
UNITED STATES 5.06 11.75 12.17 12.56 12.93 13.62 14.43 15.08 15.62 15.60 15.79 16.38
JAPAN (1) 731 1292 1347 1378 1494 1627 1722 1847 1915 2008 2129 2159
KOREA .. 1131 1347 1589 2199 2607 3242 3771 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .. 57.17 63.43 70.02 82.93 92.80 101.67 110.33 124.58 134.92 148.94 159.58
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: INCLUDING ELECTRONIC OFFICE EQUIPMENT & COMPUTERS.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991. FOR HOUSEHOLD AUDIO
AND VIDEO EQUIP (US SIC 365), INCLUDES COMMUNICATION (TRANS-
MITTING) EQUIPMENT (US SIC 366).
TAIWAN: INCLUDING ELECTRONIC OFFICE EQUIPMENT & COMPUTERS.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 96
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 37)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 70 75 83 87 89 92 88 83 79 80 79
MEXICO .. 10 9 10 10 12 12 15 16 16 10 9
AUSTRALIA 67 47 52 59 62 62 59 57 51 56 .. ..
ISRAEL 33 44 55 65 62 65 64 65 61 53 60 62
JAPAN 43 63 73 84 78 75 81 88 100 107 118 101
KOREA 5 11 12 17 24 27 30 32 32 35 42 47
TAIWAN 6 12 15 19 24 26 27 30 29 28 29 28
AUSTRIA (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
BELGIUM 86 74 90 90 84 98 96 103 97 100 .. ..
DENMARK 80 61 81 82 76 90 86 92 83 .. .. ..
FINLAND 61 67 82 88 91 104 99 88 74 80 104 98
FRANCE 60 62 72 73 69 81 76 82 75 76 86 84
GERMANY (1) 87 89 112 117 111 130 127 139 135 143 169 164
GREECE 25 28 31 36 38 45 42 43 38 42 50 51
IRELAND 46 52 60 64 58 69 67 72 61 61 66 67
ITALY 60 60 74 77 76 88 87 87 68 66 68 72
NETHERLANDS 80 64 78 80 74 83 77 83 78 76 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 59 72 72 76 66 62 68 67
SWEDEN (1) 89 69 83 90 90 102 102 108 74 75 89 97
UNITED KINGDOM 47 48 57 63 62 72 75 75 63 63 66 66
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRIA: EXCLUDING SHIPBUILDING & SOME RAILROAD EQUIPMENT.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 97
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 37)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 8.58 18.45 18.58 19.07 19.71 20.78 22.21 23.03 23.95 24.88 24.93 25.48
CANADA .. 12.98 13.95 15.83 17.15 18.42 20.38 20.18 19.79 19.64 19.94 20.06
MEXICO .. 1.86 1.60 1.93 2.03 2.44 2.76 3.45 3.83 3.87 2.40 2.36
AUSTRALIA 5.79 8.71 9.60 11.28 12.15 12.93 13.17 13.14 12.22 13.92 .. ..
ISRAEL 2.83 8.16 10.15 12.37 12.14 13.42 14.29 14.95 14.52 13.29 14.85 15.91
JAPAN 3.65 11.65 13.64 16.05 15.38 15.60 18.07 20.17 24.02 26.52 29.32 25.82
KOREA .46 1.95 2.22 3.23 4.67 5.64 6.72 7.26 7.58 8.74 10.50 12.04
TAIWAN .54 2.27 2.87 3.61 4.66 5.32 5.98 6.80 6.91 7.03 7.31 7.24
AUSTRIA (1) 4.96 11.72 15.17 15.76 15.46 18.88 19.33 21.60 21.32 23.19 27.32 26.46
BELGIUM 7.37 13.61 16.72 17.08 16.49 20.46 21.30 23.69 23.18 24.93 .. ..
DENMARK 6.90 11.34 15.12 15.63 14.92 18.67 19.08 21.19 19.78 .. .. ..
FINLAND 5.23 12.36 15.23 16.81 17.88 21.67 21.98 20.38 17.69 19.91 25.84 24.90
FRANCE 5.12 11.35 13.33 14.00 13.66 16.78 16.90 18.86 18.04 19.00 21.55 21.44
GERMANY (1) 7.49 16.47 20.84 22.35 21.79 27.06 28.20 32.07 32.38 35.52 42.20 41.88
GREECE 2.13 5.15 5.80 6.84 7.44 9.27 9.33 9.85 9.22 10.36 12.48 13.11
IRELAND 3.95 9.60 11.17 12.26 11.52 14.40 14.88 16.55 14.62 15.19 16.51 16.97
ITALY 5.17 11.14 13.83 14.71 15.07 18.23 19.25 20.02 16.32 16.35 16.90 18.47
NETHERLANDS 6.86 11.72 14.51 15.23 14.50 17.18 17.12 19.07 18.73 18.86 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 11.62 14.89 15.99 17.60 15.79 15.40 16.99 17.13
SWEDEN (1) 7.66 12.75 15.46 17.14 17.83 21.15 22.59 24.82 17.61 18.73 22.18 24.83
UNITED KINGDOM 4.03 8.81 10.58 12.07 12.14 14.95 16.55 17.33 14.98 15.56 16.56 16.92
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRIA: EXCLUDING SHIPBUILDING & SOME RAILROAD EQUIPMENT.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 98
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 37)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 8.58 18.45 18.58 19.07 19.71 20.78 22.21 23.03 23.95 24.88 24.93 25.48
CANADA .. 18.04 18.50 19.49 20.30 21.49 23.35 24.40 25.52 26.83 27.38 27.36
MEXICO .. 1140 2199 4390 4985 6854 8317 10684 11.94 13.07 15.44 17.90
AUSTRALIA 4.42 12.98 13.69 14.38 15.34 16.56 16.92 17.87 17.98 19.03 .. ..
