COMPARATIVE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE STATISTICS
TEN COUNTRIES
1959-1998
The statistics shown here for Germany for 1991 onward refer to unified Germany.
Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany. See Note on Germany on page 2.
General Notes
Tables
1. Civilian Working Age Population, 1959-1998
2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-1998
3. Quarterly Civilian Unemployment Rates, Seasonally Adjusted, 1993-1999
4. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex, 1960-1998
5. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios by Sex, 1960-1998
6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-1998
7. Percent Distribution of Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-1998
8. Civilian Unemployment Rates by Sex, 1960-1998
9. Civilian Unemployment Rates by Age, 1994-1998
10. BLS, OECD, and EUROSTAT Comparative Unemployment Rates, 1995-1998
GENERAL NOTES
This document presents selected international labor force statistics for 10 countries -- the United States, Canada,
Australia, Japan, and six European countries. Data for all 10 countries are shown on most tables. (Tables 3 and 9
exclude the Netherlands, and Table 10 relates to only six countries.) Unless otherwise noted, the data are adjusted to
U.S. concepts.
NOTE ON GERMANY. All data prior to 1991 in this document labeled Germany refer to the former West Germany.
Beginning with 1991, data relate to unified Germany. Data for 1991 onward for the former West Germany are available
upon request. This series is undergoing review because necessary adjustment factors are old, referring to the early
1990s. If BLS can obtain more up to date factors, the West German series will be reinstated in a future compendium.
The German Statistical Office has not made revisions to data by economic sector for the years 1971-1979. Consequently,
several data series on Germany in Tables 6 and 7 are 'not available' for those years.
NOTE ON JAPAN. In Japan, Special Labor Force Surveys conducted in February or March ask more probing questions
than the regular monthly surveys and, therefore, provide a better basis for adjustment to U. S. concepts. These additional
adjustments have a small effect on the rates for both sexes combined but a substantial effect on unemployment rates by
sex. Therefore, while the additional information from the special surveys is not used to adjust the total unemployment rate,
it is used to adjust the Japanese rates by sex (Table 8). It should be noted that adjustment factors from one month may not
be fully indicative of the adjustment factors for the entire year. For further information, see Sara Elder and Constance
Sorrentino, "Japan's Low Unemployment: A BLS Update and Revision," Monthly Labor Review, October 1993.
NOTE ON ADJUSTMENTS: The foreign country data are adjusted as closely as possible to U. S. concepts, with the exception
of age limits and the treatment of layoffs, for which no adjustments are made. In addition, for some countries, no
adjustment is made for deviations from U. S. concepts in the treatment of unpaid family workers, persons waiting to start a
new job, and passive job seekers (for example, persons only reading newspaper ads as their method of job search). In
the United States, job search must be "active," such as placing or answering advertisements, and simply reading ads is
not enough to qualify as active search.
Except for the inclusion of passive job seekers in Canada, these "unadjusted" differences are believed to have a negligible
effect on the comparisons. For Canada, the exclusion of passive job seekers would reduce the Canadian unemployment
rate by 0.7-0.8 percentage point in recent years. For further information, see the Statistics Canada study, "The UR gap -
small differences in measurement may matter," Labour Force Update, Autumn 1998, pp. 30-35. For further information on
comparability issues, see the BLS Handbook of Methods, April 1997, pp. 112-113.
BREAKS IN SERIES: There are breaks in the data series for the United States (1990, 1994, 1997, 1998), Canada (1966,
1976), and the adjusted series for France (1992), Germany (1983, 1991), Italy (1986, 1991, 1993), the Netherlands (1983,
1988), and Sweden (1987, 1993). Canada's data have been adjusted for the 1966 break back to 1959. Sweden's data
have been adjusted for the 1993 break back to 1987. No adjustments have been made for the other breaks in series.
The United States. While current survey concepts and methods are very similar to those introduced at the inception of the
Current Population Survey in 1940, a number of changes have been made over the years to improve the accuracy and
usefulness of the data. Other changes, such as introduction of new population controls from the decennial censuses, also
affect historical comparability. Most of these changes have had small effects on historical comparability. However, the
1990 and 1994 breaks noted here reflect major changes.
In 1994, a major redesign of the labor force survey questionnaire and collection methodology was introduced. Revised
population estimates based on the 1990 Census, adjusted for the estimated undercount, were also incorporated. In
1996, previously published data for the 1990-1993 period were revised to reflect the 1990 census-based population
controls, adjusted for the undercount. Therefore, data for 1994 onward are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and
earlier years because of the redesign, and data for 1990 onward are not directly comparable with data for 1989 and earlier
years because of the introduction of the 1990 census-based population controls, adjusted for the undercount. The
estimated effect of the introduction of the population controls, adjusted for the undercount, was to raise 1990 employment
by 879,000 and raise the overall unemployment rate by 0.1 percentage point. The redesign effect cannot be precisely
determined for employment, but it has been estimated to raise the overall unemployment rate by 0.1 percentage point.
