International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs for Production Workers in Manufacturing, 1975-1998
INTRODUCTION
Definitions
Methods
Country notes
Trade-weighted measures
Data limitations
Labor costs versus labor income
Table 1. Indexes of hourly compensation costs
Table 2. Hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars
Table 3. Hourly compensation costs in national currency
Table 4. Indexes of hourly direct pay
Table 5. Hourly direct pay in U.S. dollars
Table 6. Hourly direct pay in national currency
Table 7. Indexes of pay for time worked
Table 8. Pay for time worked in U.S. dollars
Table 9. Pay for time worked in national currency
Table 10. Total direct pay as percent of total hourly compensation costs
Table 11. Pay for time worked as percent of total hourly compensation costs
Table 12. Other direct pay as a percent of hourly compensation costs
Table 13. Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes
as a percent of hourly compensation costs
Table 14. Exchange rates
INTRODUCTION
The accompanying tables present international comparisons of hourly compensation costs, hourly direct pay, and pay for time worked for production workers in manufacturing in selected countries or areas. The total compensation measures are prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in order to assess international differences in employer labor costs. Comparisons based on the more readily available average earnings statistics published by many countries can be very misleading. National definitions of average earnings differ considerably; average earnings do not include all items of labor compensation; and the omitted items of compensation frequently represent a large proportion of total compensation. The total direct pay and pay for time worked measures are prepared to provide a comparable basis for analyzing the main components of total compensation.
The compensation and other pay measures are computed in national currency units and are converted into U.S. dollars at prevailing commercial market currency exchange rates. They are appropriate measures for comparing levels of employer labor costs. They do not indicate relative living standards of workers or the purchasing power of their income. Prices of goods and services vary greatly among countries, and commercial market exchange rates are not reliable indicators of relative differences in prices.
Definitions
Hourly compensation is defined as (1) hourly direct pay and (2) employer social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes. Hourly direct pay includes all payments made directly to the worker, before payroll deductions of any kind, consisting of (a) pay for time worked (basic time and piece rates plus overtime premiums, shift differentials, other premiums and bonuses paid regularly each pay period, and cost-of-living adjustments) and (b) other direct pay (pay for time not worked (vacations, holidays, and other leave, except sick leave), seasonal or irregular bonuses and other special payments, selected social allowances, and the cost of payments in kind). Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes includes (c) employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans (retirement and disability pensions, health insurance, income guarantee insurance and sick leave, life and accident insurance, occupational injury and illness compensation, unemployment insurance, and family allowances) and, for some countries, (d) other labor taxes (other taxes on payrolls or employment (or reductions to reflect subsidies), even if they do not finance programs that directly benefit workers, because such taxes are regarded as labor costs). For consistency, compensation is measured on an hours-worked basis for every country.
The BLS definition of hourly compensation costs is not the same as the International Labour Office (ILO) definition of total labor costs. Hourly compensation costs do not include all items of labor costs. The costs of recruitment, employee training, and plant facilities and services ? such as cafeterias and medical clinics ? are not included because data are not available for most countries. The labor costs not included account for no more than 4 percent of total labor costs in any country for which data are available.
Hourly direct pay includes (a) pay for time worked (basic time and piece rates plus overtime premiums, shift differentials, other premiums and bonuses paid regularly each pay period, and cost-of-living adjustments) and (b) other direct pay (pay for time not worked (vacations, holidays, and other leave, except sick leave), seasonal or irregular bonuses and other special payments, selected social allowances, and the cost of payments in kind), before payroll deductions of any kind. Direct pay is also measured on an hours-worked basis for every country.
Pay for time worked includes only basic time and piece rates plus overtime premiums, shift differentials, other premiums and bonuses paid regularly each pay period, and cost-of-living adjustments (COLA's). Pay for time worked is measured on an hours-worked basis for every country.
Production workers generally include those employees who are engaged in fabricating, assembly, and related activities; material handling, warehousing, and shipping; maintenance and repair; janitorial and guard services; auxiliary production (e.g., powerplants); and other services closely related to the above activities. Working supervisors are generally included; apprentices and other trainees are generally excluded.
Methods
Total compensation is computed by adjusting each country's average earnings series for items of direct pay not included in earnings and for employer expenditures for legally required insurance, contractual and private benefit plans, and other labor taxes. Total direct pay is computed by adjusting average earnings for items of direct pay not included in earnings. Pay for time worked is measured by adjusting average earnings, where necessary, to eliminate other items of direct pay. For the United States and other countries that measure earnings on an hours-paid basis, the figures are also adjusted in order to approximate compensation or pay per hour worked. Descriptions of the country surveys used for the Bureau's comparative measures, including definitions and survey coverage, are based on information provided by each country.
Earnings statistics are obtained from surveys of employment, hours, and earnings for most countries. They are obtained from surveys or censuses of manufactures for five countries ? Mexico, Israel, Austria, Denmark, and Portugal. The surveys of employment, hours, and earnings are stratified sample surveys of establishments for most countries (except they are full surveys of establishments covered for Finland, Luxembourg, and Norway and a judgment sample for Switzerland). The surveys of manufactures are stratified sample surveys of establishments which collect data on industrial production and other industrial statistics, including labor input and labor cost. Censuses are complete enumerations of business establishments.
Adjustment factors are obtained from periodic labor cost surveys and interpolated or projected to non-survey years on the basis of other available information for most countries. The labor cost surveys are stratified sample surveys of establishments (full surveys for Ireland, Italy, and Luxembourg). The information used to interpolate or project the adjustment factors to non- survey years includes annual tabulations on employer social security contribution rates provided by the International Studies Staff of the U.S. Social Security Administration, information on contractual and legislated fringe benefit changes from ILO and national labor bulletins, and statistical series on indirect labor costs. The adjustment factors are obtained from the surveys of manufactures for Mexico and Portugal, and from reports on fringe benefit systems and social security for Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China, Israel, New Zealand, Singapore, and Sri Lanka. For the United States, the adjustment factors are special calculations for international comparisons based on data from several surveys. For some countries, data are not available to compute pay for time worked.
The statistics are also adjusted, where necessary, to account for major differences in worker coverage; differences in industrial classification systems; and changes over time in survey coverage, sample benchmarks, or frequency of surveys. Nevertheless, some differences in industrial coverage remain and, with the exception of the United States, Canada, and several other countries, the data exclude very small establishments (less than 5 employees in Japan and less than 10 employees in most European and some other countries). For the United States, the methods used, as well as the results, differ somewhat from those for other BLS series on U.S. compensation costs.
Special estimation procedures have been used for some countries because of incomplete data. Hourly earnings are computed from daily or monthly earnings using estimates of standard hours worked for Israel. Earnings for production workers are estimated from all-employee earnings for Japan (1990 to present), Korea (1975-84), New Zealand (all years), and Israel (1978 to present). For Singapore, hourly compensation costs are estimated for the years since 1985 using the trend in average weekly earnings and benefit costs of production workers or average compensation per employee from the national accounts. For Italy, both hourly earnings and additional compensation adjustment factors are obtained from periodic labor cost surveys and interpolated or projected to nonsurvey years using the trend in contractual wage rates and in benefit entitlements and costs. The adjustment factors for additional compensation relate to all employees for Mexico, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom; they are constants or the midpoints of constant ranges for Hong Kong SAR, Israel, and New Zealand.
Hourly compensation costs, hourly direct pay, and pay for time worked are converted to U.S. dollars using the average daily exchange rate for the reference period. Changes in hourly compensation in U.S. dollars from one period to another are therefore affected by changes in currency exchange rates as well as by changes in compensation. The exchange rates used are prevailing commercial market exchange rates as published by either the U.S. Federal Reserve Board or the International Monetary Fund.
Country notes
The following are exceptions to the standard coverage and definitions explained above:
Australia: Compensation relates to production workers and nonproduction workers other than those in managerial, executive, professional, and higher supervisory positions.
Hong Kong SAR: Average of selected manufacturing industries. The industries covered accounted for about 70 percent of all persons employed in manufacturing in 1988. Compensation excludes overtime pay. Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China in July 1997.
Austria: Excludes workers in establishments considered handicraft manufacturers. (All printing and publishing and miscellaneous manufacturing establishments are classified in handicrafts.) In 1986, handicraft employment was about 35 percent of all manufacturing employment. Average compensation per employee was about 10 percent lower in manufacturing including handicrafts than in manufacturing excluding handicrafts.
Finland: Includes workers in mining and electrical power plants. For comparability with other countries, compensation excludes some obligatory training and plant facilities costs; these costs would add 1.6 percent to average hourly compensation costs in 1994.
Germany: Excludes workers in establishments considered handicraft manufacturers. In 1990, handicraft employment in the former West Germany was about 25 percent of all manufacturing employment. Average hourly earnings of production workers were about 3 percent lower in manufacturing including handicrafts than in manufacturing excluding handicrafts.
Ireland: Data refer to September for 1975-76.
Norway: Pay for time worked includes irregular bonuses; irregular bonuses account for only a small fraction of earnings. For comparability with other countries, compensation excludes some obligatory training and plant facilities costs; these costs would add 2.2 percent to average hourly compensation costs in 1994.
Portugal: Direct pay excludes profit-sharing bonuses but includes social allowances. Profit-sharing bonuses are included in social insurance expenditures.
Trade-weighted measures
The trade weights used to compute the average compensation cost measures for selected country or economic groups are the sum of U.S. imports of manufactured products for consumption (customs value) and U.S. exports of domestic manufactured products (free along side (f.a.s.) value) in 1992 for each country or area and each economic group. See table A.
The trade data used to compute the weights are U.S. Bureau of the Census statistics of U.S. imports and exports converted to an industrial classification basis from data initially collected under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule commodity classification system.
The trade-weighted measures relate to all the countries or areas covered in the series. Data for Germany relate to the former West Germany. Estimates are computed for missing country data using the average trend in the other economies to estimate the missing data.
Table A. Share of total U.S. imports and exports of manufactured products in 1992(in percent)
Country or area 1992 Country or area 1992
and trade and trade
economic group share economic group share
Canada 19.2 Greece .1
Mexico 7.6 Ireland .6
Italy 2.3
Australia 1.4 Luxembourg .1
Hong Kong SAR 1 2.0 Netherlands 1.9
Israel .8 Norway .3
Japan 15.8
Portugal .2
Korea 3.4 Spain .8
New Zealand .3 Sweden .8
Singapore 2.4 Switzerland 1.0
Sri Lanka .1 United Kingdom 4.4
Taiwan 4.4
Economic groups
Austria .3 28 foreign
Belgium 1.5 economies 80.8
Denmark .3 OECD 3 71.1
Finland .2 Europe 23.4
France 3.2 European Union 22.1
Germany 2 5.4 Asian NIEs 12.2
1 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. 2 Former West Germany. 3 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) includes Canada, Mexico, Australia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, and all European countries. (Mexico joined the OECD in 1994 and Korea joined in 1996, and the OECD trade-weighted measures are shown both including and excluding those countries.) The European Union (formerly European Community) consists of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Europe includes the EU countries plus Norway and Switzerland. The group labeled "Asian NIEs" consists of the four newly industrializing economies of Hong Kong SAR, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.
Data limitations
Because compensation is partly estimated, the statistics should not be considered as precise measures of comparative compensation costs. In addition, the figures are subject to revision as the results of new labor cost surveys or other data used to estimate compensation costs become available.
The comparative level figures in these tables are averages for all manufacturing industries and are not necessarily representative of all component industries. In the United States and some other countries, such as Japan, differentials in hourly compensation cost levels by industry are quite wide. In contrast, other countries, such as Sweden, have narrow differentials.
Labor costs versus labor income
The hourly compensation figures in U.S. dollars shown in the tables provide comparative measures of employer labor costs; they do not provide intercountry comparisons of the purchasing power of worker incomes. Prices of goods and services vary greatly among countries, and the commercial market exchange rates used to compare employer labor costs do not reliably indicate relative differences in prices. Purchasing power parities ? that is, the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be purchased with one unit of U.S. or other base-country currency ? must be used for meaningful international comparisons of the relative purchasing power of worker incomes.
Total compensation converted to U.S. dollars at purchasing power parities would provide one measure for comparing relative real levels of labor income. It should be noted, however, that total compensation includes employer payments to funds for the benefit of workers in addition to payments made directly to workers. (For a few countries, the compensation measures also include taxes or subsidies on payrolls or employment even if they do not finance programs which directly benefit workers.) Payments into these funds provide either deferred income (e.g., payments to retirement funds), a type of insurance (e.g., payments to unemployment or health benefit funds), or current social benefits (e.g., family allowances), and the relationship between employer payments and current or future worker benefits is indirect. On the other hand, excluding these payments would understate the total value of income derived from work because they substitute for worker savings or self- insurance to cover retirement, medical costs, etc.
Total compensation, since it takes account of employer payments into funds for the benefit of workers, is a broader income concept than either total direct earnings or direct spendable earnings. An even broader concept would take account of all social benefits available to workers, including those financed out of general revenues as well as those financed through employment or payroll taxes.
Revised Measures
The hourly compensation costs series for Australia, Austria, Canada, Germany, Japan, and Sweden were revised to incorporate new labor cost surveys and to make other adjustments.
Data for West Germany were revised from 1993 to incorporate 1996 labor cost survey data. In addition, BLS constructed hourly compensation measures for Unified Germany for 1993 to 1998. The Unified Germany measures incorporate average hourly earnings data available from 1993 and data from the 1992 and 1996 labor cost surveys.
For Canada, data back to 1975 were revised to reflect revisions to the Supplementary Labor Income series. One revision is that payroll taxes paid into general revenues are no longer considered to be social security taxes by Statistics Canada and are not included in the Canadian national accounts. BLS made special estimates of additional compensation by incorporating these taxes. The inclusion of these taxes by BLS is consistent with methodology used in constructing the Canadian compensation measures in the past.
For Australia, preliminary revisions from 1994 based on 1993- 94 and 1996-97 major labor cost survey data were incorporated.
For Austria, the hourly compensation measures from 1993 were revised to incorporate the results of a 1996 labor cost survey.
For Japan, monthly labor survey benchmarks made every three years were incorporated in the BLS calculations from 1996.
For Sweden, BLS methods of estimating holiday pay and sick leave were adjusted for 1997 and 1998 to reflect changes in Statistics Sweden data collection.