ISRAEL 1.81 12.14 16.19 19.78 23.26 27.06 32.56 36.77 41.10 40.03 44.72 52.33
JAPAN 1084 1963 1973 2057 2124 2263 2433 2558 2669 2710 2755 2809
KOREA 225 1723 1825 2366 3135 3993 4929 5665 6088 7024 8096 9689
TAIWAN 20.35 85.85 91.29 103.19 123.02 143.26 159.89 171.17 182.58 186.19 193.75 198.91
AUSTRIA (1) 86.28 178.82 191.92 194.79 204.66 213.95 225.94 237.34 248.19 264.57 275.35 280.26
BELGIUM 270.31 607.73 624.81 628.22 649.83 683.88 728.36 761.57 801.70 833.25 .. ..
DENMARK 39.58 91.80 103.52 105.39 109.21 115.56 122.16 127.93 128.28 .. .. ..
FINLAND 19.18 62.70 67.08 70.49 76.81 83.01 89.07 91.46 101.30 104.20 113.09 114.41
FRANCE 21.94 78.58 80.16 83.40 87.12 91.42 95.44 99.86 102.22 105.40 107.46 109.68
GERMANY (1) 18.38 35.75 37.46 39.27 40.98 43.75 46.84 50.09 53.59 57.62 60.43 63.02
GREECE 69 721 786 970 1209 1469 1701 1877 2114 2513 2891 3154
IRELAND 1.78 7.16 7.51 8.03 8.12 8.69 9.22 9.71 9.98 10.15 10.30 10.61
ITALY 3373 16615 17934 19151 20679 21840 23886 24670 25668 26335 27523 28495
NETHERLANDS 17.32 28.70 29.39 30.12 30.76 31.30 32.05 33.54 34.79 34.30 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1376 1519 1663 1802 2013 2062 2117 2171
SWEDEN (1) 31.71 90.88 98.13 105.22 115.13 125.29 136.71 144.61 137.26 144.53 158.42 166.54
UNITED KINGDOM 1.81 6.00 6.45 6.78 7.41 8.38 9.37 9.81 9.98 10.15 10.49 10.84
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRIA: EXCLUDING SHIPBUILDING & SOME RAILROAD EQUIPMENT.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWEDEN: BREAK IN SERIES AT 1994.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 99
MOTOR VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 371)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 66 71 79 83 85 86 85 81 77 78 77
MEXICO .. 10 8 9 9 11 12 15 16 15 9 9
AUSTRALIA (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
JAPAN (1) 37 59 68 79 73 70 74 81 94 99 110 95
KOREA 4 9 10 15 21 24 27 29 29 33 41 45
TAIWAN 7 11 14 17 19 21 24 27 26 25 27 25
BELGIUM 75 67 82 83 77 91 87 96 90 93 .. ..
DENMARK 61 53 69 70 64 76 72 78 71 .. .. ..
FRANCE 53 55 63 65 62 73 68 74 69 70 80 78
GERMANY (1) 81 83 104 109 103 122 118 132 130 137 163 158
IRELAND 39 42 53 59 52 62 56 61 54 54 61 61
ITALY 54 55 67 70 70 81 80 83 65 63 65 69
NETHERLANDS 70 55 67 69 63 71 66 72 69 67 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 55 67 66 72 63 58 64 62
SWEDEN 78 63 76 82 83 94 93 100 69 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 43 44 52 58 57 66 69 71 59 59 62 61
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRALIA: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT.
JAPAN: INCLUDING MOTORCYCLE MANUFACTURING.
BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 100
MOTOR VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 371)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 9.55 20.09 20.40 20.80 21.39 22.48 24.28 24.70 25.52 26.64 26.55 27.23
CANADA .. 13.32 14.45 16.35 17.84 19.05 21.00 20.89 20.67 20.60 20.74 21.06
MEXICO .. 1.93 1.61 1.96 2.03 2.50 2.90 3.62 3.98 4.05 2.51 2.46
AUSTRALIA (1) 5.79 8.71 9.60 11.28 12.15 12.93 13.17 13.14 12.22 13.92 .. ..
JAPAN (1) 3.56 11.80 13.83 16.36 15.60 15.68 17.99 20.05 24.05 26.49 29.25 25.86
KOREA .41 1.80 2.04 3.07 4.54 5.48 6.53 7.05 7.37 8.83 10.85 12.36
TAIWAN .64 2.23 2.83 3.50 4.16 4.76 5.72 6.57 6.64 6.76 7.06 6.87
BELGIUM 7.16 13.52 16.80 17.18 16.48 20.39 21.23 23.62 23.08 24.81 .. ..
DENMARK 5.78 10.59 14.05 14.49 13.67 17.05 17.56 19.27 18.11 .. .. ..
FRANCE 5.10 11.06 12.93 13.54 13.28 16.37 16.53 18.36 17.67 18.63 21.18 21.14
GERMANY (1) 7.77 16.68 21.13 22.68 22.13 27.47 28.64 32.69 33.05 36.46 43.32 42.98
IRELAND 3.73 8.53 10.73 12.18 11.22 13.99 13.58 15.08 13.77 14.28 16.22 16.66
ITALY 5.16 11.02 13.65 14.51 15.00 18.29 19.45 20.41 16.63 16.67 17.21 18.80
NETHERLANDS 6.72 10.99 13.70 14.38 13.55 16.02 15.94 17.90 17.66 17.77 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 11.76 15.07 16.04 17.69 16.01 15.34 16.87 16.97
SWEDEN 7.44 12.75 15.43 17.13 17.79 21.13 22.61 24.81 17.61 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 4.12 8.77 10.61 12.08 12.26 14.93 16.66 17.53 15.05 15.68 16.50 16.73
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRALIA: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT.