In 1997, revised population controls were introduced into the household survey. The introduction of these controls results
in an increase in the population and labor force estimates and represents a break in series with data prior to January 1997.
The revised controls result in an increase of 470,000 in the January 1997 estimate of the population 16 years and over.
The labor force and employment levels were increased by about 320,000 and 290,000, respectively. Unemployment rates
and other percentages of labor market participation were virtually unaffected by the revisions.
In 1998, new composite estimation procedures and minor revisions in population controls were introduced into the
household survey. The new procedures produce somewhat lower estimates of the civilian labor force and employment
and slightly higher estimates of the level of unemployment. Unemployment rates and other percentages of labor market
participation were not significantly affected. With the introduction of revised population controls, estimates of most
unemployment rates and other percentages of labor market participation were unaffected.
Canada. The 1966 break reflects a change in the definition of the labor force. BLS has adjusted the Canadian data for
this break based on 1966 ratios of the revised data to the old series. The 1976 break reflects the incorporation of 1991
Census results, an adjustment for historical net Census undercoverage, and an adjustment designed to prevent a break in
the time series in January 1995 when non-permanent residents were included in the population covered by the labor force
survey for the first time. The impact of these changes was an upward revision of the population estimates in 1976 and
both the absolute and relative size of the revision have increased gradually over time. The levels of employment,
unemployment, and persons not in the labor force have also increased. Estimates of the unemployment rate have been
little changed (an increase of 0.1 percentage point in about half of the years covered).
France. The 1992 break reflects the substitution of standardized European Union Statistical Office (EUROSTAT)
unemployment statistics for the unemployment data estimated according to the International Labor Office (ILO) definition
and published in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) annual yearbook and quarterly update. This
change was made because the EUROSTAT data are more up-to-date than the OECD's figures. Also, since 1992, the EUROSTAT
definitions are closer to the U.S. definitions than they were in prior years. The impact of this revision was to lower the
unemployment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1992 and 1993, by 0.4 percentage point in 1994, and by 0.5 percentage point in 1995.
There is no 1992 break in series for the employment data. The 1993 break for the employment data by economic sector (Tables 6
and 7) reflects a change in the classification system used to delineate sectors.
Germany. The 1983 break reflects the replacement of labor force survey results tabulated by the national statistical office
with those tabulated by EUROSTAT. The impact of the change was to lower the adjusted unemployment rate in 1983 by
0.3 percentage point from 7.2 to 6.9 percent.
The 1991 break reflects the introduction of comparative labor force measures for unified Germany. Data for years prior to
1991 relate to the former West Germany. The impact of including the former East Germany was to increase the
unemployment rate from 4.3 to 5.6 percent in 1991.
Italy. The 1986 break reflects a change in the survey questionnaire resulting in a significant increase in the number of
people reported as seeking work in the past 30 days. The impact was to increase the Italian unemployment rate
approximating U.S. concepts by 1.2 percentage points in 1986, from 6.3 to 7.5 percent.
In 1991, the method of weighting sample data was revised. The impact was to increase the unemployment rate by
approximately 0.3 percentage point, from 6.6 to 6.9 percent in 1991.
In October 1992, the survey methodology was revised and the definition of unemployment was changed to include only
those who were actively looking for a job within the 30 days preceding the survey and who were available for work. In
addition, the lower age limit for the labor force was raised from 14 to 15 years. (Prior to these changes, BLS adjusted
Italy's published unemployment rate downward by excluding from the unemployed those persons who had not actively
sought work in the past 30 days.) The impact of these changes was to raise Italy's adjusted unemployment rate by
approximately 1.2 percentage points, from 8.3 to 9.5 percent in fourth quarter 1992. The 1993 population, labor force,
employment and unemployment figures incorporate Italian adjustments to the lower population levels of the 1991 Census;
comparable adjustments are not yet available for earlier years. BLS estimates that employment in 1993, approximating
U.S. concepts, would have been about 20,660,000 if not adjusted to the 1991 Census rather than the 20,430,000 shown
for 1993 on page 10.