Table 1. Indexes of hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998
(Index, U.S. = 100)
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Canada .................. 94 102 97 90 87 88 88 89 Mexico .................. 23 24 18 20 21 22 26 17
Australia ............... 88 90 83 85 83 86 90 85 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 12 13 14 14 14 15 14 14 Israel .................. 35 34 35 31 37 38 38 38 Japan ................... 47 47 52 66 60 56 56 48
Korea ................... 5 6 7 9 11 10 9 9 New Zealand ............. 50 43 44 50 52 54 52 48 Singapore ............... 13 12 12 13 14 15 17 17 Sri Lanka ............... 4 3 4 3 3 2 2 2 Taiwan .................. 6 7 7 7 9 10 11 11
Austria ................. 71 69 75 83 88 90 72 67 Belgium ................. 101 100 109 122 131 133 104 81 Denmark ................. 99 96 96 108 116 110 87 76 Finland ................. 72 75 74 71 83 83 74 69
France .................. 71 68 69 78 85 91 74 67 Germany, Former West .... 99 97 103 116 124 124 96 88 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 27 28 30 34 37 38 34 35 Ireland ................. 48 41 41 48 54 60 51 49
Italy ................... 73 63 66 70 78 83 70 64 Luxembourg .............. 102 101 106 119 123 122 91 74 Netherlands ............. 103 100 106 121 126 122 91 84 Norway .................. 106 109 113 115 114 117 101 93
Portugal ................ 25 24 21 20 19 21 19 16 Spain ................... 40 41 42 47 59 60 51 45 Sweden .................. 113 119 117 117 125 127 109 86 Switzerland ............. 96 93 91 116 117 112 93 89 United Kingdom .......... 53 46 45 53 63 77 67 59
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 60 61 61 65 66 67 62 57 OECD 4 .................. 67 68 68 73 73 74 68 63 less Mexico, Korea 5..... 76 77 78 83 83 84 77 72 Europe .................. 80 76 79 89 97 100 81 73 European Union .......... 79 75 78 87 96 100 80 72 Asian NIEs .............. 8 9 9 10 11 12 12 12
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 1. Indexes of hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998 -- continued
(Index, U.S. = 100)
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Canada .................. 92 89 84 83 89 97 103 107 Mexico .................. 12 12 12 8 8 9 10 11
Australia ............... 77 78 63 64 70 82 87 88 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 12 13 13 14 15 17 19 21 Israel .................. 40 37 31 39 47 55 54 57 Japan ................... 50 50 49 70 80 91 88 86
Korea ................... 9 10 9 10 12 16 22 25 New Zealand ............. 43 37 34 41 50 59 54 56 Singapore ............... 18 20 19 17 17 19 22 25 Sri Lanka ............... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Taiwan .................. 11 11 12 13 17 20 25 26
Austria ................. 64 59 58 81 101 104 99 119 Belgium ................. 75 69 69 94 113 114 108 129 Denmark ................. 72 64 62 83 108 109 101 121 Finland ................. 62 62 63 81 99 113 118 141
France .................. 64 58 58 78 91 93 88 104 Germany, Former West .... 84 75 73 101 125 131 123 147 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 31 30 28 31 34 38 38 45 Ireland ................. 47 45 46 60 69 72 67 78
Italy ................... 63 59 59 79 96 101 101 117 Luxembourg .............. 67 62 60 82 99 102 97 112 Netherlands ............. 78 69 67 92 112 114 105 121 Norway .................. 85 80 80 100 124 133 128 144
Portugal ................ 13 12 12 16 19 20 21 25 Spain ................... 38 36 36 47 56 61 63 76 Sweden .................. 73 73 74 94 112 121 122 140 Switzerland ............. 86 77 74 104 126 129 117 140 United Kingdom .......... 53 48 48 58 67 76 74 85
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 56 54 52 61 70 76 77 83 OECD 4 .................. 62 59 57 68 77 84 84 90 less Mexico, Korea 5..... 71 67 65 78 90 97 97 104 Europe .................. 68 62 61 81 98 103 99 116 European Union........... 67 61 60 80 97 102 98 115 Asian NIEs .............. 12 13 13 13 15 18 23 25
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 1. Indexes of hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998 -- continued
(Index, U.S. = 100)
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States .......... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Canada ................. 111 107 100 94 94 94 90 85 Mexico ................. 12 13 15 15 9 9 10 10
Australia .............. 87 81 76 84 89 95 91 80 Hong Kong SAR 1......... 23 24 26 27 28 29 30 29 Israel ................. 56 56 53 54 61 64 66 65 Japan .................. 94 102 116 127 139 118 106 97
Korea .................. 30 32 34 38 42 46 40 27 New Zealand ............ 54 49 49 53 59 62 61 50 Singapore .............. 28 31 32 37 43 47 45 42 Sri Lanka .............. 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 Taiwan ................. 28 32 32 33 34 34 32 28
Austria ................ 116 126 122 128 147 140 120 119 Belgium ................ 127 137 130 137 155 146 125 125 Denmark ................ 118 126 116 120 140 136 121 122 Finland ................ 136 124 101 113 140 133 117 116
France ................. 100 109 102 105 116 113 99 98 Germany, Former West ... 145 158 153 159 185 176 152 151 Germany, Unified........ - - 148 154 179 171 148 147 Greece ................. 45 47 44 46 53 54 51 48 Ireland ................ 76 82 72 73 79 78 74 72
Italy .................. 118 120 96 94 94 100 96 92 Luxembourg ............. 110 119 114 121 136 127 - - Netherlands ............ 116 125 122 123 140 130 113 111 Norway ................. 139 143 122 124 142 142 130 128
Portugal ............... 27 32 27 27 31 32 30 30 Spain .................. 79 84 70 68 75 76 67 65 Sweden ................. 142 153 107 110 125 138 122 119 Switzerland ............ 139 144 137 148 170 160 133 131 United Kingdom ......... 88 89 75 76 80 80 85 89
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 86 89 87 89 95 91 84 79 OECD 4 ................. 93 96 94 96 103 98 90 85 less Mexico, Korea 5.... 107 111 108 110 119 112 103 98 Europe ................. 115 122 111 114 128 125 112 111 European Union.......... 114 121 110 113 126 123 111 110 Asian NIEs ............. 28 30 31 34 37 39 37 31
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 2. Hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... $6.36 $6.92 $7.59 $8.28 $9.04 $9.87 $10.87 $11.68
Canada .................. 5.96 7.06 7.34 7.42 7.87 8.67 9.57 10.45 Mexico .................. 1.47 1.64 1.34 1.62 1.91 2.21 2.82 1.97
Australia ............... 5.62 6.22 6.29 7.00 7.47 8.47 9.80 9.98 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... .76 .87 1.03 1.18 1.31 1.51 1.55 1.66 Israel .................. 2.25 2.38 2.68 2.57 3.30 3.79 4.18 4.43 Japan ................... 3.00 3.25 3.96 5.45 5.40 5.52 6.08 5.60
Korea ................... .32 .42 .56 .76 1.01 .96 1.02 1.09 New Zealand ............. 3.21 3.00 3.37 4.14 4.71 5.33 5.69 5.62 Singapore ............... .84 .86 .91 1.05 1.26 1.49 1.80 1.96 Sri Lanka ............... .28 .24 .32 .26 .23 .22 .21 .24 Taiwan .................. .40 .46 .53 .62 .79 1.00 1.21 1.24
Austria ................. 4.51 4.78 5.67 6.91 7.96 8.88 7.78 7.78 Belgium ................. 6.41 6.90 8.29 10.14 11.82 13.11 11.31 9.49 Denmark ................. 6.28 6.63 7.25 8.98 10.53 10.83 9.41 8.87 Finland ................. 4.61 5.19 5.58 5.88 7.51 8.24 8.04 8.03
France .................. 4.52 4.70 5.21 6.43 7.69 8.94 8.02 7.85 Germany, Former West .... 6.31 6.68 7.81 9.58 11.21 12.25 10.45 10.28 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 1.69 1.92 2.29 2.84 3.37 3.73 3.66 4.12 Ireland ................. 3.03 2.86 3.12 3.97 4.85 5.95 5.59 5.71
Italy ................... 4.67 4.34 4.99 5.83 7.06 8.15 7.57 7.44 Luxembourg .............. 6.50 6.99 8.06 9.86 11.12 12.03 9.85 8.61 Netherlands ............. 6.58 6.90 8.02 9.98 11.41 12.06 9.91 9.78 Norway .................. 6.77 7.52 8.56 9.51 10.28 11.59 11.01 10.83
Portugal ................ 1.58 1.66 1.58 1.63 1.68 2.06 2.04 1.88 Spain ................... 2.53 2.86 3.18 3.88 5.31 5.89 5.55 5.28 Sweden .................. 7.18 8.25 8.88 9.65 11.33 12.51 11.80 10.07 Switzerland ............. 6.09 6.45 6.88 9.59 10.56 11.09 10.14 10.42 United Kingdom .......... 3.37 3.21 3.45 4.41 5.70 7.56 7.31 6.92
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 3.83 4.23 4.64 5.40 5.97 6.60 6.72 6.67 OECD 4 .................. 4.25 4.70 5.15 6.01 6.62 7.30 7.41 7.34 less Mexico, Korea 5..... 4.82 5.33 5.89 6.86 7.54 8.30 8.35 8.38 Europe .................. 5.10 5.29 6.00 7.37 8.74 9.90 8.83 8.49 European Union .......... 5.03 5.20 5.93 7.24 8.64 9.83 8.74 8.37 Asian NIEs .............. .52 .59 .70 .84 1.03 1.17 1.33 1.41
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 2. Hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... $12.14 $12.55 $13.01 $13.26 $13.52 $13.91 $14.32 $14.91
Canada .................. 11.16 11.15 10.95 11.07 12.02 13.47 14.72 15.95 Mexico .................. 1.42 1.56 1.59 1.09 1.04 1.25 1.43 1.58
Australia ............... 9.31 9.83 8.20 8.54 9.46 11.35 12.41 13.07 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 1.51 1.58 1.73 1.88 2.09 2.40 2.79 3.20 Israel .................. 4.88 4.65 4.06 5.20 6.34 7.67 7.69 8.55 Japan ................... 6.03 6.23 6.34 9.22 10.79 12.63 12.53 12.80
Korea ................... 1.15 1.20 1.23 1.31 1.59 2.20 3.17 3.71 New Zealand ............. 5.19 4.65 4.47 5.50 6.77 8.19 7.80 8.33 Singapore ............... 2.21 2.46 2.47 2.23 2.31 2.67 3.15 3.78 Sri Lanka ............... .25 .25 .28 .29 .30 .31 .31 .35 Taiwan .................. 1.29 1.42 1.50 1.73 2.26 2.81 3.52 3.93
Austria ................. 7.81 7.35 7.58 10.73 13.67 14.52 14.16 17.75 Belgium ................. 9.08 8.63 8.97 12.43 15.25 15.82 15.48 19.17 Denmark ................. 8.69 8.03 8.13 11.07 14.61 15.19 14.53 18.04 Finland ................. 7.54 7.77 8.16 10.71 13.44 15.70 16.85 21.03
France .................. 7.74 7.29 7.52 10.28 12.29 12.95 12.65 15.49 Germany, Former West .... 10.19 9.37 9.53 13.34 16.91 18.16 17.66 21.88 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 3.78 3.74 3.66 4.07 4.61 5.22 5.49 6.76 Ireland ................. 5.67 5.59 5.92 8.02 9.31 10.00 9.61 11.66
Italy ................... 7.70 7.35 7.63 10.47 13.02 13.98 14.40 17.45 Luxembourg .............. 8.15 7.79 7.81 10.86 13.35 14.22 13.92 16.74 Netherlands ............. 9.49 8.70 8.75 12.22 15.14 15.83 15.00 18.06 Norway .................. 10.32 10.07 10.37 13.24 16.79 18.45 18.29 21.47
Portugal ................ 1.62 1.45 1.53 2.08 2.52 2.78 2.97 3.77 Spain ................... 4.56 4.47 4.66 6.25 7.63 8.55 8.96 11.38 Sweden .................. 8.89 9.17 9.66 12.43 15.12 16.82 17.52 20.93 Switzerland ............. 10.46 9.64 9.66 13.76 17.08 18.01 16.73 20.86 United Kingdom .......... 6.49 6.04 6.27 7.66 9.09 10.61 10.56 12.70
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 6.81 6.73 6.75 8.15 9.48 10.64 10.99 12.36 OECD 4 .................. 7.49 7.38 7.40 8.96 10.43 11.67 11.99 13.49 less Mexico, Korea 5..... 8.61 8.47 8.48 10.39 12.12 13.53 13.83 15.55 Europe .................. 8.27 7.75 7.96 10.80 13.32 14.38 14.14 17.31 European Union .......... 8.14 7.64 7.85 10.63 13.10 14.16 13.96 17.09 Asian NIEs .............. 1.47 1.59 1.65 1.74 2.06 2.55 3.23 3.72
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 2. Hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States .......... $15.58 $16.09 $16.51 $16.87 $17.19 $17.70 $18.21 $18.56
Canada ................. 17.28 17.17 16.55 15.88 16.10 16.64 16.46 15.69 Mexico ................. 1.84 2.17 2.40 2.47 1.51 1.54 1.78 1.83
Australia .............. 13.53 13.02 12.49 14.12 15.27 16.88 16.58 14.92 Hong Kong SAR 1......... 3.58 3.92 4.29 4.61 4.82 5.14 5.42 5.47 Israel ................. 8.79 9.09 8.82 9.19 10.54 11.32 12.04 12.02 Japan .................. 14.67 16.38 19.21 21.35 23.82 20.91 19.37 18.05
Korea .................. 4.61 5.22 5.64 6.40 7.29 8.22 7.33 5.03 New Zealand ............ 8.36 7.91 8.01 8.93 10.11 11.03 11.02 9.19 Singapore .............. 4.35 4.95 5.25 6.29 7.33 8.32 8.24 7.77 Sri Lanka .............. .40 .40 .42 .45 .48 .48 .46 .47 Taiwan ................. 4.36 5.09 5.23 5.55 5.92 5.93 5.87 5.24
Austria ................ 18.09 20.29 20.16 21.55 25.31 24.80 21.91 22.16 Belgium ................ 19.75 22.05 21.44 23.07 26.65 25.89 22.82 23.11 Denmark ................ 18.39 20.20 19.11 20.30 24.07 24.11 22.03 22.69 Finland ................ 21.25 19.92 16.63 19.06 24.14 23.56 21.37 21.57
France ................. 15.65 17.46 16.79 17.63 20.01 19.93 17.99 18.28 Germany, Former West ... 22.63 25.38 25.25 26.80 31.76 31.20 27.74 27.99 Germany, Unified........ - - 24.44 25.96 30.83 30.26 26.90 27.20 Greece ................. 6.95 7.60 7.23 7.73 9.17 9.59 9.20 8.91 Ireland ................ 11.91 13.12 11.89 12.39 13.57 13.85 13.55 13.33
Italy .................. 18.32 19.35 15.80 15.89 16.22 17.75 17.57 17.11 Luxembourg ............. 17.14 19.10 18.74 20.33 23.35 22.55 - - Netherlands ............ 18.13 20.10 20.08 20.80 24.02 23.08 20.61 20.57 Norway ................. 21.63 23.03 20.21 20.97 24.38 25.05 23.72 23.70
Portugal ............... 4.24 5.17 4.50 4.60 5.37 5.58 5.38 5.48 Spain .................. 12.29 13.50 11.62 11.54 12.88 13.51 12.24 12.14 Sweden ................. 22.15 24.59 17.59 18.62 21.44 24.37 22.23 22.03 Switzerland ............ 21.69 23.23 22.63 24.91 29.30 28.34 24.19 24.38 United Kingdom ......... 13.74 14.37 12.41 12.80 13.67 14.09 15.47 16.43