JAPAN: INCLUDING MOTORCYCLE MANUFACTURING.
BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 101
MOTOR VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING (US SIC 371)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 9.55 20.09 20.40 20.80 21.39 22.48 24.28 24.70 25.52 26.64 26.55 27.23
CANADA .. 18.52 19.16 20.13 21.13 22.23 24.07 25.26 26.66 28.14 28.47 28.73
MEXICO .. 1181 2220 4453 4988 7044 8754 11212 12.39 13.67 16.11 18.68
AUSTRALIA (1) 4.42 12.98 13.69 14.38 15.34 16.56 16.92 17.87 17.98 19.03 .. ..
JAPAN (1) 1055 1987 2000 2098 2154 2273 2421 2542 2672 2708 2748 2814
KOREA 201 1585 1680 2245 3046 3879 4788 5504 5913 7096 8367 9943
TAIWAN 24.31 84.41 90.07 100.09 109.99 128.17 153.04 165.32 175.45 178.82 187.09 188.69
BELGIUM 262.80 603.62 627.61 631.82 649.55 681.30 726.01 759.52 798.19 829.51 .. ..
DENMARK 33.14 85.71 96.20 97.69 100.09 105.55 112.43 116.34 117.48 .. .. ..
FRANCE 21.83 76.58 77.72 80.69 84.75 89.17 93.37 97.20 100.16 103.31 105.59 108.13
GERMANY (1) 19.07 36.20 37.99 39.84 41.63 44.42 47.57 51.06 54.70 59.14 62.03 64.69
IRELAND 1.68 6.36 7.21 7.98 7.91 8.44 8.41 8.85 9.40 9.54 10.12 10.42
ITALY 3367 16438 17707 18898 20583 21908 24142 25140 26161 26849 28032 29016
NETHERLANDS 16.95 26.89 27.76 28.45 28.75 29.18 29.85 31.48 32.81 32.33 .. ..
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1393 1537 1669 1812 2041 2054 2103 2150
SWEDEN 30.82 90.85 97.91 105.12 114.87 125.16 136.85 144.55 137.30 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.85 5.98 6.47 6.78 7.49 8.37 9.43 9.93 10.02 10.24 10.45 10.72
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
AUSTRALIA: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT.
JAPAN: INCLUDING MOTORCYCLE MANUFACTURING.
BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 102
AIRCRAFT, SPACE VEHICLES, AND PARTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 372 & 376)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 72 75 82 84 86 91 83 76 73 75 72
TAIWAN .. 26 32 42 47 48 47 56 51 49 49 47
FRANCE 72 79 92 94 86 98 92 97 88 90 102 97
GERMANY (1) 87 89 110 111 105 122 120 124 116 119 144 139
ITALY 64 61 75 79 75 83 80 76 59 58 60 63
NETHERLANDS (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
UNITED KINGDOM 46 52 60 68 64 73 76 75 62 63 68 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
NETHERLANDS: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 103
AIRCRAFT, SPACE VEHICLES, AND PARTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 372 & 376)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 8.25 18.05 18.41 19.03 20.03 21.42 22.81 24.32 25.47 26.14 26.11 26.81
CANADA .. 12.94 13.74 15.65 16.89 18.36 20.74 20.22 19.43 18.97 19.59 19.41
TAIWAN .. 4.67 5.84 7.97 9.48 10.30 10.82 13.66 13.10 12.70 12.90 12.71
FRANCE 5.92 14.24 16.96 17.87 17.23 21.05 21.03 23.67 22.34 23.54 26.51 26.07
GERMANY (1) 7.19 16.04 20.24 21.08 21.06 26.23 27.29 30.23 29.59 31.06 37.56 37.19
ITALY 5.24 11.04 13.89 14.97 14.96 17.68 18.18 18.45 15.03 15.05 15.56 17.02
NETHERLANDS (1) 6.86 11.72 14.51 15.23 14.50 17.18 17.12 19.07 18.73 18.86 .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.81 9.30 10.96 12.85 12.83 15.66 17.35 18.19 15.89 16.37 17.64 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
NETHERLANDS: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 104
AIRCRAFT, SPACE VEHICLES, AND PARTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 372 & 376)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 8.25 18.05 18.41 19.03 20.03 21.42 22.81 24.32 25.47 26.14 26.11 26.81
CANADA .. 17.99 18.22 19.26 19.99 21.43 23.77 24.45 25.07 25.91 26.89 26.48
TAIWAN .. 176.54 186.07 227.79 250.31 277.23 289.46 343.71 346.05 336.25 341.89 349.14
FRANCE 25.35 98.65 101.93 106.48 109.92 114.66 118.74 125.29 126.62 130.54 132.17 133.37
GERMANY (1) 17.65 34.80 36.40 37.04 39.62 42.41 45.33 47.21 48.96 50.38 53.78 55.97
ITALY 3416 16465 18016 19490 20524 21177 22561 22726 23641 24249 25347 26264
NETHERLANDS (1) 17.32 28.70 29.39 30.12 30.76 31.30 32.05 33.54 34.79 34.30 .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.71 6.34 6.68 7.22 7.83 8.78 9.82 10.30 10.58 10.69 11.18 ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
NETHERLANDS: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 105
SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING AND REPAIRING (US SIC 373)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA .. 74 75 87 97 104 106 100 87 .. .. 82
HONG KONG SAR (1) 15 17 17 21 23 24 27 28 .. .. .. ..