Netherlands. The 1983 break reflects the replacement of labor force survey results tabulated by the national statistical
office with those tabulated by EUROSTAT. The Dutch figures for 1983 onward also reflect the replacement of man-year
employment data with data from the Dutch Survey of Employed Persons. The impact of the changes was to lower the
adjusted unemployment rate by about 2 percentage points in 1983. In 1992, a new survey questionnaire was introduced
that allowed for a closer application of ILO guidelines. EUROSTAT has revised the Dutch series back to 1988 based on
the 1992 changes. The 1988 revised unemployment rate is 7.6 percent; the previous figure for 1988 was 9.3 percent.
The data published by the Dutch statistical agency as shown in Table 2 contain two breaks in series for both employment
and unemployment. The 1987 break in employment reflects the introduction of the new continuous labor force survey
which began that year. The 1992 break in employment reflects changes in the labor force survey definitions. The 1975
break in unemployment reflects a change in the enumeration of the registered unemployed. Beginning in 1988, the
unemployment figures are based on a combination of registration data provided by the public employment offices and data
from the labor force survey.
Sweden. There have been two breaks in series in the Swedish labor force survey, in 1987 and 1993. Adjustments have
been made for the 1993 break back to 1987. In 1987, a new questionnaire was introduced. Questions regarding current
availability were added and the period of active workseeking was reduced from 60 days to 4 weeks. These changes
lowered Sweden's 1987 unemployment rate by 0.4 percentage point, from 2.3 to 1.9 percent. In 1993, the measurement
period for the labor force survey was changed to represent all 52 weeks of the year rather than one week each month and
a new adjustment for population totals was introduced. The impact was to raise the unemployment rate by approximately
0.5 percentage point from 7.6 to 8.1 percent. Statistics Sweden revised its labor force survey data for 1987-1992 to take
into account the break in 1993. The adjustment raised the Swedish unemployment rate by 0.2 percentage point in 1987
and gradually rose to 0.5 percentage point in 1992.
Beginning with 1987, BLS has adjusted the Swedish data to classify students who also sought work as unemployed. The
impact of this change was to increase the adjusted unemployment rate by 0.1 percentage point in 1987 and by 1.8
percentage points in 1994, when unemployment was higher. In 1998, the adjusted unemployment rate rose from 6.5 to
8.4 percent due to the adjustment to include students.
The net effect of the 1987 and 1993 changes and the BLS adjustment for students seeking work lowered Sweden's 1987
unemployment rate from 2.3 to 2.2 percent.
POPULATION COVERAGE: Data relate to the civilian noninstitutionalized working age population, except that the
institutionalized working age population is included in Japan and Germany. Data for the United States relate to the
population 16 years of age and over. The lower age limits used by other countries vary and Sweden imposes an upper
age limit of 64 (prior to 1986, the upper age limit was 74). The statistics adjusted to U.S. concepts have been adapted,
insofar as possible, to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country and the Swedish statistics have been
adjusted to include persons older than the upper age limit. The following tabulation shows the lower age limits for the
published and adjusted statistics:
Country As published Adjusted Country As published Adjusted
United States 16 16 Italy
Canada 1959-92 14 14
1959-65 14 15 1993- 15 15
1966- 15 15
Country As published Adjusted Country As published Adjusted
Australia 15 15 Netherlands
Japan 15 15 1973-74 13 14
France 1975-91 14 15
1959-70 14 16 1992- 15 15
1971- 15 16 Sweden 16 16
Germany 14 15 United Kingdom
1959-72 15 15
1973- 16 16
OTHER COMPARATIVE SERIES: Three organizations compile internationally "comparable" series of unemployment
rates for groups of developed countries. The BLS series, shown in this compendium, provide unemployment rates
adjusted to U.S. concepts, insofar as possible. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
publishes "Standardized Unemployment Rates" (SURS) for 24 member countries (see OECD, Quarterly Labor Force
Statistics, Appendix Section). The SURS are adjusted to International Labour Office (ILO) concepts which are more
general than U.S. concepts. The third organization, the Statistical Office of the European Union (EUROSTAT), publishes
comparable unemployment rates for European Union countries based on their own specific interpretation of ILO concepts.
Since 1992 (1993 for Italy), these concepts are close to U.S. concepts, but there are some differences. Beginning in
Autumn 1996, the OECD adopted the comparable unemployment rates produced by EUROSTAT for the European Union
countries, and OECD has revised their historical series as well to be in accord with EUROSTAT. OECD notes that the
EUROSTAT rates are based on slightly different data and methodology compared with the former SURS calculated by the
OECD. Table 10 compares the unemployment rates published by these three organizations. The OECD and EUROSTAT
rates are now identical.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Data used in this compendium of labor statistics come mainly from national statistical sources but
also from the OECD and EUROSTAT.