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 13.35 14.27 14.34 15.00 16.37 16.06 15.24 14.69 OECD 4 ................. 14.56 15.52 15.58 16.26 17.73 17.33 16.38 15.82 less Mexico, Korea 5.... 16.73 17.79 17.81 18.56 20.38 19.85 18.74 18.20 Europe ................. 17.96 19.67 18.34 19.27 22.00 22.05 20.42 20.67 European Union.......... 17.74 19.46 18.12 18.99 21.64 21.72 20.20 20.47 Asian NIEs ............. 4.30 4.91 5.19 5.78 6.40 6.91 6.67 5.72
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 3. Hourly compensation costs in national currency for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... 6.36 6.92 7.59 8.28 9.04 9.87 10.87 11.68
Canada .................. 6.06 6.96 7.81 8.46 9.21 10.13 11.48 12.90 Mexico .................. 18 24 30 37 43 51 69 111
Australia ............... 4.30 5.10 5.67 6.12 6.68 7.43 8.53 9.82 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 3.73 4.28 4.82 5.54 6.57 7.50 8.66 10.06 Israel .................. 1.44 1.90 2.81 4.49 8.41 19.42 47.72 108 Japan ................... 889 963 1060 1136 1179 1245 1339 1396
Korea ................... 157 203 271 369 487 583 691 793 New Zealand ............. 2.65 3.03 3.48 3.99 4.61 5.48 6.55 7.48 Singapore ............... 2.00 2.13 2.22 2.39 2.74 3.20 3.80 4.20 Sri Lanka ............... 1.97 2.04 2.88 4.13 3.54 3.58 3.97 4.99 Taiwan .................. 15.17 17.37 19.98 22.84 28.47 36.13 44.47 48.42
Austria ................. 78.46 85.77 93.77 100.20 106.39 114.78 123.60 132.66 Belgium ................. 235.10 266.36 297.07 318.88 346.66 382.88 418.66 434.66 Denmark ................. 36.00 40.07 43.50 49.47 55.39 60.98 66.84 73.98 Finland ................. 16.88 19.99 22.40 24.16 27.07 30.64 34.71 38.63
France .................. 19.34 22.45 25.62 28.93 32.71 37.73 43.39 51.66 Germany, Former West .... 15.48 16.82 18.12 19.21 20.55 22.23 23.56 24.96 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 55 70 84 105 125 159 203 275 Ireland ................. 1.36 1.58 1.79 2.07 2.37 2.89 3.46 4.02
Italy ................... 3048 3606 4405 4950 5863 6966 8564 10068 Luxembourg .............. 239 270 289 310 326 352 366 394 Netherlands ............. 16.59 18.22 19.69 21.56 22.88 23.93 24.64 26.14 Norway .................. 35.29 41.01 45.54 49.84 52.05 57.20 63.09 69.93
Portugal ................ 40.26 50.12 60.17 71.51 82.29 103.28 125.42 150.69 Spain ................... 145 191 239 297 356 422 511 581 Sweden .................. 29.73 35.93 39.68 43.59 48.57 52.91 59.40 63.31 Switzerland ............. 15.72 16.12 16.50 17.04 17.57 18.57 19.88 21.19 United Kingdom .......... 1.52 1.78 1.98 2.30 2.68 3.25 3.61 3.96
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000. Table 3. Hourly compensation costs in national currency for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... 12.14 12.55 13.01 13.26 13.52 13.91 14.32 14.91
Canada .................. 13.74 14.44 14.95 15.39 15.94 16.58 17.43 18.62 Mexico .................. 170 262 409 667 1437 2834 3509 4440
Australia ............... 10.32 11.18 11.70 12.73 13.49 14.47 15.68 16.74 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 10.97 12.35 13.46 14.64 16.31 18.74 21.79 24.91 Israel .................. 274 1364 4.79 7.74 10.12 12.27 14.73 17.24 Japan ................... 1432 1480 1512 1553 1560 1620 1730 1856
Korea ................... 892 970 1074 1153 1311 1610 2127 2623 New Zealand ............. 7.77 8.05 8.98 10.47 11.42 12.48 13.14 13.98 Singapore ............... 4.67 5.25 5.43 4.86 4.87 5.37 6.15 6.85 Sri Lanka ............... 5.82 6.48 7.58 8.13 8.82 9.81 11.11 14.05 Taiwan .................. 51.65 56.39 59.60 65.37 71.93 80.29 92.91 105.69
Austria ................. 140.26 147.05 156.75 163.69 172.96 179.45 187.49 201.07 Belgium ................. 463.97 498.25 532.39 554.91 569.91 581.89 610.19 640.60 Denmark ................. 79.49 83.06 86.18 89.65 100.07 102.40 106.38 111.65 Finland ................. 41.97 46.60 50.56 54.33 59.17 65.81 72.39 80.56
France .................. 59.01 63.71 67.49 71.23 73.91 77.17 80.72 84.38 Germany, Former West .... 26.02 26.65 28.04 28.94 30.40 31.90 33.22 35.37 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 333 422 506 570 625 741 892 1071 Ireland ................. 4.54 5.14 5.55 5.98 6.25 6.56 6.78 7.03
Italy ................... 11703 12898 14563 15616 16890 18201 19750 20900 Luxembourg .............. 417 450 464 485 498 523 549 559 Netherlands ............. 27.09 27.93 29.04 29.91 30.68 31.31 31.82 32.90 Norway .................. 75.34 82.15 89.11 97.99 113.18 120.37 126.43 134.26
Portugal ................ 181.19 213.92 263.37 311.04 356.13 400.97 467.42 538.11 Spain ................... 654 719 792 874 942 997 1061 1161 Sweden .................. 68.23 75.88 83.12 88.58 95.99 103.24 113.11 123.98 Switzerland ............. 21.98 22.65 23.71 24.74 25.48 26.37 27.38 29.00 United Kingdom .......... 4.28 4.52 4.84 5.22 5.54 5.95 6.45 7.12
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 3. Hourly compensation costs in national currency for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States .......... 15.58 16.09 16.51 16.87 17.19 17.70 18.21 18.56
Canada ................. 19.81 20.76 21.35 21.69 22.10 22.69 22.80 23.29 Mexico ................. 5541 6716 7.48 8.34 9.69 11.68 14.12 16.78
Australia .............. 17.37 17.71 18.37 19.30 20.62 21.56 22.30 23.73 Hong Kong SAR 1......... 27.82 30.31 33.19 35.65 37.30 39.74 41.99 42.39 Israel ................. 20.04 22.36 24.97 27.66 31.73 36.14 41.52 45.67 Japan .................. 1975 2077 2134 2182 2238 2275 2345 2364
Korea .................. 3383 4075 4531 5141 5620 6611 6973 7042 New Zealand ............ 14.46 14.70 14.79 15.06 15.41 16.04 16.62 17.14 Singapore .............. 7.51 8.07 8.49 9.61 10.39 11.73 12.25 12.99 Sri Lanka .............. 16.58 17.51 20.20 22.32 24.45 26.49 26.86 30.10 Taiwan ................. 116.66 128.03 138.21 146.88 156.86 162.90 169.04 175.81
Austria ................ 211.44 222.93 234.70 245.88 255.11 262.64 267.50 274.39 Belgium ................ 675.43 709.06 741.27 771.23 785.47 801.77 817.19 839.25 Denmark ................ 117.75 121.96 123.96 129.00 134.77 139.86 145.60 152.11 Finland ................ 86.11 89.40 95.19 99.76 105.65 108.24 111.04 115.34
France ................. 88.39 92.44 95.14 97.76 99.77 101.97 105.05 107.88 Germany, Former West ... 37.59 39.64 41.79 43.48 45.47 46.95 48.12 49.26 Germany, Unified........ - - 40.44 42.11 44.14 45.54 46.67 47.87 Greece ................. 1266 1449 1659 1876 2124 2309 2514 2632 Ireland ................ 7.38 7.70 8.12 8.28 8.46 8.66 8.94 9.36
Italy .................. 22734 23841 24858 25591 26425 27394 29945 29714 Luxembourg ............. 585 614 648 680 688 698 - - Netherlands ............ 33.94 35.35 37.32 37.84 38.52 38.91 40.26 40.81 Norway ................. 140.43 143.13 143.47 147.92 154.44 161.78 168.10 178.98
Portugal ............... 614.62 697.80 724.15 763.09 804.35 860.39 943.62 988.13 Spain .................. 1278 1383 1481 1545 1604 1712 1793 1814 Sweden ................. 134.04 143.26 137.16 143.64 153.14 163.46 169.97 175.22 Switzerland ............ 31.14 32.66 33.45 34.06 34.61 35.03 35.10 35.37 United Kingdom ......... 7.77 8.14 8.27 8.36 8.66 9.03 9.44 9.91
Dash means data not available. Note: National currency units are United States, dollar; Canada, dollar; Mexico, old peso (1975-92), new peso (1993-98); Australia, dollar; Hong Kong SAR, dollar; Israel, shekel (1975-84), new shekel (1985-98); Japan, yen; Korea, won; New Zealand, dollar; Singapore, dollar; Sri Lanka, rupee; Taiwan, dollar; Austria, schilling; Belgium, franc; Denmark, krone; Finland, markkaa; France, franc; Germany, mark; Greece, drachma; Ireland, pound, Italy, lira; Luxembourg, franc; Netherlands, guilder; Norway, krone; Portugal, escudo; Spain, peseta;Sweden, krona; Switzerland, franc; United Kingdom, pound.
See other notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 4. Indexes of hourly direct pay for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998
(Index, U.S. = 100)
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Canada .................. 102 112 106 97 95 97 97 99 Mexico .................. 25 26 19 22 23 25 29 19
Australia ............... 92 94 87 90 88 92 96 92 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 14 15 16 17 17 18 17 17 Israel .................. 35 34 35 31 37 39 39 39 Japan ................... 51 51 56 70 65 61 61 53
Korea ................... 5 7 8 10 12 11 10 11 New Zealand ............. 57 49 51 57 60 63 61 57 Singapore ............... 14 13 13 13 14 15 16 17 Sri Lanka ............... 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 Taiwan .................. 7 8 8 9 10 12 13 12
Austria ................. 67 65 71 79 83 85 68 63 Belgium ................. 93 94 103 116 124 126 100 81 Denmark ................. 114 111 111 127 137 130 103 91 Finland ................. 69 71 69 68 80 81 72 68
France .................. 63 60 61 69 76 81 66 60 Germany, Former West .... 96 93 100 112 121 121 94 87 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 27 28 31 35 38 39 35 37 Ireland ................. 51 44 44 52 59 66 55 52
Italy ................... 59 50 55 59 66 72 62 56 Luxembourg .............. 105 104 110 124 129 128 95 78 Netherlands ............. 95 92 98 112 118 115 86 80 Norway .................. 105 108 113 115 113 117 101 93
Portugal ................ 24 23 20 19 18 20 18 16 Spain ................... 33 35 37 42 54 55 47 42 Sweden .................. 105 108 104 105 113 114 97 78 Switzerland ............. 97 95 93 119 121 117 97 94 United Kingdom .......... 56 49 47 55 64 78 68 61
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 62 63 63 67 68 70 65 60 OECD 4 .................. 69 70 70 75 76 77 71 66 less Mexico, Korea 5.... 78 80 80 85 86 87 80 76 Europe .................. 76 72 75 85 93 97 78 71 European Union............ 75 71 74 83 91 95 77 70 Asian NIEs .............. 9 10 10 11 13 13 14 14
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 4. Indexes of hourly direct pay for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998 -- continued
(Index, U.S. = 100)
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Canada .................. 101 97 92 91 97 106 113 116 Mexico .................. 13 14 14 9 9 10 11 12
Australia ............... 83 84 67 68 74 86 92 93 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 15 15 16 17 19 21 24 26 Israel .................. 41 38 32 40 48 57 56 60 Japan ................... 55 54 53 76 87 99 95 94
Korea ................... 11 11 11 11 13 18 25 28 New Zealand ............. 50 44 40 49 59 69 64 66 Singapore ............... 18 19 18 18 19 21 24 28 Sri Lanka ............... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 Taiwan .................. 12 13 13 15 19 23 29 31
Austria ................. 60 54 54 74 93 96 91 111 Belgium ................. 74 67 65 86 103 104 99 118 Denmark ................. 84 75 74 99 127 134 125 149 Finland ................. 62 61 62 79 97 108 113 135
France .................. 56 51 51 68 81 82 78 92 Germany, Former West .... 82 73 71 97 121 127 120 143 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 32 31 29 31 34 38 39 47 Ireland ................. 50 47 48 63 73 76 71 84
Italy ................... 56 52 52 69 84 88 86 100 Luxembourg .............. 72 66 64 86 104 108 103 120 Netherlands ............. 75 67 64 87 107 109 101 119 Norway .................. 86 81 80 100 125 133 129 147
Portugal ................ 13 11 11 15 18 19 20 24 Spain ................... 35 33 34 44 53 58 59 72 Sweden .................. 65 64 65 82 98 106 107 124 Switzerland ............. 91 81 78 108 132 136 123 148 United Kingdom .......... 56 51 51 61 71 81 79 91
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 59 57 54 64 73 80 80 86 OECD 4 .................. 65 62 60 70 80 87 87 94 less Mexico, Korea 5..... 75 71 68 81 93 101 101 108 Europe .................. 66 60 59 78 95 100 95 112 European Union........... 65 59 58 76 92 97 93 110 Asian NIEs .............. 13 14 14 15 17 21 26 29
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 4. Indexes of hourly direct pay for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998 -- continued
(Index, U.S. = 100)
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States .......... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Canada ................. 120 115 107 100 99 99 96 89 Mexico ................. 13 15 17 17 10 10 11 11
Australia .............. 93 88 81 89 93 99 94 82 Hong Kong SAR 1......... 28 30 32 34 35 36 37 36 Israel ................. 59 60 57 58 65 67 69 67 Japan .................. 104 113 129 139 151 128 115 105
Korea .................. 32 35 37 40 46 49 42 28 New Zealand ............ 64 60 59 64 71 75 72 59 Singapore .............. 30 34 35 40 45 50 48 44 Sri Lanka .............. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Taiwan ................. 33 38 38 39 40 39 37 32
Austria ................ 109 119 114 118 136 129 110 109 Belgium ................ 117 127 120 126 142 134 114 113 Denmark ................ 145 156 144 148 170 165 146 147 Finland ................ 133 123 97 107 136 131 115 113
France ................. 89 97 90 92 102 99 86 85 Germany, Former West ... 143 155 152 155 178 169 145 143 Germany, Unified........ - - 147 150 173 165 141 139 Greece ................. 46 49 44 46 53 54 50 47 Ireland ................ 83 89 79 81 86 85 81 78