JAPAN (1) 57 77 88 102 99 96 107 116 128 143 158 136
KOREA 9 15 18 27 35 40 45 46 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 8 19 25 30 43 48 50 55 55 58 62 64
BELGIUM 128 94 118 116 110 132 127 134 123 133 .. ..
DENMARK 103 80 109 113 106 126 119 126 113 .. .. ..
FINLAND 84 88 109 122 128 144 139 120 98 112 146 139
FRANCE 75 78 94 97 91 105 97 103 94 100 111 109
GERMANY (1) 105 102 131 138 132 155 151 162 161 169 200 185
GREECE (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
ITALY 80 75 96 101 101 115 113 110 87 88 90 97
NETHERLANDS 103 82 105 109 103 116 108 114 107 109 .. ..
NORWAY .. 94 126 134 130 138 130 139 121 126 143 142
SWEDEN 118 88 108 117 120 135 135 140 96 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 58 58 69 76 75 89 90 89 75 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
GREECE: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 106
SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING AND REPAIRING (US SIC 373)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.84 14.72 14.36 14.52 14.82 15.56 16.66 17.58 18.26 18.09 18.24 18.39
CANADA .. 10.88 10.75 12.58 14.42 16.18 17.69 17.53 15.93 .. .. 15.00
HONG KONG SAR (1) 1.05 2.47 2.46 3.10 3.40 3.78 4.45 4.85 .. .. .. ..
JAPAN (1) 3.92 11.37 12.57 14.83 14.62 14.96 17.75 20.38 23.40 25.88 28.90 25.09
KOREA .59 2.23 2.63 3.87 5.17 6.24 7.44 8.03 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .57 2.79 3.52 4.37 6.36 7.50 8.31 9.70 10.02 10.44 11.36 11.81
BELGIUM 8.75 13.87 16.89 16.89 16.32 20.54 21.10 23.47 22.43 24.04 .. ..
DENMARK 7.04 11.73 15.69 16.37 15.67 19.57 19.88 22.19 20.66 .. .. ..
FINLAND 5.73 12.89 15.67 17.73 18.97 22.48 23.10 21.12 17.96 20.28 26.55 25.49
FRANCE 5.13 11.50 13.52 14.09 13.49 16.36 16.23 18.14 17.12 18.04 20.31 19.99
GERMANY (1) 7.19 14.96 18.80 20.08 19.53 24.13 25.18 28.50 29.48 30.58 36.39 34.04
GREECE (1) 2.13 5.15 5.80 6.84 7.44 9.27 9.33 9.85 9.22 10.36 12.48 13.11
ITALY 5.47 11.04 13.73 14.65 14.90 17.89 18.81 19.42 15.80 15.83 16.37 17.89
NETHERLANDS 7.07 12.14 15.08 15.78 15.23 17.99 17.97 20.07 19.60 19.74 .. ..
NORWAY .. 13.88 18.10 19.51 19.24 21.46 21.68 24.43 22.05 22.77 26.06 26.19
SWEDEN 8.08 12.92 15.57 17.04 17.75 20.95 22.56 24.62 17.50 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.99 8.48 9.85 11.04 11.11 13.89 15.00 15.70 13.73 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
GREECE: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 107
SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING AND REPAIRING (US SIC 373)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 6.84 14.72 14.36 14.52 14.82 15.56 16.66 17.58 18.26 18.09 18.24 18.39
CANADA .. 15.13 14.25 15.49 17.07 18.88 20.27 21.19 20.55 .. .. 20.45
HONG KONG SAR (1) 5.19 19.29 19.15 24.21 26.51 29.42 34.55 37.53 .. .. .. ..
JAPAN (1) 1164 1915 1818 1902 2019 2169 2389 2584 2600 2645 2715 2730
KOREA 285 1970 2166 2833 3470 4418 5454 6270 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 21.60 105.60 112.08 125.00 167.92 201.97 222.40 244.16 264.71 276.39 300.92 324.37
BELGIUM 321.15 619.51 630.94 621.12 643.13 686.43 721.53 754.49 775.67 803.55 .. ..
DENMARK 40.36 94.97 107.42 110.32 114.70 121.12 127.34 133.96 133.99 .. .. ..
FINLAND 21.01 65.38 68.99 74.35 81.51 86.10 93.62 94.76 102.80 106.12 116.17 117.12
FRANCE 21.96 79.63 81.30 83.95 86.05 89.12 91.65 96.03 97.01 100.05 101.28 102.25
GERMANY (1) 17.65 32.46 33.80 35.28 36.73 39.01 41.83 44.52 48.79 49.60 52.11 51.23
GREECE (1) 69 721 786 970 1209 1469 1701 1877 2114 2513 2891 3154
ITALY 3568 16454 17812 19081 20437 21438 23338 23920 24856 25496 26669 27597
NETHERLANDS 17.85 29.72 30.55 31.21 32.32 32.78 33.64 35.30 36.42 35.91 .. ..
NORWAY .. 102.65 121.98 127.30 133.03 134.22 140.73 151.81 156.51 160.64 165.09 169.14
SWEDEN 33.47 92.07 98.80 104.60 114.59 124.10 136.54 143.41 136.46 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.79 5.78 6.01 6.20 6.78 7.79 8.49 8.89 9.15 .. .. ..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
JAPAN: BREAKS IN SERIES AT 1990 AND 1991.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
GREECE: TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 108
INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 38)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
HONG KONG SAR (1) 15 17 18 19 21 22 25 26 26
JAPAN 86 84 83 88 94 108 122 135 115
KOREA 15 21 25 28 30 31 34 39 39
TAIWAN 16 20 21 21 25 25 27 26 27
BELGIUM 99 95 114 114 121 115 125 .. ..