Italy .................. 103 107 85 84 83 88 84 82 Luxembourg ............. 119 130 124 131 150 140 - - Netherlands ............ 115 125 120 122 137 128 111 108 Norway ................. 144 150 131 133 150 149 137 133
Portugal ............... 26 31 27 27 31 31 29 29 Spain .................. 75 81 67 65 71 72 63 61 Sweden ................. 125 135 100 103 114 125 111 108 Switzerland ............ 148 155 148 158 180 169 139 137 United Kingdom ......... 94 98 83 85 88 88 94 97
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 90 93 92 93 99 94 86 81 OECD 4 ................. 97 101 99 101 107 101 92 87 less Mexico, Korea 5.... 112 115 113 115 122 115 106 100 Europe ................. 112 120 110 112 124 121 108 108 European Union.......... 110 118 108 110 122 118 107 106 Asian NIEs ............. 32 35 36 39 42 43 41 34
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 5. Hourly direct pay in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... $5.30 $5.73 $6.24 $6.77 $7.35 $7.98 $8.77 $9.32
Canada .................. 5.43 6.39 6.59 6.60 7.01 7.74 8.47 9.21 Mexico .................. 1.33 1.48 1.21 1.47 1.72 1.99 2.53 1.76
Australia ............... 4.89 5.41 5.45 6.06 6.47 7.34 8.43 8.58 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... .73 .85 1.00 1.14 1.27 1.46 1.50 1.60 Israel .................. 1.86 1.96 2.21 2.12 2.73 3.13 3.45 3.66 Japan ................... 2.70 2.90 3.51 4.77 4.75 4.89 5.36 4.92
Korea ................... .29 .38 .51 .69 .91 .87 .92 .98 New Zealand ............. 3.01 2.82 3.17 3.89 4.43 5.01 5.35 5.28 Singapore ............... .72 .74 .78 .89 1.04 1.18 1.43 1.55 Sri Lanka ............... .25 .22 .29 .24 .21 .20 .18 .21 Taiwan .................. .37 .43 .49 .58 .74 .94 1.13 1.16
Austria ................. 3.53 3.73 4.42 5.35 6.13 6.80 5.92 5.88 Belgium ................. 4.94 5.36 6.42 7.85 9.12 10.07 8.78 7.57 Denmark ................. 6.04 6.36 6.95 8.58 10.08 10.36 9.00 8.47 Finland ................. 3.65 4.07 4.32 4.57 5.85 6.45 6.31 6.31
France .................. 3.35 3.46 3.82 4.69 5.59 6.50 5.82 5.63 Germany, Former West .... 5.09 5.31 6.23 7.61 8.87 9.68 8.25 8.09 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 1.41 1.60 1.91 2.37 2.81 3.11 3.05 3.41 Ireland ................. 2.69 2.53 2.76 3.52 4.33 5.23 4.84 4.89
Italy ................... 3.14 2.89 3.41 4.01 4.86 5.75 5.41 5.26 Luxembourg .............. 5.57 5.95 6.85 8.40 9.49 10.23 8.37 7.31 Netherlands ............. 5.06 5.27 6.13 7.60 8.66 9.16 7.53 7.49 Norway .................. 5.58 6.17 7.03 7.79 8.27 9.32 8.84 8.65
Portugal ................ 1.28 1.34 1.25 1.29 1.33 1.61 1.60 1.46 Spain ................... 1.76 1.99 2.30 2.85 3.95 4.37 4.11 3.92 Sweden .................. 5.57 6.21 6.49 7.09 8.29 9.09 8.52 7.26 Switzerland ............. 5.16 5.46 5.81 8.09 8.90 9.34 8.55 8.80 United Kingdom .......... 2.98 2.80 2.95 3.73 4.74 6.20 6.00 5.73
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 3.30 3.63 3.95 4.56 5.02 5.55 5.67 5.63 OECD 4 .................. 3.66 4.03 4.38 5.07 5.56 6.13 6.24 6.18 less Mexico, Korea 5..... 4.14 4.56 5.00 5.77 6.31 6.95 7.02 7.04 Europe .................. 4.04 4.15 4.70 5.76 6.81 7.70 6.88 6.62 European Union........... 3.96 4.06 4.62 5.63 6.69 7.61 6.77 6.49 Asian NIEs .............. 0.48 0.55 0.64 0.76 0.93 1.05 1.19 1.26
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000. Table 5. Hourly direct pay in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... $9.69 $10.04 $10.43 $10.65 $10.83 $11.12 $11.41 $11.80
Canada .................. 9.79 9.77 9.58 9.68 10.50 11.75 12.86 13.73 Mexico .................. 1.25 1.39 1.42 0.98 0.93 1.12 1.28 1.41
Australia ............... 8.00 8.46 6.99 7.24 8.02 9.61 10.51 10.99 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 1.46 1.53 1.67 1.82 2.02 2.32 2.70 3.09 Israel .................. 4.02 3.84 3.35 4.29 5.23 6.33 6.35 7.06 Japan ................... 5.29 5.47 5.54 8.05 9.40 10.98 10.86 11.07
Korea ................... 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.18 1.43 1.99 2.82 3.25 New Zealand ............. 4.88 4.38 4.20 5.17 6.37 7.70 7.34 7.84 Singapore ............... 1.73 1.90 1.92 1.93 2.09 2.39 2.77 3.25 Sri Lanka ............... .21 .22 .24 .25 .26 .26 .26 .30 Taiwan .................. 1.20 1.33 1.40 1.60 2.09 2.60 3.26 3.64
Austria ................. 5.86 5.46 5.60 7.92 10.06 10.67 10.43 13.08 Belgium ................. 7.15 6.68 6.76 9.12 11.15 11.58 11.27 13.94 Denmark ................. 8.17 7.55 7.68 10.58 13.75 14.89 14.24 17.57 Finland ................. 6.00 6.16 6.45 8.44 10.48 12.04 12.88 15.92
France .................. 5.47 5.14 5.33 7.29 8.72 9.14 8.88 10.88 Germany, Former West .... 7.98 7.31 7.42 10.38 13.13 14.07 13.68 16.84 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 3.09 3.07 3.00 3.31 3.73 4.25 4.50 5.50 Ireland ................. 4.85 4.74 5.00 6.76 7.86 8.43 8.12 9.89
Italy ................... 5.43 5.20 5.38 7.33 9.10 9.73 9.78 11.85 Luxembourg .............. 6.94 6.63 6.63 9.17 11.28 11.97 11.74 14.17 Netherlands ............. 7.26 6.68 6.71 9.31 11.55 12.07 11.55 13.99 Norway .................. 8.33 8.15 8.36 10.66 13.51 14.78 14.75 17.36
Portugal ................ 1.24 1.10 1.16 1.57 1.91 2.10 2.25 2.86 Spain ................... 3.40 3.35 3.51 4.71 5.75 6.45 6.74 8.54 Sweden .................. 6.27 6.46 6.79 8.73 10.56 11.75 12.18 14.66 Switzerland ............. 8.83 8.11 8.10 11.52 14.28 15.09 14.03 17.50 United Kingdom .......... 5.41 5.08 5.33 6.47 7.72 9.05 9.02 10.79
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 5.73 5.67 5.67 6.80 7.89 8.86 9.16 10.20 OECD 4 .................. 6.29 6.22 6.21 7.46 8.65 9.69 9.97 11.08 less Mexico, Korea 5..... 7.23 7.12 7.10 8.64 10.03 11.21 11.47 12.75 Europe .................. 6.41 6.01 6.16 8.31 10.24 11.07 10.85 13.25 European Union........... 6.28 5.88 6.04 8.13 10.01 10.84 10.65 13.00 Asian NIEs .............. 1.30 1.41 1.47 1.58 1.89 2.34 2.95 3.36
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 5. Hourly direct pay in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States .......... $12.21 $12.50 $12.80 $13.14 $13.47 $13.91 $14.36 $14.70
Canada ................. 14.64 14.36 13.74 13.19 13.31 13.83 13.74 13.09 Mexico ................. 1.63 1.93 2.13 2.18 1.33 1.36 1.59 1.63
Australia .............. 11.38 10.95 10.42 11.70 12.56 13.79 13.44 12.10 Hong Kong SAR 1......... 3.46 3.79 4.15 4.46 4.66 4.97 5.25 5.29 Israel ................. 7.26 7.50 7.28 7.58 8.70 9.34 9.94 9.92 Japan .................. 12.67 14.09 16.47 18.25 20.31 17.83 16.51 15.39
Korea .................. 3.93 4.35 4.71 5.32 6.13 6.78 6.05 4.15 New Zealand ............ 7.86 7.44 7.53 8.40 9.51 10.37 10.36 8.64 Singapore .............. 3.71 4.19 4.44 5.28 6.12 6.93 6.85 6.46 Sri Lanka .............. .34 .34 .36 .39 .41 .41 0.39 0.40 Taiwan ................. 4.04 4.71 4.80 5.09 5.38 5.39 5.34 4.76
Austria ................ 13.31 14.87 14.63 15.56 18.31 17.95 15.84 16.02 Belgium ................ 14.33 15.91 15.40 16.55 19.12 18.57 16.38 16.58 Denmark ................ 17.74 19.46 18.44 19.44 22.92 22.96 20.94 21.54 Finland ................ 16.26 15.38 12.36 14.11 18.37 18.16 16.48 16.63
France ................. 10.92 12.08 11.55 12.07 13.74 13.75 12.38 12.52 Germany, Former West ... 17.40 19.43 19.44 20.36 24.02 23.57 20.77 20.95 Germany, Unified........ - - 18.82 19.73 23.35 22.90 20.18 20.37 Greece ................. 5.63 6.13 5.63 6.01 7.13 7.46 7.16 6.93 Ireland ................ 10.12 11.18 10.17 10.59 11.60 11.84 11.60 11.41
Italy .................. 12.56 13.38 10.93 10.98 11.20 12.20 12.00 12.08 Luxembourg ............. 14.56 16.25 15.91 17.26 20.14 19.45 - - Netherlands ............ 14.03 15.59 15.42 16.03 18.42 17.87 15.96 15.93 Norway ................. 17.60 18.77 16.80 17.43 20.25 20.79 19.62 19.60
Portugal ............... 3.22 3.92 3.42 3.50 4.11 4.27 4.12 4.20 Spain .................. 9.19 10.08 8.57 8.51 9.56 10.03 9.11 9.04 Sweden ................. 15.30 16.89 12.78 13.50 15.36 17.42 15.93 15.87 Switzerland ............ 18.12 19.38 18.88 20.79 24.27 23.47 20.03 20.19 United Kingdom ......... 11.47 12.19 10.67 11.15 11.90 12.27 13.47 14.31
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 10.96 11.64 11.73 12.25 13.30 13.05 12.40 11.95 OECD 4 ................. 11.90 12.61 12.68 13.22 14.35 14.01 13.27 12.81 less Mexico, Korea 5.... 13.65 14.43 14.47 15.06 16.46 16.02 15.15 14.71 Europe ................. 13.71 15.01 14.05 14.72 16.77 16.81 15.56 15.81 European Union.......... 13.45 14.76 13.79 14.41 16.38 16.45 15.30 15.56 Asian NIEs ............. 3.85 4.36 4.60 5.09 5.62 6.01 5.82 5.01
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 6. Hourly direct pay in national currency for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... 5.30 5.73 6.24 6.77 7.35 7.98 8.77 9.32
Canada .................. 5.52 6.30 7.00 7.53 8.21 9.05 10.16 11.37 Mexico .................. 17 21 27 33 39 46 62 99
Australia ............... 3.74 4.43 4.91 5.30 5.79 6.44 7.33 8.44 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 3.61 4.15 4.66 5.36 6.36 7.26 8.38 9.73 Israel .................. 1.19 1.56 2.32 3.70 6.94 16.03 39.38 88.82 Japan ................... 801 860 940 995 1037 1103 1180 1227
Korea ................... 141 183 245 333 439 526 623 715 New Zealand ............. 2.49 2.85 3.27 3.76 4.33 5.15 6.16 7.04 Singapore ............... 1.72 1.82 1.91 2.03 2.26 2.53 3.02 3.32 Sri Lanka ............... 1.79 1.85 2.61 3.74 3.21 3.25 3.40 4.27 Taiwan .................. 14.18 16.23 18.67 21.35 26.61 33.77 41.56 45.25
Austria ................. 61.46 67.00 73.07 77.58 81.95 87.95 94.06 100.26 Belgium ................. 181.40 206.63 230.08 246.82 267.41 294.14 325.25 346.36 Denmark ................. 34.65 38.47 41.69 47.29 53.04 58.31 63.90 70.67 Finland ................. 13.39 15.70 17.34 18.78 21.09 23.98 27.23 30.34
France .................. 14.36 16.50 18.80 21.11 23.78 27.42 31.47 37.06 Germany, Former West .... 12.48 13.37 14.45 15.27 16.26 17.57 18.60 19.64 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 46 59 70 87 104 133 169 228 Ireland ................. 1.21 1.40 1.58 1.83 2.12 2.54 3.00 3.44
Italy ................... 2050 2401 3008 3407 4037 4918 6123 7121 Luxembourg .............. 205 230 246 264 278 299 311 334 Netherlands ............. 12.76 13.93 15.05 16.42 17.37 18.17 18.75 20.02 Norway .................. 29.07 33.69 37.40 40.81 41.86 46.02 50.64 55.89
Portugal ................ 32.52 40.52 47.83 56.75 64.90 80.81 98.06 116.72 Spain ................... 101 133 173 218 265 313 378 432 Sweden .................. 23.09 27.07 28.99 32.05 35.56 38.43 42.91 45.65 Switzerland ............. 13.33 13.64 13.93 14.38 14.80 15.65 16.76 17.89 United Kingdom .......... 1.34 1.55 1.69 1.94 2.23 2.67 2.96 3.28
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 6. Hourly direct pay in national currency for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... 9.69 10.04 10.43 10.65 10.83 11.12 11.41 11.80
Canada .................. 12.06 12.66 13.09 13.46 13.92 14.46 15.23 16.02 Mexico .................. 150 233 365 597 1287 2550 3141 3956
Australia ............... 8.88 9.61 9.99 10.78 11.43 12.26 13.28 14.07 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 10.61 11.95 13.03 14.17 15.78 18.13 21.08 24.10 Israel .................. 226 1126 3.95 6.39 8.35 10.13 12.16 14.23 Japan ................... 1257 1298 1322 1355 1359 1408 1500 1605
Korea ................... 804 874 970 1040 1179 1457 1891 2301 New Zealand ............. 7.30 7.57 8.44 9.85 10.74 11.74 12.36 13.14 Singapore ............... 3.66 4.05 4.23 4.21 4.41 4.81 5.40 5.89 Sri Lanka ............... 4.98 5.55 6.49 6.96 7.56 8.41 9.52 12.03 Taiwan .................. 48.27 52.70 55.70 60.53 66.60 74.34 86.03 97.86
Austria ................. 105.34 109.28 115.71 120.92 127.24 131.86 138.05 148.16 Belgium ................. 365.66 385.90 401.26 407.47 416.65 425.80 444.18 466.01 Denmark ................. 74.71 78.19 81.39 85.64 94.19 100.40 104.22 108.73 Finland ................. 33.41 36.94 39.96 42.81 46.15 50.47 55.31 60.98
France .................. 41.69 44.92 47.86 50.52 52.45 54.46 56.66 59.26 Germany, Former West .... 20.37 20.79 21.84 22.52 23.60 24.71 25.72 27.24 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 272 346 414 464 504 603 731 873 Ireland ................. 3.89 4.36 4.69 5.04 5.28 5.53 5.73 5.97
Italy ................... 8243 9139 10268 10931 11797 12663 13423 14200 Luxembourg .............. 355 383 393 410 421 440 463 473 Netherlands ............. 20.72 21.44 22.25 22.80 23.40 23.87 24.51 25.49 Norway .................. 60.82 66.47 71.85 78.85 91.08 96.39 101.98 108.55
Portugal ................ 138.74 162.43 198.92 235.10 269.59 302.62 354.64 408.28 Spain ................... 488 539 597 659 710 751 798 871 Sweden .................. 48.09 53.46 58.41 62.21 67.04 72.11 78.63 86.80 Switzerland ............. 18.56 19.06 19.90 20.72 21.31 22.10 22.97 24.32 United Kingdom .......... 3.57 3.80 4.11 4.41 4.71 5.08 5.51 6.05
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 6. Hourly direct pay in national currency for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States .......... 12.21 12.50 12.80 13.14 13.47 13.91 14.36 14.70
Canada ................. 16.78 17.36 17.73 18.02 18.28 18.87 19.02 19.43 Mexico ................. 4926 5967 6.63 7.37 8.55 10.35 12.60 14.93
Australia .............. 14.61 14.89 15.33 15.99 16.96 17.60 18.08 19.24 Hong Kong SAR 1......... 26.91 29.33 32.11 34.50 36.09 38.45 40.63 41.02 Israel ................. 16.53 18.45 20.60 22.83 26.19 29.82 34.27 37.69 Japan .................. 1705 1787 1830 1865 1909 1940 2000 2016
Korea .................. 2882 3396 3779 4276 4731 5457 5755 5813 New Zealand ............ 13.59 13.82 13.90 14.16 14.49 15.08 15.63 16.12 Singapore .............. 6.41 6.82 7.18 8.06 8.67 9.78 10.17 10.80 Sri Lanka .............. 14.20 15.00 17.31 19.12 20.95 22.70 23.01 25.79 Taiwan ................. 108.02 118.55 126.80 134.75 142.60 148.09 153.67 159.83
Austria ................ 155.62 163.46 170.32 177.58 184.59 190.08 193.44 198.39 Belgium ................ 489.98 511.41 532.38 553.31 563.54 575.23 586.60 602.12 Denmark ................ 113.62 117.49 119.62 123.56 128.33 133.18 138.42 144.37 Finland ................ 65.88 69.02 70.78 73.84 80.40 83.45 85.61 88.92
France ................. 61.68 63.93 65.48 66.93 68.53 70.33 72.26 73.86 Germany, Former West ... 28.90 30.36 32.17 33.02 34.39 35.47 36.03 36.86 Germany, Unified........ - - 31.14 32.01 33.44 34.46 35.02 35.86 Greece ................. 1027 1168 1290 1459 1652 1796 1955 2047 Ireland ................ 6.27 6.56 6.94 7.08 7.23 7.40 7.65 8.01
Italy .................. 15584 16488 17186 17696 18243 18825 20445 20987 Luxembourg ............. 497 522 551 578 594 602 - - Netherlands ............ 26.27 27.42 28.65 29.16 29.55 30.13 31.17 31.60 Norway ................. 114.24 116.66 119.27 122.96 128.30 134.30 139.06 148.06
Portugal ............... 466.33 529.44 551.52 581.18 615.89 658.80 722.53 756.61 Spain .................. 956 1032 1093 1140 1191 1271 1334 1350 Sweden ................. 92.60 98.39 99.66 104.15 109.68 116.84 121.80 126.17 Switzerland ............ 26.02 27.25 27.91 28.41 28.66 29.01 29.07 29.29 United Kingdom ......... 6.49 6.90 7.11 7.28 7.54 7.86 8.22 8.63
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 7. Indexes of pay for time worked for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998
(Index, U.S. = 100)
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Canada .................. 101 110 104 95 93 95 94 96 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 90 92 85 87 85 89 93 89 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 37 37 41 52 47 45 45 39
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 54 47 48 55 57 60 58 54 Singapore ............... 13 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 Sri Lanka ............... 4 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 50 49 54 59 63 64 51 47 Belgium ................. 80 78 85 94 101 102 80 65 Denmark ................. 111 108 108 123 133 125 98 86 Finland ................. 66 67 64 62 72 73 64 60
France .................. 56 54 55 61 67 72 59 52 Germany, Former West .... 80 77 83 93 99 99 76 70 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 22 24 26 29 32 33 29 31 Ireland ................. 51 44 44 51 58 64 54 51
Italy ................... 48 41 45 49 56 61 52 47 Luxembourg .............. 92 93 100 115 118 117 86 71 Netherlands ............. 80 79 84 94 97 96 73 69 Norway .................. 100 104 108 109 106 111 95 88
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 102 106 101 100 105 106 90 73 Switzerland ............. 86 84 82 105 106 102 85 82 United Kingdom .......... 55 48 46 53 62 75 66 59
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 7. Indexes of pay for time worked for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
(Index, U.S. = 100)
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Canada .................. 98 94 89 88 94 102 109 112 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 80 81 65 66 71 83 88 89 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 40 40 39 56 65 73 70 68
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 48 41 38 46 56 66 61 63 Singapore ............... 16 17 16 16 18 19 21 24 Sri Lanka ............... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 45 41 40 56 69 72 68 82 Belgium ................. 59 53 51 68 82 82 78 94 Denmark ................. 80 71 70 94 120 127 118 140 Finland ................. 55 54 54 69 84 93 96 115
France .................. 49 44 44 58 68 69 65 77 Germany, Former West .... 66 58 57 78 97 101 96 113 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 27 25 24 26 29 32 33 39 Ireland ................. 48 45 46 61 70 73 69 81
Italy ................... 47 43 43 57 69 71 69 81 Luxembourg .............. 65 59 57 77 92 95 91 106 Netherlands ............. 64 55 53 72 87 89 82 96 Norway .................. 81 76 75 94 117 124 120 136
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 61 60 60 75 90 97 98 114 Switzerland ............. 79 69 67 93 113 116 105 126 United Kingdom .......... 53 48 49 58 67 77 74 86
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 7. Indexes of pay for time worked for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
(Index, U.S. = 100)
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States .......... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Canada ................. 116 111 104 97 95 96 92 86 Mexico ................. - - - - - - - -
Australia .............. 90 84 78 85 89 95 90 79 Hong Kong SAR 1......... - - - - - - - - Israel ................. - - - - - - - - Japan .................. 75 82 95 103 111 95 85 78
Korea .................. - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............ 61 56 56 60 67 70 68 56 Singapore .............. 26 29 30 34 38 42 40 37 Sri Lanka .............. 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 Taiwan ................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................ 82 90 87 90 104 98 84 83 Belgium ................ 94 102 96 101 114 107 91 90 Denmark ................ 137 147 136 139 160 155 137 138 Finland ................ 112 102 80 89 112 107 94 93
France ................. 75 81 75 76 85 82 72 71 Germany, Former West ... 113 124 122 125 144 137 117 115 Germany, Unified........ - - 119 122 140 134 114 113 Greece ................. 38 40 36 37 43 44 41 39 Ireland ................ 80 87 77 78 83 82 78 75
Italy .................. 83 86 69 67 67 71 64 63 Luxembourg ............. 106 115 110 116 132 124 - - Netherlands ............ 93 101 98 100 111 105 91 88 Norway ................. 134 140 123 124 140 138 127 124
Portugal ............... - - - - - - - - Spain .................. - - - - - - - - Sweden ................. 114 121 91 93 104 114 101 98 Switzerland ............ 127 132 126 135 153 144 119 117 United Kingdom ......... 89 92 79 80 83 83 88 92
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 8. Pay for time worked in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... $4.83 $5.22 $5.68 $6.17 $6.70 $7.27 $7.99 $8.49
Canada .................. 4.88 5.73 5.89 5.89 6.23 6.88 7.51 8.15 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 4.35 4.79 4.80 5.34 5.70 6.46 7.43 7.56 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 1.79 1.94 2.35 3.22 3.18 3.27 3.56 3.29
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 2.62 2.45 2.75 3.38 3.84 4.35 4.65 4.59 Singapore ............... .62 .62 .66 .75 .87 .99 1.18 1.28 Sri Lanka ............... .20 .17 .23 .19 .16 .15 .14 .16 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 2.43 2.58 3.04 3.67 4.22 4.64 4.05 4.01 Belgium ................. 3.84 4.09 4.83 5.83 6.74 7.41 6.43 5.54 Denmark ................. 5.34 5.63 6.15 7.61 8.94 9.12 7.80 7.34 Finland ................. 3.17 3.48 3.64 3.82 4.85 5.31 5.15 5.11
France .................. 2.71 2.80 3.10 3.79 4.51 5.23 4.68 4.45 Germany, Former West .... 3.88 4.04 4.72 5.74 6.63 7.17 6.06 5.93 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 1.08 1.23 1.47 1.82 2.16 2.39 2.35 2.60 Ireland ................. 2.44 2.29 2.50 3.17 3.89 4.67 4.31 4.33
Italy ................... 2.34 2.16 2.55 3.05 3.72 4.43 4.14 4.02 Luxembourg .............. 4.43 4.84 5.69 7.08 7.91 8.48 6.89 6.02 Netherlands ............. 3.88 4.10 4.77 5.77 6.53 6.95 5.80 5.82 Norway .................. 4.85 5.41 6.14 6.74 7.11 8.04 7.63 7.47
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 4.94 5.53 5.75 6.19 7.02 7.73 7.20 6.22 Switzerland ............. 4.16 4.39 4.67 6.48 7.12 7.44 6.78 6.95 United Kingdom .......... 2.66 2.49 2.62 3.30 4.18 5.45 5.25 4.99
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 8. Pay for time worked in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... $8.83 $9.19 $9.54 $9.73 $9.91 $10.19 $10.48 $10.83
Canada .................. 8.66 8.63 8.48 8.58 9.30 10.41 11.39 12.16 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 7.05 7.45 6.16 6.38 7.06 8.47 9.26 9.68 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 3.57 3.70 3.76 5.46 6.41 7.47 7.30 7.39
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 4.24 3.80 3.65 4.49 5.53 6.68 6.37 6.80 Singapore ............... 1.42 1.56 1.57 1.59 1.74 1.95 2.21 2.59 Sri Lanka ............... .17 .17 .19 .20 .20 .21 .21 .24 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 4.00 3.74 3.81 5.42 6.88 7.30 7.15 8.90 Belgium ................. 5.24 4.86 4.91 6.62 8.08 8.37 8.18 10.16 Denmark ................. 7.07 6.54 6.65 9.16 11.92 12.91 12.32 15.20 Finland ................. 4.84 4.95 5.18 6.70 8.28 9.48 10.11 12.44
France .................. 4.30 4.04 4.16 5.65 6.72 6.99 6.79 8.32 Germany, Former West .... 5.84 5.35 5.44 7.59 9.61 10.29 10.02 12.22 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 2.36 2.32 2.27 2.53 2.87 3.24 3.41 4.17 Ireland ................. 4.28 4.16 4.39 5.94 6.92 7.43 7.18 8.75
Italy ................... 4.15 3.98 4.07 5.51 6.82 7.26 7.28 8.81 Luxembourg .............. 5.71 5.45 5.42 7.48 9.16 9.68 9.52 11.49 Netherlands ............. 5.62 5.09 5.02 6.96 8.60 9.02 8.62 10.38 Norway .................. 7.18 6.96 7.12 9.11 11.59 12.67 12.59 14.73
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 5.41 5.49 5.73 7.34 8.89 9.91 10.27 12.36 Switzerland ............. 6.95 6.37 6.35 9.01 11.17 11.80 10.97 13.68 United Kingdom .......... 4.70 4.41 4.63 5.61 6.68 7.81 7.79 9.31
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 8. Pay for time worked in U.S. dollars for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States .......... $11.18 $11.46 $11.74 $12.07 $12.37 $12.77 $13.17 $13.49
Canada ................. 12.97 12.72 12.17 11.68 11.79 12.25 12.17 11.60 Mexico ................. - - - - - - - -
Australia .............. 10.02 9.65 9.18 10.31 11.07 12.15 11.84 10.66 Hong Kong SAR 1......... - - - - - - - - Israel ................. - - - - - - - - Japan .................. 8.44 9.41 11.11 12.40 13.77 12.11 11.16 10.51
Korea .................. - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............ 6.82 6.46 6.53 7.29 8.25 9.00 8.99 7.50 Singapore .............. 2.92 3.30 3.48 4.11 4.73 5.33 5.28 4.98 Sri Lanka .............. .27 .27 .28 .31 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 Taiwan ................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................ 9.16 10.33 10.22 10.88 12.81 12.55 11.10 11.24 Belgium ................ 10.49 11.69 11.31 12.16 14.05 13.65 12.04 12.18 Denmark ................ 15.35 16.82 15.94 16.80 19.81 19.85 18.10 18.62 Finland ................ 12.51 11.64 9.37 10.70 13.91 13.70 12.42 12.54
France ................. 8.36 9.24 8.84 9.23 10.52 10.52 9.47 9.58 Germany, Former West ... 12.63 14.25 14.32 15.07 17.78 17.49 15.41 15.54 Germany, Unified........ - - 13.93 14.67 17.38 17.08 15.05 15.20 Greece ................. 4.23 4.61 4.23 4.52 5.36 5.61 5.38 5.21 Ireland ................ 8.97 9.94 9.04 9.42 10.31 10.52 10.31 10.14
Italy .................. 9.31 9.90 8.08 8.10 8.29 9.03 8.49 8.54 Luxembourg ............. 11.83 13.22 12.95 14.05 16.38 15.83 - - Netherlands ............ 10.45 11.63 11.46 12.05 13.78 13.39 11.96 11.93 Norway ................. 14.94 16.07 14.45 14.99 17.26 17.65 16.73 16.71
Portugal ............... - - - - - - - - Spain .................. - - - - - - - - Sweden ................. 12.75 13.85 10.69 11.25 12.81 14.54 13.32 13.27 Switzerland ............ 14.17 15.16 14.76 16.25 18.98 18.35 15.66 15.79 United Kingdom ......... 9.91 10.53 9.22 9.63 10.28 10.60 11.64 12.36
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 9. Pay for time worked in national currency for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... 4.83 5.22 5.68 6.17 6.70 7.27 7.99 8.49
Canada .................. 4.96 5.65 6.26 6.71 7.30 8.04 9.00 10.06 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 3.33 3.92 4.33 4.67 5.10 5.67 6.46 7.44 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 531 575 631 671 695 737 783 819
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 2.16 2.47 2.84 3.26 3.76 4.47 5.35 6.11 Singapore ............... 1.46 1.53 1.60 1.71 1.89 2.13 2.50 2.73 Sri Lanka ............... 1.41 1.46 2.06 2.95 2.53 2.56 2.68 3.37 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 42.34 46.24 50.32 53.22 56.47 60.02 64.39 68.49 Belgium ................. 140.95 157.61 173.12 183.37 197.64 216.44 238.28 253.74 Denmark ................. 30.64 34.04 36.93 41.92 47.02 51.33 55.42 61.24 Finland ................. 11.62 13.41 14.60 15.69 17.49 19.74 22.25 24.59
France .................. 11.60 13.37 15.22 17.08 19.21 22.08 25.30 29.30 Germany, Former West .... 9.52 10.17 10.95 11.52 12.15 13.01 13.65 14.41 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 35 45 54 67 80 102 130 174 Ireland ................. 1.10 1.27 1.43 1.65 1.90 2.27 2.67 3.05