DENMARK 97 91 106 104 115 101 .. .. ..
FRANCE 83 80 93 91 100 93 96 106 103
GERMANY (1) 112 106 124 123 135 131 136 159 154
IRELAND 67 61 72 69 74 67 70 75 73
ITALY 90 90 104 106 108 85 84 85 90
SPAIN .. 62 77 80 87 70 68 74 76
SWEDEN 106 106 121 120 134 92 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
UNITED KINGDOM 72 72 78 82 83 69 70 76 75
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: PHOTOGRAPHIC & OPTICAL GOODS; WATCHES & CLOCKS.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 109
INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 38)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES .. .. .. 14.72 15.10 15.89 16.58 17.00 17.60 17.87 18.21 18.70
HONG KONG SAR (1) .. 1.73 1.92 2.20 2.57 2.90 3.22 3.56 3.90 4.39 4.71 4.91
JAPAN 2.94 9.10 10.77 12.64 12.71 13.15 14.65 16.04 19.05 21.72 24.53 21.51
KOREA .33 1.32 1.60 2.20 3.16 4.00 4.58 5.04 5.52 6.03 7.16 7.35
TAIWAN .41 1.51 1.93 2.34 3.00 3.34 3.51 4.19 4.40 4.77 4.81 5.09
BELGIUM 6.02 11.58 14.18 14.50 14.41 18.08 18.85 20.62 20.29 22.36 .. ..
DENMARK 5.81 10.51 13.96 14.31 13.72 16.83 17.32 19.50 17.86 .. .. ..
FRANCE 4.12 9.65 11.59 12.25 12.04 14.84 15.10 16.96 16.30 17.12 19.35 19.19
GERMANY (1) 5.78 12.01 15.26 16.45 16.03 19.77 20.43 22.92 23.05 24.37 28.97 28.81
IRELAND 2.89 7.90 9.41 9.87 9.28 11.52 11.41 12.64 11.79 12.42 13.60 13.63
ITALY 4.41 9.74 12.22 13.19 13.62 16.54 17.55 18.30 14.91 14.93 15.42 16.81
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 9.37 12.16 13.21 14.72 12.38 12.14 13.48 14.13
SWEDEN 6.87 11.33 14.07 15.55 15.94 19.19 19.97 22.77 16.26 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND (1) 6.53 14.10 17.50 18.41 17.11 21.29 22.10 23.63 23.05 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 3.08 7.70 9.30 10.57 10.82 12.37 13.55 14.05 12.14 12.48 13.79 14.11
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: PHOTOGRAPHIC & OPTICAL GOODS; WATCHES & CLOCKS.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 110
INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 38)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES .. .. .. 14.72 15.10 15.89 16.58 17.00 17.60 17.87 18.21 18.70
HONG KONG SAR (1) .. 13.51 14.98 17.20 20.03 22.61 25.05 27.54 30.14 33.95 36.43 37.98
JAPAN 871 1532 1558 1620 1755 1907 1972 2034 2117 2220 2305 2340
KOREA 161 1163 1319 1609 2123 2830 3359 3937 4430 4844 5526 5911
TAIWAN 15.76 57.29 61.53 66.90 79.15 90.02 93.85 105.54 116.13 126.24 127.42 139.83
BELGIUM 220.72 517.32 529.90 533.37 567.94 604.31 644.73 662.92 701.73 747.49 .. ..
DENMARK 33.31 85.07 95.62 96.46 100.45 104.15 110.89 117.70 115.82 .. .. ..
FRANCE 17.65 66.84 69.70 72.99 76.84 80.85 85.28 89.78 92.40 94.95 96.46 98.19
GERMANY (1) 14.19 26.06 27.44 28.90 30.16 31.97 33.93 35.80 38.14 39.53 41.49 43.35
IRELAND 1.30 5.89 6.32 6.47 6.55 6.95 7.07 7.42 8.05 8.30 8.48 8.52
ITALY 2877 14522 15848 17171 18686 19814 21776 22545 23450 24056 25112 25932
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 1110 1240 1374 1507 1578 1626 1679 1790
SWEDEN 28.44 80.76 89.32 95.43 102.92 113.66 120.84 132.65 126.73 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND (1) 16.84 25.35 26.10 26.95 28.02 29.59 31.73 33.23 34.07 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.39 5.25 5.67 5.94 6.61 6.93 7.66 7.95 8.09 8.15 8.74 9.04
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
HONG KONG: PHOTOGRAPHIC & OPTICAL GOODS; WATCHES & CLOCKS.
HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SWITZERLAND: PRIMARY METALS, METAL PRODUCTS, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS: INDEX U.S. = 100
PAGE 111
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 39)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
CANADA (1) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MEXICO .. 10 8 9 10 10 12 13 15 14 8 8
JAPAN (1) 53 80 91 102 101 100 112 121 140 151 157 130
KOREA 5 11 13 17 23 26 32 35 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 8 15 19 23 27 29 31 35 34 37 39 38
BELGIUM 104 95 111 108 100 119 121 130 120 128 .. ..
DENMARK 117 107 138 138 127 152 150 155 140 .. .. ..
FRANCE 85 96 111 113 106 123 119 127 118 121 133 129
GERMANY (1) 107 110 136 142 132 156 156 167 160 168 191 ..