Italy ................... 1524 1793 2253 2585 3089 3792 4685 5448 Luxembourg .............. 163 187 204 223 232 248 256 275 Netherlands ............. 9.80 10.84 11.70 12.47 13.09 13.80 14.42 15.54 Norway .................. 25.30 29.50 32.69 35.30 36.02 39.67 43.69 48.26
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 20.45 24.08 25.70 27.94 30.11 32.68 36.24 39.08 Switzerland ............. 10.74 10.96 11.18 11.51 11.83 12.47 13.29 14.14 United Kingdom .......... 1.20 1.38 1.50 1.72 1.97 2.34 2.59 2.86
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 9. Pay for time worked in national currency for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... 8.83 9.19 9.54 9.73 9.91 10.19 10.48 10.83
Canada .................. 10.67 11.17 11.59 11.92 12.33 12.81 13.49 14.19 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 7.82 8.47 8.80 9.50 10.07 10.80 11.70 12.40 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 847 878 897 920 927 958 1009 1072
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 6.34 6.57 7.33 8.55 9.32 10.19 10.73 11.41 Singapore ............... 3.01 3.32 3.46 3.47 3.66 3.92 4.30 4.69 Sri Lanka ............... 3.93 4.38 5.12 5.49 5.96 6.63 7.51 9.49 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 71.88 74.77 78.81 82.64 87.05 90.27 94.60 100.84 Belgium ................. 267.88 280.86 291.40 295.48 301.70 307.88 322.34 339.66 Denmark ................. 64.68 67.64 70.47 74.15 81.62 87.00 90.23 94.06 Finland ................. 26.94 29.72 32.10 34.00 36.48 39.74 43.45 47.64
France .................. 32.80 35.26 37.33 39.16 40.41 41.67 43.35 45.34 Germany, Former West .... 14.91 15.22 16.00 16.48 17.28 18.08 18.85 19.76 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 208 262 314 354 388 460 554 661 Ireland ................. 3.43 3.83 4.12 4.43 4.65 4.87 5.06 5.28
Italy ................... 6302 6987 7767 8219 8843 9450 9995 10550 Luxembourg .............. 292 315 322 334 342 356 375 384 Netherlands ............. 16.05 16.34 16.67 17.04 17.42 17.84 18.29 18.92 Norway .................. 52.43 56.81 61.20 67.39 78.11 82.67 87.01 92.15
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 41.53 45.38 49.33 52.32 56.43 60.80 66.30 73.19 Switzerland ............. 14.60 14.97 15.58 16.20 16.66 17.28 17.96 19.02 United Kingdom .......... 3.10 3.30 3.57 3.82 4.08 4.39 4.75 5.22
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 9. Pay for time worked in national currency for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States .......... 11.18 11.46 11.74 12.07 12.37 12.77 13.17 13.49
Canada ................. 14.86 15.38 15.70 15.96 16.19 16.71 16.85 17.21 Mexico ................. - - - - - - - -
Australia .............. 12.87 13.12 13.51 14.09 14.94 15.51 15.93 16.95 Hong Kong SAR 1......... - - - - - - - - Israel ................. - - - - - - - - Japan .................. 1136 1194 1235 1267 1294 1318 1352 1377
Korea .................. - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............ 11.80 12.00 12.07 12.29 12.58 13.09 13.57 13.99 Singapore .............. 5.04 5.38 5.62 6.28 6.70 7.52 7.85 8.33 Sri Lanka .............. 11.20 11.83 13.65 15.08 16.52 17.9 18.15 20.34 Taiwan ................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................ 107.12 113.58 118.96 124.12 129.11 132.86 135.59 139.15 Belgium ................ 358.70 375.76 391.17 406.55 414.06 422.65 431.01 442.41 Denmark ................ 98.29 101.55 103.39 106.79 110.92 115.11 119.64 124.78 Finland ................ 50.68 52.25 53.66 55.98 60.86 62.93 64.56 67.06
France ................. 47.19 48.91 50.10 51.21 52.43 53.81 55.29 56.51 Germany, Former West ... 20.97 22.26 23.71 24.44 25.46 26.32 26.74 27.35 Germany, Unified........ - - 23.05 23.80 24.88 25.70 26.12 26.75 Greece ................. 772 878 970 1097 1242 1350 1470 1539 Ireland ................ 5.56 5.83 6.17 6.29 6.43 6.58 6.80 7.12
Italy .................. 11552 12195 12702 13050 13503 13934 14459 14842 Luxembourg ............. 404 425 448 470 483 490 - - Netherlands ............ 19.56 20.46 21.30 21.91 22.10 22.57 23.35 23.67 Norway ................. 96.98 99.88 102.55 105.73 109.38 114.01 118.55 126.22
Portugal ............... - - - - - - - - Spain .................. - - - - - - - - Sweden ................. 77.17 80.71 83.33 86.79 91.48 97.53 101.84 105.49 Switzerland ............ 20.35 21.31 21.82 22.22 22.41 22.69 22.73 22.91 United Kingdom ......... 5.61 5.96 6.14 6.29 6.51 6.79 7.10 7.46
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 10. Total direct pay as percent of total hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... 83.3 82.8 82.2 81.7 81.3 80.9 80.6 79.8
Canada .................. 91.1 90.5 89.7 89.0 89.1 89.4 88.5 88.1 Mexico .................. 92.3 89.2 91.2 90.3 91.4 89.7 89.7 89.2
Australia ............... 87.0 86.8 86.7 86.6 86.7 86.6 86.0 86.0 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 96.7 96.9 96.7 96.7 96.8 96.8 96.7 96.7 Israel .................. 82.5 82.3 82.4 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 Japan ................... 90.1 89.3 88.6 87.6 88.0 88.6 88.2 87.9
Korea ................... 89.9 90.2 90.3 90.1 90.2 90.2 90.2 90.2 New Zealand ............. 93.9 93.9 94.0 94.1 94.0 94.0 94.1 94.1 Singapore ............... 85.9 85.6 86.0 85.0 82.4 79.1 79.4 79.0 Sri Lanka ............... 90.8 90.7 90.7 90.6 90.6 90.7 85.6 85.6 Taiwan .................. 93.5 93.4 93.4 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5 93.5
Austria ................. 78.3 78.1 77.9 77.4 77.0 76.6 76.1 75.6 Belgium ................. 77.2 77.6 77.4 77.4 77.1 76.8 77.7 79.7 Denmark ................. 96.3 96.0 95.8 95.6 95.8 95.6 95.6 95.5 Finland ................. 79.3 78.6 77.4 77.7 77.9 78.3 78.5 78.6
France .................. 74.3 73.5 73.4 73.0 72.7 72.7 72.5 71.7 Germany, Former West .... 80.6 79.5 79.8 79.5 79.1 79.0 79.0 78.7 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 82.7 83.6 83.6 83.0 83.2 83.4 83.3 82.9 Ireland ................. 89.1 88.8 88.4 88.5 89.4 87.9 86.7 85.7
Italy ................... 67.3 66.6 68.3 68.8 68.9 70.6 71.5 70.7 Luxembourg .............. 85.7 85.1 85.0 85.3 85.3 85.0 84.9 84.8 Netherlands ............. 76.9 76.5 76.4 76.2 75.9 75.9 76.1 76.6 Norway .................. 82.4 82.1 82.1 81.9 80.4 80.4 80.3 79.9
Portugal ................ 80.8 80.8 79.5 79.4 78.9 78.2 78.2 77.5 Spain ................... 69.7 69.6 72.4 73.4 74.4 74.2 74.0 74.4 Sweden .................. 77.7 75.3 73.1 73.5 73.2 72.6 72.2 72.1 Switzerland ............. 84.8 84.6 84.4 84.4 84.2 84.3 84.3 84.4 United Kingdom .......... 88.4 87.3 85.4 84.5 83.3 82.0 82.1 82.8
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 86.2 85.8 85.2 84.5 84.1 84.1 84.4 84.3 OECD 4 .................. 86.1 85.8 85.1 84.3 84.0 84.0 84.3 84.2 less Mexico, Korea 5..... 85.9 85.6 84.9 84.1 83.8 83.8 84.0 84.0 Europe .................. 79.2 78.4 78.3 78.2 77.8 77.8 77.9 77.9 European Union .......... 78.8 78.0 77.9 77.8 77.5 77.4 77.5 77.5 Asian NIEs .............. 90.9 91.8 91.5 91.4 90.7 90.1 89.6 89.4
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 10. Total direct pay as percent of total hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... 79.8 80.0 80.1 80.3 80.1 79.9 79.7 79.2
Canada .................. 87.8 87.6 87.5 87.4 87.3 87.2 87.4 86.0 Mexico .................. 88.2 89.0 89.2 89.4 89.6 90.0 89.5 89.1
Australia ............... 86.0 86.0 85.4 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.1 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 96.7 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.7 96.7 96.8 96.8 Israel .................. 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.6 82.5 Japan ................... 87.8 87.7 87.4 87.3 87.1 86.9 86.7 86.5
Korea ................... 90.2 90.2 90.3 90.2 89.9 90.5 88.9 87.7 New Zealand ............. 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.1 94.0 94.1 94.1 94.0 Singapore ............... 78.3 77.2 77.9 86.5 90.6 89.6 87.8 86.0 Sri Lanka ............... 85.6 85.7 85.6 85.6 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.6 Taiwan .................. 93.5 93.5 93.5 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6 92.6
Austria ................. 75.1 74.3 73.8 73.9 73.6 73.5 73.6 73.7 Belgium ................. 78.8 77.5 75.4 73.4 73.1 73.2 72.8 72.7 Denmark ................. 94.0 94.1 94.4 95.5 94.1 98.0 98.0 97.4 Finland ................. 79.6 79.3 79.0 78.8 78.0 76.7 76.4 75.7
France .................. 70.6 70.5 70.9 70.9 71.0 70.6 70.2 70.2 Germany, Former West .... 78.3 78.0 77.9 77.8 77.6 77.5 77.4 77.0 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 81.8 82.0 81.9 81.4 80.7 81.3 82.0 81.5 Ireland ................. 85.7 84.9 84.5 84.2 84.5 84.3 84.5 84.9
Italy ................... 70.4 70.9 70.5 70.0 69.8 69.6 68.0 67.9 Luxembourg .............. 85.1 85.2 84.8 84.5 84.5 84.1 84.3 84.7 Netherlands ............. 76.5 76.8 76.6 76.2 76.3 76.2 77.0 77.5 Norway .................. 80.7 80.9 80.6 80.5 80.5 80.1 80.7 80.9
Portugal ................ 76.6 75.9 75.5 75.6 75.7 75.5 75.9 75.9 Spain ................... 74.6 75.0 75.4 75.4 75.4 75.3 75.2 75.0 Sweden .................. 70.5 70.5 70.3 70.2 69.8 69.8 69.5 70.0 Switzerland ............. 84.4 84.1 83.9 83.8 83.6 83.8 83.9 83.9 United Kingdom .......... 83.3 84.1 84.9 84.4 85.0 85.4 85.4 84.9
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 84.1 84.3 84.0 83.5 83.2 83.3 83.4 82.5 OECD 4 .................. 84.0 84.2 83.9 83.3 82.9 83.0 83.1 82.2 less Mexico, Korea 5 .... 83.9 84.0 83.7 83.1 82.8 82.9 82.9 82.0 Europe .................. 77.6 77.5 77.4 76.9 76.9 77.0 76.7 76.6 European Union .......... 77.1 77.0 77.0 76.5 76.4 76.5 76.3 76.1 Asian NIEs .............. 88.7 88.4 88.7 91.2 92.2 92.0 91.3 90.5
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 10. Total direct pay as percent of total hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States ........... 78.4 77.7 77.5 77.9 78.4 78.6 78.8 79.2
Canada .................. 84.7 83.6 83.0 83.1 82.7 83.1 83.4 83.4 Mexico .................. 88.9 88.9 88.6 88.4 88.2 88.6 89.2 89.0
Australia ............... 84.1 84.1 83.5 82.9 82.2 81.7 81.1 81.1 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 96.7 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.7 96.8 96.8 96.8 Israel .................. 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 82.5 Japan ................... 86.3 86.0 85.7 85.5 85.3 85.3 85.3 85.3
Korea ................... 85.2 83.3 83.4 83.2 84.2 82.5 82.5 82.5 New Zealand ............. 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 94.1 94.0 Singapore ............... 85.4 84.5 84.5 83.8 83.4 83.3 83.0 83.1 Sri Lanka ............... 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 Taiwan .................. 92.6 92.6 91.7 91.7 90.9 90.9 90.9 90.9
Austria ................. 73.6 73.3 72.6 72.2 72.4 72.4 72.3 72.3 Belgium ................. 72.5 72.1 71.8 71.7 71.7 71.7 71.8 71.7 Denmark ................. 96.5 96.3 96.5 95.8 95.2 95.2 95.1 94.9 Finland ................. 76.5 77.2 74.4 74.0 76.1 77.1 77.1 77.1
France .................. 69.8 69.2 68.8 68.5 68.7 69.0 68.8 68.5 Germany, Former West .... 76.9 76.6 77.0 76.0 75.6 75.5 74.9 74.8 Germany, Unified ........ - - 77.0 76.0 75.8 75.7 75.0 74.9 Greece .................. 81.1 80.6 77.8 77.8 77.8 77.8 77.8 77.8 Ireland ................. 85.0 85.2 85.5 85.5 85.5 85.5 85.6 85.6
Italy ................... 68.5 69.2 69.1 69.1 69.0 68.7 68.3 70.6 Luxembourg .............. 85.0 85.1 85.0 84.9 86.3 86.3 - - Netherlands ............. 77.4 77.6 76.8 77.1 76.7 77.4 77.4 77.4 Norway .................. 81.4 81.5 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.0 82.7 82.7
Portugal ................ 75.9 75.9 76.2 76.2 76.6 76.6 76.6 76.6 Spain ................... 74.8 74.6 73.8 73.8 74.3 74.2 74.4 74.4 Sweden .................. 69.1 68.7 72.7 72.5 71.6 71.5 71.7 72.0 Switzerland ............. 83.6 83.4 83.4 83.4 82.8 82.8 82.8 82.8 United Kingdom .......... 83.6 84.8 85.9 87.1 87.1 87.0 87.1 87.1
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 82.1 81.6 81.8 81.6 81.3 81.2 81.4 81.3 OECD 4 .................. 81.7 81.2 81.4 81.3 80.9 80.9 81.0 80.9 less Mexico, Korea 5 .... 81.6 81.1 81.3 81.1 80.8 80.7 80.9 80.8 Europe .................. 76.3 76.3 76.6 76.4 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.5 European Union .......... 75.8 75.8 76.1 75.9 75.7 75.7 75.7 76.0 Asian NIEs .............. 89.5 88.8 88.5 88.1 87.8 87.0 87.3 87.7
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 11. Pay for time worked as percent of total hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... 75.9 75.4 74.8 74.5 74.1 73.7 73.5 72.7
Canada .................. 81.8 81.2 80.2 79.3 79.3 79.4 78.4 78.0 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 77.4 76.9 76.4 76.3 76.3 76.3 75.7 75.8 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 59.7 59.7 59.5 59.1 58.9 59.2 58.5 58.7
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 81.5 81.5 81.6 81.7 81.6 81.6 81.7 81.7 Singapore ............... 73.0 71.8 72.1 71.5 69.0 66.6 65.8 65.0 Sri Lanka ............... 71.6 71.6 71.5 71.4 71.5 71.5 67.5 67.5 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 54.0 53.9 53.7 53.1 53.1 52.3 52.1 51.6 Belgium ................. 60.0 59.2 58.3 57.5 57.0 56.5 56.9 58.4 Denmark ................. 85.1 85.0 84.9 84.7 84.9 84.2 82.9 82.8 Finland ................. 68.8 67.1 65.2 64.9 64.6 64.4 64.1 63.7