GREECE 31 38 41 44 44 52 52 54 50 53 61 60
IRELAND 46 68 74 79 74 87 84 88 79 82 90 86
ITALY 113 92 109 112 112 132 134 134 106 105 103 110
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 72 90 93 97 80 75 82 77
SWEDEN 137 114 135 148 147 169 166 175 122 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 113 125 150 153 138 165 168 177 169 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 58 70 76 90 83 94 95 98 81 79 83 83
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
CANADA: INCLUDING INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS.
JAPAN: INCLUDING ORDNANCE.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN U.S. DOLLARS
PAGE 112
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 39)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 4.74 9.78 10.11 10.44 10.84 11.30 11.70 12.25 12.62 12.90 13.31 13.72
CANADA (1) .. 9.06 10.13 11.23 12.56 13.47 13.77 12.58 12.64 12.29 12.16 13.51
MEXICO .. .94 .84 .94 1.11 1.15 1.36 1.59 1.86 1.76 1.06 1.05
JAPAN (1) 2.51 7.79 9.23 10.68 10.95 11.26 13.14 14.88 17.62 19.45 20.96 17.88
KOREA .26 1.04 1.28 1.79 2.49 2.97 3.70 4.25 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN .36 1.49 1.95 2.44 2.98 3.33 3.64 4.28 4.33 4.74 5.17 5.19
BELGIUM 4.93 9.26 11.20 11.23 10.87 13.49 14.15 15.92 15.20 16.52 .. ..
DENMARK 5.54 10.48 14.00 14.39 13.81 17.22 17.51 18.98 17.64 .. .. ..
FRANCE 4.01 9.39 11.21 11.78 11.44 13.91 13.98 15.50 14.90 15.65 17.72 17.72
GERMANY (1) 5.07 10.79 13.71 14.82 14.34 17.67 18.28 20.49 20.25 21.65 25.45 ..
GREECE 1.46 3.67 4.19 4.63 4.73 5.85 6.08 6.62 6.32 6.87 8.09 8.26
IRELAND 2.18 6.68 7.49 8.28 8.03 9.82 9.79 10.78 10.02 10.61 12.03 11.74
ITALY 5.37 9.00 11.05 11.74 12.13 14.92 15.65 16.45 13.43 13.51 13.77 15.04
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 7.81 10.19 10.93 11.85 10.15 9.70 10.92 10.61
SWEDEN 6.48 11.12 13.63 15.41 15.96 19.08 19.43 21.45 15.37 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 5.34 12.23 15.18 16.00 14.96 18.68 19.71 21.70 21.28 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 2.73 6.86 7.73 9.35 9.05 10.67 11.17 11.97 10.18 10.16 10.99 11.44
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
CANADA: INCLUDING INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS.
JAPAN: INCLUDING ORDNANCE.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
HOURLY COMPENSATION COSTS FOR PRODUCTION WORKERS IN NATIONAL CURRENCY
PAGE 113
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING (US SIC 39)
1975 AND 1986-96
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNTRY OR AREA 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UNITED STATES 4.74 9.78 10.11 10.44 10.84 11.30 11.70 12.25 12.62 12.90 13.31 13.72
CANADA (1) .. 12.59 13.43 13.83 14.87 15.72 15.78 15.21 16.30 16.79 16.70 18.43
MEXICO .. 574 1153 2144 2743 3226 4090 4927 5.78 5.94 6.79 8.01
JAPAN (1) 745 1312 1335 1370 1512 1633 1769 1887 1958 1988 1969 1946
KOREA 128 914 1051 1306 1672 2102 2712 3315 .. .. .. ..
TAIWAN 13.49 56.25 62.10 69.65 78.68 89.59 97.33 107.70 114.51 125.37 137.00 142.66
BELGIUM 181.05 413.76 418.54 413.19 428.48 450.91 484.07 511.92 525.74 552.10 .. ..
DENMARK 31.79 84.80 95.89 97.03 101.10 106.58 112.16 114.61 114.43 .. .. ..
FRANCE 17.16 65.04 67.39 70.22 73.00 75.79 78.92 82.05 84.42 86.77 88.36 90.64
GERMANY (1) 12.44 23.41 24.66 26.03 26.98 28.58 30.36 32.00 33.51 35.11 36.44 ..
GREECE 47 514 568 658 768 927 1108 1261 1448 1668 1873 1987
IRELAND .98 4.98 5.04 5.42 5.66 5.93 6.06 6.32 6.84 7.09 7.50 7.34
ITALY 3505 13424 14336 15291 16646 17870 19418 20269 21132 21768 22425 23204
SPAIN .. .. .. .. 925 1040 1137 1214 1294 1299 1360 1344
SWEDEN 26.84 79.28 86.53 94.54 103.07 113.00 117.56 124.94 119.84 .. .. ..
SWITZERLAND 13.78 21.99 22.65 23.43 24.49 25.97 28.31 30.51 31.46 .. .. ..
UNITED KINGDOM 1.23 4.67 4.71 5.25 5.52 5.98 6.32 6.78 6.78 6.63 6.96 7.33
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) INDUSTRY NOTES:
CANADA: INCLUDING INSTRUMENTS AND RELATED PRODUCTS.
JAPAN: INCLUDING ORDNANCE.
GERMANY: FORMER WEST GERMANY.
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, MAY 1999.
Country Notes (Pages 114-117)
Note: Adjustment factors refer to adjustments for items of compensation not
included in a country's published earnings.
Canada:
For ship and boat building, the adjustment factor relates to shipbuilding only.
Mexico:
Adjustment factors relate to all employees.
Australia:
Earnings and compensation relate to production workers and non-production
workers other than those in managerial, executive, professional, and higher
supervisory positions.
Adjustment factors relate to all manufacturing for every industry.
Hong Kong:
Total manufacturing is the average of selected manufacturing industries. The
industries covered accounted for about 70 percent of all persons employed in
manufacturing in 1988.