France .................. 60.0 59.6 59.4 59.0 58.7 58.5 58.3 56.7 Germany, Former West .... 61.5 60.4 60.5 60.0 59.1 58.5 58.0 57.7 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 63.6 64.3 64.3 63.8 64.0 64.2 64.0 63.3 Ireland ................. 80.9 80.4 79.9 79.7 80.2 78.5 77.2 75.9
Italy ................... 50.0 49.7 51.1 52.2 52.7 54.4 54.7 54.1 Luxembourg .............. 68.2 69.3 70.6 71.9 71.2 70.5 69.9 69.8 Netherlands ............. 59.1 59.5 59.4 57.8 57.2 57.7 58.5 59.4 Norway .................. 71.7 71.9 71.8 70.8 69.2 69.4 69.3 69.0
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 68.8 67.0 64.8 64.1 62.0 61.8 61.0 61.7 Switzerland ............. 68.3 68.0 67.8 67.5 67.4 67.1 66.9 66.7 United Kingdom .......... 78.7 77.6 75.7 74.9 73.4 72.1 71.8 72.1
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 11. Pay for time worked as percent of total hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... 72.7 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.3 73.3 73.2 72.6
Canada .................. 77.7 77.4 77.5 77.5 77.4 77.3 77.4 76.2 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 75.8 75.8 75.2 74.6 74.6 74.6 74.6 74.1 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 59.2 59.3 59.3 59.2 59.4 59.1 58.3 57.7
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 81.6 81.6 81.6 81.7 81.6 81.7 81.7 81.6 Singapore ............... 64.5 63.2 63.7 71.4 75.2 73.0 69.9 68.5 Sri Lanka ............... 67.5 67.6 67.5 67.5 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.5 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 51.2 50.8 50.3 50.5 50.3 50.3 50.5 50.2 Belgium ................. 57.7 56.4 54.7 53.2 52.9 52.9 52.8 53.0 Denmark ................. 81.4 81.4 81.8 82.7 81.6 85.0 84.8 84.2 Finland ................. 64.2 63.8 63.5 62.6 61.7 60.4 60.0 59.1
France .................. 55.6 55.3 55.3 55.0 54.7 54.0 53.7 53.7 Germany, Former West .... 57.3 57.1 57.0 56.9 56.8 56.7 56.7 55.9 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 62.5 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.1 61.7 Ireland ................. 75.6 74.5 74.2 74.1 74.4 74.2 74.6 75.1
Italy ................... 53.8 54.2 53.3 52.6 52.4 51.9 50.6 50.5 Luxembourg .............. 70.0 70.0 69.4 68.9 68.7 68.1 68.3 68.7 Netherlands ............. 59.2 58.5 57.4 57.0 56.8 57.0 57.5 57.5 Norway .................. 69.6 69.2 68.7 68.8 69.0 68.7 68.8 68.6
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 60.9 59.8 59.3 59.1 58.8 58.9 58.6 59.0 Switzerland ............. 66.4 66.1 65.7 65.5 65.4 65.5 65.6 65.6 United Kingdom .......... 72.4 73.1 73.7 73.2 73.6 73.7 73.7 73.3
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 11. Pay for time worked as percent of total hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States ........... 71.8 71.2 71.1 71.5 72.0 72.1 72.3 72.7
Canada .................. 75.0 74.1 73.5 73.6 73.3 73.6 73.9 73.9 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 74.1 74.1 73.5 73.0 72.5 71.9 71.4 71.4 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 57.5 57.5 57.9 58.1 57.8 57.9 57.7 58.2
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 81.6 81.6 81.6 81.6 81.6 81.6 81.6 81.6 Singapore ............... 67.1 66.7 66.2 65.3 64.5 64.1 64.1 64.1 Sri Lanka ............... 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 50.7 50.9 50.7 50.5 50.6 50.6 50.7 50.7 Belgium ................. 53.1 53.0 52.8 52.7 52.7 52.7 52.7 52.7 Denmark ................. 83.5 83.3 83.4 82.8 82.3 82.3 82.2 82.0 Finland ................. 58.9 58.4 56.4 56.1 57.6 58.1 58.1 58.1
France .................. 53.4 52.9 52.7 52.4 52.6 52.8 52.6 52.4 Germany, Former West .... 55.8 56.2 56.7 56.2 56.0 56.1 55.6 55.5 Germany, Unified ........ - - 57.0 56.5 56.4 56.4 56.0 55.9 Greece .................. 61.0 60.6 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 58.5 Ireland ................. 75.3 75.7 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.0 76.1 76.1
Italy ................... 50.8 51.2 51.1 51.0 51.1 50.9 48.3 49.9 Luxembourg .............. 69.1 69.2 69.1 69.1 70.2 70.2 - - Netherlands ............. 57.6 57.9 57.1 57.9 57.4 58.0 58.0 58.0 Norway .................. 69.1 69.8 71.5 71.5 70.8 70.5 70.5 70.5
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 57.6 56.3 60.8 60.4 59.7 59.7 59.9 60.2 Switzerland ............. 65.3 65.2 65.2 65.2 64.8 64.8 64.8 64.8 United Kingdom .......... 72.2 73.3 74.2 75.2 75.2 75.2 75.3 75.3
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 12. Other direct pay as a percent of hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.1
Canada .................. 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.8 10.0 10.1 10.1 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 9.5 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.2 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 30.4 29.6 29.1 28.5 29.0 29.4 29.7 29.2
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 Singapore ............... 12.9 13.8 13.9 13.5 13.5 12.6 13.6 14.0 Sri Lanka ............... 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.1 19.2 19.2 18.1 18.1 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 24.4 24.2 24.3 24.3 23.9 24.3 24.0 24.0 Belgium ................. 17.2 18.4 19.2 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.8 21.3 Denmark ................. 11.1 11.0 11.0 10.8 10.9 11.4 12.7 12.7 Finland ................. 10.5 11.5 12.3 12.8 13.3 13.9 14.4 14.9
France .................. 14.3 13.9 14.0 13.9 14.0 14.2 14.2 15.0 Germany, Former West .... 19.1 19.1 19.3 19.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.0 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 19.1 19.3 19.3 19.1 19.2 19.2 19.2 19.6 Ireland ................. 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.8 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.8
Italy ................... 17.3 16.9 17.1 16.6 16.2 16.2 16.8 16.6 Luxembourg .............. 17.5 15.8 14.4 13.4 14.2 14.5 15.0 15.0 Netherlands ............. 17.8 17.0 17.0 18.3 18.7 18.3 17.6 17.1 Norway .................. 10.7 10.2 10.3 11.0 11.2 11.1 11.0 10.9
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 8.9 8.3 8.3 9.4 11.2 10.9 11.2 10.4 Switzerland ............. 16.5 16.6 16.6 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.5 17.7 United Kingdom .......... 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.9 9.9 10.3 10.6
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 12. Other direct pay as a percent of hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... 7.1 6.7 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.5 6.5
Canada .................. 10.1 10.3 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.8 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.0 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 28.6 28.4 28.1 28.1 27.7 27.8 28.4 28.7
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 Singapore ............... 13.9 14.0 14.1 15.1 15.4 16.6 17.9 17.5 Sri Lanka ............... 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 23.9 23.5 23.5 23.4 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.5 Belgium ................. 21.1 21.1 20.6 20.2 20.2 20.3 20.0 19.7 Denmark ................. 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.8 12.6 13.1 13.1 13.1 Finland ................. 15.4 15.5 15.6 16.2 16.3 16.3 16.4 16.6
France .................. 15.1 15.2 15.6 15.9 16.3 16.6 16.5 16.5 Germany, Former West .... 21.0 20.9 20.8 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.7 21.1 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 19.4 19.9 19.9 19.3 18.6 19.2 19.9 19.7 Ireland ................. 10.1 10.4 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.8
Italy ................... 16.6 16.7 17.2 17.4 17.5 17.7 17.4 17.5 Luxembourg .............. 15.1 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.0 16.0 Netherlands ............. 17.2 18.3 19.2 19.3 19.5 19.3 19.5 20.0 Norway .................. 11.1 11.8 12.0 11.7 11.5 11.4 11.8 12.2
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 9.6 10.6 10.9 11.2 11.1 11.0 10.9 11.0 Switzerland ............. 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.2 18.3 18.3 18.3 United Kingdom .......... 10.9 11.0 11.2 11.3 11.5 11.7 11.7 11.6
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 12. Other direct pay as a percent of hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States ........... 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5
Canada .................. 9.7 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 Mexico .................. - - - - - - - -
Australia ............... 10.0 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.6 9.6 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... - - - - - - - - Israel .................. - - - - - - - - Japan ................... 28.8 28.6 27.9 27.4 27.5 27.4 27.6 27.0
Korea ................... - - - - - - - - New Zealand ............. 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 Singapore ............... 18.3 17.9 18.3 18.5 19.0 19.2 19.0 19.0 Sri Lanka ............... 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 Taiwan .................. - - - - - - - -
Austria ................. 22.9 22.4 21.9 21.7 21.7 21.8 21.6 21.6 Belgium ................. 19.4 19.1 19.1 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 Denmark ................. 13.0 13.1 13.1 13.0 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 Finland ................. 17.7 18.8 18.0 17.9 18.5 19.0 19.0 19.0
France .................. 16.4 16.2 16.2 16.1 16.1 16.2 16.2 16.1 Germany, Former West .... 21.1 20.4 20.3 19.7 19.6 19.5 19.3 19.3 Germany, Unified ........ - - 20.0 19.5 19.4 19.2 19.1 19.0 Greece .................. 20.1 20.0 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.3 19.3 Ireland ................. 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5
Italy ................... 17.7 18.0 18.0 18.2 17.9 17.9 20.0 20.7 Luxembourg .............. 16.0 15.9 15.8 15.8 16.1 16.1 - - Netherlands ............. 19.8 19.7 19.7 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.4 19.4 Norway .................. 12.3 11.7 11.7 11.7 12.3 12.5 12.2 12.2
Portugal ................ - - - - - - - - Spain ................... - - - - - - - - Sweden .................. 11.5 12.3 11.9 12.1 11.9 11.8 11.7 11.8 Switzerland ............. 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 United Kingdom .......... 11.4 11.5 11.7 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.9 11.9
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 13. Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes as a percent of hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.7 19.1 19.4 20.2
Canada .................. 8.9 9.5 10.3 11.0 10.9 10.6 11.5 11.9 Mexico .................. 7.7 10.8 8.8 9.7 8.6 10.3 10.3 10.8
Australia ............... 13.0 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.3 13.4 14.0 14.0 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 Israel .................. 17.5 17.7 17.6 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 Japan ................... 9.9 10.7 11.4 12.4 12.0 11.4 11.8 12.1
Korea ................... 10.1 9.8 9.7 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 New Zealand ............. 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 Singapore ............... 14.1 14.4 14.0 15.0 17.6 20.9 20.6 21.0 Sri Lanka ............... 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.3 14.4 14.4 Taiwan .................. 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
Austria ................. 21.7 21.9 22.1 22.6 23.0 23.4 23.9 24.4 Belgium ................. 22.8 22.4 22.6 22.6 22.9 23.2 22.3 20.3 Denmark ................. 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.5 Finland ................. 20.7 21.4 22.6 22.3 22.1 21.7 21.5 21.4
France .................. 25.7 26.5 26.6 27.0 27.3 27.3 27.5 28.3 Germany, Former West .... 19.4 20.5 20.2 20.5 20.9 21.0 21.0 21.3 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 17.3 16.4 16.4 17.0 16.8 16.6 16.7 17.1 Ireland ................. 10.9 11.2 11.6 11.5 10.6 12.1 13.3 14.3
Italy ................... 32.8 33.4 31.7 31.2 31.1 29.4 28.5 29.3 Luxembourg .............. 14.3 14.9 15.0 14.7 14.7 15.0 15.1 15.2 Netherlands ............. 23.1 23.5 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.1 23.9 23.4 Norway .................. 17.6 17.9 17.9 18.1 19.6 19.6 19.7 20.1
Portugal ................ 19.2 19.2 20.5 20.6 21.1 21.8 21.8 22.5 Spain ................... 30.3 30.4 27.6 26.6 25.6 25.8 26.0 25.6 Sweden .................. 22.3 24.7 26.9 26.5 26.8 27.4 27.8 27.9 Switzerland ............. 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.6 15.8 15.7 15.7 15.6 United Kingdom .......... 11.6 12.7 14.6 15.5 16.7 18.0 17.9 17.2
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 13.8 14.2 14.8 15.5 15.9 15.9 15.6 15.7 OECD 4 .................. 13.9 14.2 14.9 15.7 16.0 16.0 15.7 15.8 less Mexico, Korea 5..... 14.1 14.4 15.1 15.9 16.2 16.2 16.0 16.0 Europe .................. 20.8 21.6 21.7 21.8 22.2 22.2 22.1 22.1 European Union .......... 21.2 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.5 22.6 22.5 22.5 Asian NIEs .............. 9.1 8.2 8.5 8.6 9.3 9.9 10.4 10.6
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 13. Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes as a percent of hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... 20.2 20.0 19.9 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.3 20.8