Adjustment factors are constants for each industry based on supplementary
benefit data for 1982. Compensation excludes overtime pay.
Israel:
Hourly earnings are estimated from average daily earnings by assuming eight
hours of work per day. For years since 1978, daily earnings for production
workers are estimated on the basis of the trend in daily earnings for all
employees.
Hourly compensation is the mid-point of an estimated average compensation range,
computed using a constant range for the additional compensation adjustment
factor.
Japan:
There are breaks in series at 1990 and 1991 for the following Japanese 3-digit
industries: glass and glassware, pottery and related products, basic iron and
steel, electronic equipment, motor vehicles and equipment, and ship and boat
building. The breaks in series are because of earnings survey changes and
benchmarks; data for other industries are linked.
Adjustment factors relate to all employees. Adjustment factors for the
appropriate Japanese 2-digit industries are used for the following
3-digit industries: glass and glassware, pottery and related products, basic
iron and steel, electronic equipment, motor vehicles and equipment, and ship and
boat building. For 1975-85, the ratios for plastics products and miscellaneous
manufacturing refer to miscellaneous (including plastics products)
manufacturing, and the ratios for rubber and plastics products refer to rubber
and miscellaneous (including plastics products) manufacturing.
Korea:
Data for some component industries are not available from 1993 because of an
industrial classification change in 1993. For remaining industries, breaks in
series occurred at 1993 and 1994.
Hourly earnings for production workers for 1975-84 are estimated on the basis of
average hourly earnings for all employees adjusted for the relative level of
production worker monthly earnings to all employee earnings; they are linked to
new earnings data for production workers at 1985. Special estimates derived
from annual survey of manufactures data are made for the following industries:
basic iron and steel, electronic equipment, motor vehicles and equipment, and
ship and boat building.
Adjustment factors relate to all employees, and are based on labor cost surveys
for 1982-1996. Adjustment factors for the appropriate Korean 3-digit industries
were used for the following 4-digit industries: basic iron and steel, electronic
equipment, motor vehicles and equipment, and ship and boat building.
New Zealand:
Hourly earnings are the mid-point of an estimated production worker earnings
range (80-90 percent of all employee earnings).
Hourly compensation is the mid-point of an estimated average compensation range,
computed using a constant range for the additional compensation adjustment
factor.
Singapore:
Hourly compensation costs are estimated for the years since 1985 using the trend
in average weekly earnings and benefit costs for production workers or (for
1985-86) average compensation per employee from the national accounts.
Taiwan:
Adjustment factors relate to all employees, and are based on labor cost surveys
for 1984-94 and 1996. Adjustment factors for the appropriate Taiwanese 2-digit
industries are used for the following 3-digit industries: lumber and wood
products, furniture and fixtures; paper and allied products, printing and
publishing; rubber tires, glass and glassware, pottery and related products;
iron and steel, nonferrous metals; electronic equipment; motor vehicles and
equipment, aircraft and parts, and ship and boat building.
Austria:
Excludes workers in establishments considered handicraft manufacturers. (All
printing and publishing and miscellaneous manufacturing establishments are
classified in handicrafts.) In 1986, handicraft employment was about 35 percent
of all manufacturing employment. Average compensation per employee was about 10
percent lower in manufacturing including handicrafts than in manufacturing
excluding handicrafts.
Belgium:
For the lumber and wood products industry and the wood furniture and fixtures
industry, the adjustment factors relate to lumber, wood products, and wood
furniture.
Finland:
There are breaks in series in 1994 and 1995 for selected industries because of a
new earnings survey for which adjustment or link cannot be made (see industry
footnotes).
For comparability with other countries, compensation excludes some obligatory
training and plant facilities costs; these costs would add 1.6 percent to
average hourly compensation costs in 1994. For the lumber and wood products
industry and the wood furniture and fixtures industry, the adjustment factors
relate to lumber, wood products, and wood furniture through 1994.
France:
Data for selected industries are not available from 1995 because of a change in
industrial classification .
Adjustment factors relate to all employees. For the lumber and wood products
industry and the wood furniture and fixtures industry, the adjustment factors
relate to lumber, wood products, and wood furniture.
Germany:
Refers to former West Germany. Excludes workers in establishments considered
handicraft manufacturers. In 1990, handicraft employment was about 25 percent
of all manufacturing employment. Average hourly earnings of production workers
were about 3 percent lower in manufacturing including handicrafts than in
manufacturing excluding handicrafts.
Greece:
For the lumber and wood products industry and the wood furniture and fixtures
industry, the adjustment factors relate to lumber, wood products, and wood
furniture.
Ireland:
Earnings refer to September for 1975-1976. Adjustment factors relate to all
employees. Compensation excludes redundancy pay.
Italy:
Both hourly earnings and additional compensation adjustment factors are obtained
from periodic labor cost surveys and interpolated or projected to nonsurvey
years using the trends in contractual wage rates and in benefit entitlements and
costs. Adjustment factor benchmarks from the 1992 labor cost survey are
estimated from data that relate to all employees.
Because data for production workers are not available from the 1992 labor cost
survey, the changes in all employee compensation structure are used to estimate
1992 benchmark adjustment factors for production workers. Hourly earnings
benchmarks are not available for 1992.
Netherlands:
Adjustment factors relate to all employees.
Norway:
For comparability with other countries, compensation excludes some obligatory
training and plant facilities costs; these costs would add 2.2 percent to
average hourly compensation costs in 1994. The adjustment factor for all
primary metal, metal products, machinery, and equipment manufacturing is used
for the following component industries: primary metals; metal products,
machinery, and equipment; and ship and boat building and repairing.
Portugal:
Adjustment factors relate to all employees.
Spain:
Data for selected industries are not available from 1996 because of a change in
industrial classification; for remaining industries, there are breaks in series
at 1996.
Hourly earnings for all manufacturing in 1975-1976 are estimated on the basis of
1977 manufacturing earnings and the general earnings trend for the total private
non-farm economy.
Adjustment factors relate to all employees. For electronic equipment, the
adjustment factor relates to electronic and other electrical equipment.
Sweden:
Data for selected industries are not available from 1994 because of an
industrial classification change; for remaining industries, there are breaks in
series at 1994.
United Kingdom:
Data for selected industries are not available from 1996 because of an
industrial classification change; data for remaining industries are linked to
previous series at 1995.
Adjustment factors relate to all employees.
Exchange Rates: National currency units per U.S. dollar, 1975 and 1986-1997 Page 118
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Country or area 1975 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
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United States 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Canada 1.017 1.390 1.326 1.231 1.184 1.167 1.146 1.209 1.290 1.366 1.373 1.364 1.385
Mexico 12.50 611.8 1,378 2,273 2,461 2,813 3,018 3,095 3.116 3.375 6.419 7.601 7.918
Australia .7647 1.490 1.426 1.275 1.263 1.281 1.284 1.360 1.471 1.367 1.350 1.277 1.345
Hong Kong 4.939 7.804 7.798 7.807 7.801 7.790 7.771 7.740 7.736 7.729 7.736 7.735 7.743
Israel .6390 1.488 1.595 1.599 1.916 2.016 2.279 2.459 2.830 3.011 3.011 3.288 3.449
Japan 296.7 168.4 144.6 128.2 138.1 145.0 134.6 126.8 111.1 102.2 93.96 108.8 121.0
Korea 484.0 881.4 822.6 731.5 671.5 707.8 733.4 780.6 802.7 803.5 771.3 804.5 950.8
New Zealand .8254 1.906 1.686 1.525 1.685 1.677 1.729 1.859 1.847 1.685 1.524 1.454 1.509
Singapore 2.371 2.177 2.106 2.012 1.950 1.813 1.728 1.629 1.616 1.527 1.417 1.410 1.486
Sri Lanka 7.050 28.02 29.44 31.81 36.05 40.06 41.37 43.83 48.32 49.42 51.25 55.27 -
Taiwan 38.00 37.84 31.84 28.59 26.41 26.92 26.76 25.16 26.42 26.47 26.50 27.47 28.78
Austria 17.40 15.26 12.65 12.36 13.24 11.33 11.69 10.99 11.64 11.41 10.08 10.59 12.21
Belgium 36.69 44.66 37.36 36.78 39.41 33.42 34.20 32.15 34.58 33.43 29.47 30.97 35.81
Denmark 5.735 8.095 6.848 6.741 7.321 6.190 6.404 6.037 6.486 6.356 5.600 5.800 6.609
Finland 3.665 5.072 4.404 4.193 4.296 3.830 4.052 4.487 5.725 5.234 4.376 4.595 5.196
France 4.282 6.926 6.012 5.959 6.380 5.447 5.647 5.294 5.667 5.546 4.986 5.116 5.839
Germany 2.455 2.170 1.798 1.757 1.881 1.617 1.661 1.562 1.655 1.622 1.432 1.505 1.735
Greece 32.29 140.0 135.4 141.9 162.4 158.5 182.3 190.6 229.3 242.6 231.7 240.7 -
Ireland .4500 .7455 .6721 .6553 .7052 .6033 .6196 .5868 .6827 .6680 .6236 .6250 .6595
Italy 652.4 1,491 1,297 1,302 1,372 1,198 1,241 1,232 1,573 1,611 1,629 1,543 1,704
Luxembourg 36.78 44.67 37.33 36.77 39.40 33.42 34.15 32.15 34.60 33.46 29.48 30.96 -
Netherlands 2.523 2.448 2.026 1.978 2.122 1.822 1.872 1.759 1.858 1.819 1.604 1.686 1.953
Norway 5.214 7.398 6.741 6.524 6.913 6.254 6.491 6.214 7.098 7.055 6.336 6.459 7.086
Portugal 25.45 149.8 141.2 144.3 157.5 142.7 144.8 135.1 161.1 165.9 149.9 154.3 175.4
Spain 57.39 140.0 123.5 116.5 118.4 102.0 104.0 102.4 127.5 133.9 124.6 126.7 146.5
Sweden 4.142 7.127 6.347 6.137 6.456 5.923 6.052 5.826 7.796 7.716 7.141 6.708 7.645
Switzerland 2.581 1.798 1.492 1.464 1.637 1.390 1.436 1.406 1.478 1.367 1.181 1.236 1.451
United Kingdom .4501 .6813 .6098 .5614 .6104 .5605 .5658 .5662 .6660 .6528 .6335 .6407 .6106
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Note: National currency units are: United States, dollar; Canada, dollar; Mexico, old peso (1975-92), new peso (1993-97); Australia, dollar; Hong
Kong, dollar; Israel, shekel (1975-84), new shekel (1985-97); Japan, yen; Korea, won; New Zealand, dollar; Singapore, dollar; Sri Lanka, rupee;
Taiwan, dollar; Austria, schilling; Belgium, franc; Denmark, krone; Finland, markka; France, franc; Germany, mark; Greece, drachma; Ireland, pound;
Italy, lira; Luxembourg, franc; Netherlands, guilder; Norway, krone; Portugal, escudo; Spain, peseta; Sweden, krona; Switzerland, franc; Turkey,
lira; United Kingdom, pound.