Canada .................. 12.2 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.6 14.0 Mexico .................. 11.8 11.0 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.0 10.5 10.9
Australia ............... 14.0 14.0 14.6 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.9 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 Israel .................. 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.4 17.5 Japan ................... 12.2 12.3 12.6 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5
Korea ................... 9.8 9.8 9.7 9.8 10.1 9.5 11.1 12.3 New Zealand ............. 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 Singapore ............... 21.7 22.8 22.1 13.5 9.4 10.4 12.2 14.0 Sri Lanka ............... 14.4 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.4 Taiwan .................. 6.5 6.5 6.5 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4
Austria ................. 24.9 25.7 26.2 26.1 26.4 26.5 26.4 26.3 Belgium ................. 21.2 22.5 24.6 26.6 26.9 26.8 27.2 27.3 Denmark ................. 6.0 5.9 5.6 4.5 5.9 2.0 2.0 2.6 Finland ................. 20.4 20.7 21.0 21.2 22.0 23.3 23.6 24.3
France .................. 29.4 29.5 29.1 29.1 29.0 29.4 29.8 29.8 Germany, Former West .... 21.7 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.4 22.5 22.6 23.0 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 18.2 18.0 18.1 18.6 19.3 18.7 18.0 18.5 Ireland ................. 14.3 15.1 15.5 15.8 15.5 15.7 15.5 15.1
Italy ................... 29.6 29.1 29.5 30.0 30.2 30.4 32.0 32.1 Luxembourg .............. 14.9 14.8 15.2 15.5 15.5 15.9 15.7 15.3 Netherlands ............. 23.5 23.2 23.4 23.8 23.7 23.8 23.0 22.5 Norway .................. 19.3 19.1 19.4 19.5 19.5 19.9 19.3 19.1
Portugal ................ 23.4 24.1 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.5 24.1 24.1 Spain ................... 25.4 25.0 24.6 24.6 24.6 24.7 24.8 25.0 Sweden .................. 29.5 29.5 29.7 29.8 30.2 30.2 30.5 30.0 Switzerland ............. 15.6 15.9 16.1 16.2 16.4 16.2 16.1 16.1 United Kingdom .......... 16.7 15.9 15.1 15.6 15.0 14.6 14.6 15.1
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 15.9 15.7 16.0 16.5 16.8 16.7 16.6 17.5 OECD 4 .................. 16.0 15.8 16.1 16.7 17.1 17.0 16.9 17.8 less Mexico, Korea 5 .... 16.1 16.0 16.3 16.9 17.2 17.1 17.1 18.0 Europe .................. 22.4 22.5 22.6 23.1 23.1 23.0 23.3 23.4 European Union .......... 22.9 23.0 23.0 23.5 23.6 23.5 23.7 23.9 Asian NIEs .............. 11.3 11.6 11.3 8.8 7.8 8.0 8.7 9.5
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 13. Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes as a percent of hourly compensation costs for production workers in manufacturing, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States ........... 21.6 22.3 22.5 22.1 21.6 21.4 21.2 20.8
Canada .................. 15.3 16.4 17.0 16.9 17.3 16.9 16.6 16.6 Mexico .................. 11.1 11.1 11.4 11.6 11.8 11.4 10.8 11.0
Australia ............... 15.9 15.9 16.5 17.1 17.8 18.3 18.9 18.9 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 Israel .................. 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 Japan ................... 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.7 14.7 14.7
Korea ................... 14.8 16.7 16.6 16.8 15.8 17.5 17.5 17.5 New Zealand ............. 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 Singapore ............... 14.6 15.5 15.5 16.2 16.6 16.7 17.0 16.9 Sri Lanka ............... 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 Taiwan .................. 7.4 7.4 8.3 8.3 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1
Austria ................. 26.4 26.7 27.4 27.8 27.6 27.6 27.7 27.7 Belgium ................. 27.5 27.9 28.2 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.2 28.3 Denmark ................. 3.5 3.7 3.5 4.2 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.1 Finland ................. 23.5 22.8 25.6 26.0 23.9 22.9 22.9 22.9
France .................. 30.2 30.8 31.2 31.5 31.3 31.0 31.2 31.5 Germany, Former West .... 23.1 23.4 23.0 24.0 24.4 24.5 25.1 25.2 Germany, Unified ........ - - 23.0 24.0 24.2 24.3 25.0 25.1 Greece .................. 18.9 19.4 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 Ireland ................. 15.0 14.8 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.4 14.4
Italy ................... 31.5 30.8 30.9 30.9 31.0 31.3 31.7 29.4 Luxembourg .............. 15.0 14.9 15.0 15.1 13.7 13.7 - - Netherlands ............. 22.6 22.4 23.2 22.9 23.3 22.6 22.6 22.6 Norway .................. 18.6 18.5 16.9 16.9 16.9 17.0 17.3 17.3
Portugal ................ 24.1 24.1 23.8 23.8 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 Spain ................... 25.2 25.4 26.2 26.2 25.7 25.8 25.6 25.6 Sweden .................. 30.9 31.3 27.3 27.5 28.4 28.5 28.3 28.0 Switzerland ............. 16.4 16.6 16.6 16.6 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.2 United Kingdom .......... 16.4 15.2 14.1 12.9 12.9 13.0 12.9 12.9
Trade-weighted measures 3 All 28 foreign economies 17.9 18.4 18.2 18.4 18.7 18.8 18.6 18.7 OECD 4 .................. 18.3 18.8 18.6 18.7 19.1 19.1 19.0 19.1 less Mexico, Korea 5 .... 18.4 18.9 18.7 18.9 19.2 19.3 19.1 19.2 Europe .................. 23.7 23.7 23.4 23.6 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.5 European Union .......... 24.2 24.2 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.0 Asian NIEs .............. 10.5 11.2 11.5 11.9 12.2 13.0 12.7 12.3
Dash means data not available. See notes at end of tables.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 14. Exchange rates, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998
(National currency units per U.S. dollar)
Country or area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
United States ........... 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Canada .................. 1.017 .9861 1.063 1.140 1.171 1.169 1.199 1.234 Mexico .................. 12.50 14.46 22.60 22.78 22.82 22.97 24.52 56.40
Australia ............... .7647 .8187 .9024 .8740 .8947 .8772 .8699 .9838 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 4.939 4.904 4.662 4.685 5.003 4.976 5.568 6.070 Israel .................. .6390 .7980 1.046 1.747 2.544 5.124 11.43 24.27 Japan ................... 296.7 296.4 267.8 208.4 218.2 225.7 220.1 249.1
Korea ................... 484.0 484.0 484.0 484.0 484.0 607.4 681.0 731.1 New Zealand ............. .8254 1.009 1.032 .9649 .9782 1.027 1.151 1.332 Singapore ............... 2.371 2.471 2.439 2.274 2.175 2.141 2.113 2.140 Sri Lanka ............... 7.050 8.459 9.153 15.61 15.57 16.53 19.25 20.81 Taiwan .................. 38.00 38.00 38.00 37.05 36.05 36.02 36.85 39.12
Austria ................. 17.40 17.94 16.53 14.50 13.37 12.93 15.89 17.06 Belgium ................. 36.69 38.58 35.83 31.44 29.33 29.20 37.03 45.78 Denmark ................. 5.735 6.044 6.003 5.508 5.260 5.629 7.102 8.344 Finland ................. 3.665 3.855 4.014 4.109 3.606 3.719 4.318 4.809
France .................. 4.282 4.775 4.915 4.501 4.255 4.220 5.409 6.579 Germany, Former West .... 2.455 2.517 2.321 2.005 1.833 1.815 2.254 2.428 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 32.29 36.52 36.84 36.75 37.04 42.62 55.41 66.80 Ireland ................. .4500 .5540 .5730 .5210 .4890 .4860 .6200 .7040
Italy ................... 652.4 830.3 882.8 848.8 830.9 855.1 1131 1354 Luxembourg .............. 36.78 38.61 35.84 31.49 29.32 29.24 37.13 45.69 Netherlands ............. 2.523 2.642 2.454 2.161 2.006 1.985 2.488 2.672 Norway .................. 5.214 5.456 5.322 5.241 5.064 4.936 5.728 6.457
Portugal ................ 25.45 30.16 38.12 43.89 48.93 50.05 61.44 80.10 Spain ................... 57.39 66.85 75.26 76.49 67.13 71.64 92.00 110.1 Sweden .................. 4.142 4.356 4.468 4.517 4.288 4.229 5.035 6.284 Switzerland ............. 2.581 2.499 2.397 1.777 1.663 1.675 1.960 2.033 United Kingdom .......... .4501 .5541 .5731 .5213 .4712 .4300 .4940 .5721
Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 14. Exchange rates, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
(National currency units per U.S. dollar)
Country or area 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
United States ........... 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Canada .................. 1.232 1.295 1.366 1.390 1.326 1.231 1.184 1.167 Mexico .................. 120.1 167.8 256.9 611.8 1378 2273 2461 2813
Australia ............... 1.109 1.137 1.428 1.490 1.426 1.275 1.263 1.281 Hong Kong SAR 1.......... 7.257 7.819 7.791 7.804 7.798 7.807 7.801 7.790 Israel .................. 56.21 293.2 1.179 1.488 1.595 1.599 1.916 2.016 Japan ................... 237.6 237.4 238.5 168.4 144.6 128.2 138.1 145.0
Korea ................... 775.8 806.0 870.0 881.4 822.6 731.5 671.5 707.8 New Zealand ............. 1.497 1.729 2.010 1.906 1.686 1.525 1.685 1.677 Singapore ............... 2.113 2.133 2.200 2.177 2.106 2.012 1.950 1.813 Sri Lanka ............... 23.53 25.44 27.16 28.02 29.44 31.81 36.05 40.06 Taiwan .................. 40.06 39.60 39.85 37.84 31.84 28.59 26.41 26.92
Austria ................. 17.97 20.00 20.68 15.26 12.65 12.36 13.24 11.33 Belgium ................. 51.12 57.75 59.34 44.66 37.36 36.78 39.41 33.42 Denmark ................. 9.148 10.35 10.60 8.095 6.848 6.741 7.321 6.190 Finland ................. 5.564 6.001 6.197 5.072 4.404 4.193 4.296 3.830
France .................. 7.620 8.736 8.980 6.926 6.012 5.959 6.380 5.447 Germany, Former West .... 2.554 2.845 2.942 2.170 1.798 1.757 1.881 1.617 Germany, Unified......... - - - - - - - - Greece .................. 88.06 112.7 138.1 140.0 135.4 141.9 162.4 158.5 Ireland ................. .8012 .9205 .9379 .7455 .6721 .6553 .7052 .6033
Italy ................... 1519 1756 1909 1491 1297 1302 1372 1198 Luxembourg .............. 51.13 57.78 59.38 44.67 37.33 36.77 39.40 33.42 Netherlands ............. 2.854 3.208 3.318 2.448 2.026 1.978 2.122 1.822 Norway .................. 7.301 8.160 8.593 7.398 6.741 6.524 6.913 6.254
Portugal ................ 111.6 147.7 172.1 149.8 141.2 144.3 157.5 142.7 Spain ................... 143.5 160.8 170.0 140.0 123.5 116.5 118.4 102.0 Sweden .................. 7.672 8.271 8.603 7.127 6.347 6.137 6.456 5.923 Switzerland ............. 2.101 2.350 2.455 1.798 1.492 1.464 1.637 1.390 United Kingdom .......... .6597 .7482 .7708 .6813 .6098 .5614 .6104 .5605
Continued on the following page.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
Table 14. Exchange rates, 29 countries or areas, 1975-1998 -- continued
(National currency units per U.S. dollar)
Country or area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
United States .......... 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Canada ................. 1.146 1.209 1.290 1.366 1.373 1.364 1.385 1.484 Mexico ................. 3018 3095 3.116 3.375 6.419 7.600 7.918 9.152
Australia .............. 1.284 1.360 1.471 1.367 1.350 1.277 1.345 1.590 Hong Kong SAR 1......... 7.771 7.740 7.736 7.729 7.736 7.735 7.743 7.747 Israel ................. 2.279 2.459 2.830 3.011 3.011 3.192 3.449 3.800 Japan .................. 134.6 126.8 111.1 102.2 93.96 108.8 121.1 131.0
Korea .................. 733.4 780.6 802.7 803.5 771.3 804.5 950.8 1400 New Zealand ............ 1.729 1.859 1.847 1.685 1.524 1.454 1.509 1.865 Singapore .............. 1.728 1.629 1.616 1.527 1.417 1.410 1.486 1.672 Sri Lanka .............. 41.37 43.83 48.32 49.42 51.25 55.27 59.00 64.59 Taiwan ................. 26.76 25.16 26.42 26.47 26.50 27.47 28.78 33.55
Austria ................ 11.69 10.99 11.64 11.41 10.08 10.59 12.21 12.38 Belgium ................ 34.20 32.15 34.58 33.43 29.47 30.97 35.81 36.31 Denmark ................ 6.404 6.037 6.486 6.356 5.600 5.800 6.609 6.703 Finland ................ 4.052 4.487 5.725 5.234 4.376 4.595 5.196 5.347
France ................. 5.647 5.294 5.667 5.546 4.986 5.116 5.839 5.900 Germany, Former West ... 1.661 1.562 1.655 1.622 1.432 1.505 1.735 1.760 Germany, Unified........ - - 1.655 1.622 1.432 1.505 1.735 1.760 Greece ................. 182.3 190.6 229.3 242.6 231.7 240.7 273.1 295.5 Ireland ................ .6196 .5868 .6827 .6680 .6236 .6252 .6595 .7019
Italy .................. 1241 1232 1573 1611 1629 1543 1704 1737 Luxembourg ............. 34.15 32.15 34.60 33.46 29.48 30.96 - - Netherlands ............ 1.872 1.759 1.858 1.819 1.604 1.686 1.953 1.984 Norway ................. 6.491 6.214 7.098 7.055 6.336 6.459 7.086 7.552
Portugal ............... 144.8 135.1 161.1 165.9 149.9 154.3 175.4 180.3 Spain .................. 104.0 102.4 127.5 133.9 124.6 126.7 146.5 149.4 Sweden ................. 6.052 5.826 7.796 7.716 7.141 6.708 7.645 7.952 Switzerland ............ 1.436 1.406 1.478 1.367 1.181 1.236 1.451 1.451 United Kingdom ......... .5658 .5662 .6660 .6528 .6335 .6407 .6106 .6034
For currency units, see note to table 3. 1 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. 2 Former West Germany. 3 For description of trade-weighted measures and economic groups, see introduction. 4 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 5 Mexico joined the OECD in 1994, and Korea joined in 1996.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 2000.
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Office of Productivity and Technology
January 2000