Table 1. Civilian Working Age Population, 1959-1998 (in thousands)
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
1959 115,329 11,278 NA 64,030 30,982 43,103 36,754 NA 5,458 38,614
1960 117,245 11,494 NA 64,990 31,144 43,436 37,130 NA 5,514 38,952
1961 118,771 11,708 NA 65,820 31,467 43,647 37,358 NA 5,577 39,287
1962 120,153 11,940 NA 67,330 32,305 43,972 37,815 NA 5,643 39,804
1963 122,416 12,179 NA 69,170 33,196 44,232 38,083 NA 5,703 40,036
1964 124,485 12,453 7,668 71,000 33,707 44,525 38,515 NA 5,769 40,281
1965 126,513 12,755 7,830 72,650 34,261 44,909 38,724 NA 5,840 40,481
1966 128,058 13,083 8,023 74,090 34,615 45,174 39,276 NA 5,909 40,631
1967 129,874 13,444 8,208 75,340 34,947 45,111 39,456 NA 5,957 40,779
1968 132,028 13,805 8,403 76,550 35,372 45,163 39,833 NA 5,994 40,874
1969 134,335 14,162 8,612 77,580 35,753 45,570 39,781 NA 6,039 41,006
1970 137,085 14,528 8,819 78,610 36,166 46,094 40,279 NA 6,106 41,101
1971 140,216 14,872 9,036 79,560 36,598 46,687 40,385 NA 6,158 41,320
1972 144,126 15,186 9,238 80,470 36,990 47,100 40,780 NA 6,179 41,452
1973 147,096 15,526 9,425 82,150 37,375 47,594 41,186 9,750 6,199 40,799
1974 150,120 15,924 9,614 83,170 37,745 47,904 41,745 9,885 6,224 40,963
1975 153,153 16,323 9,763 84,190 38,079 48,018 42,131 9,803 6,257 41,130
1976 156,150 (2)17,124 9,957 85,160 38,366 48,128 42,312 9,960 6,287 41,322
1977 159,033 17,493 10,136 86,070 38,743 48,418 42,529 10,103 6,321 41,568
1978 161,910 17,839 10,406 87,020 39,073 48,788 43,000 10,256 6,360 41,832
1979 164,863 18,183 10,575 88,000 39,431 49,255 43,436 10,415 6,396 42,128
1980 167,745 18,550 10,778 89,080 39,852 49,849 43,860 10,588 6,441 42,447
1981 170,130 18,883 10,994 89,930 40,181 50,344 44,184 10,744 6,479 42,706
1982 172,271 19,177 11,204 90,920 40,582 50,714 44,847 10,871 6,514 42,921
1983 174,215 19,433 11,401 92,080 40,904 50,928 45,457 10,996 6,553 43,191
1984 176,383 19,681 11,605 93,230 41,217 51,112 45,853 11,131 6,586 43,509
1985 178,206 19,929 11,852 94,410 41,574 51,261 46,174 11,271 6,606 43,802
1986 180,587 20,182 12,084 95,630 41,875 51,467 46,628 11,403 6,634 44,081
1987 182,753 20,432 12,315 96,960 42,295 51,643 46,986 11,543 6,678 44,325
1988 184,613 20,690 12,594 98,250 42,675 51,893 47,778 11,649 6,715 44,511
1989 186,393 20,968 12,849 99,500 43,115 52,279 47,660 11,749 6,766 44,691
1990 (2)189,164 21,277 13,074 100,650 43,416 53,135 48,016 11,837 6,823 44,830
1991 190,925 21,613 13,247 101,750 43,742 (2)66,470 (2)48,044 11,942 6,857 44,947
1992 192,805 21,986 13,407 102,590 44,035 66,943 48,203 12,028 6,879 45,006
1993 194,838 22,371 13,558 103,460 44,332 67,446 (2)47,366 12,112 6,888 45,086
1994 196,814 22,717 13,729 104,200 44,623 68,023 47,657 12,196 6,936 45,236
1995 198,584 23,027 13,932 104,860 44,929 68,248 47,742 12,268 6,963 45,444
1996 200,591 23,352 14,118 105,470 45,240 68,294 47,832 12,333 6,972 45,643
1997 (2)203,133 23,686 14,330 106,370 45,532 68,461 47,910 12,405 6,968 45,831
1998 (2)205,220 23,994 14,522 107,040 45,683 68,494 48,131 12,446 6,981 46,013
NA = Not available.
(1) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany.
(2) Break in series. See General Notes on pages 2-6.
Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-1998
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2) (1) (3)
Civilian Labor Force (thousands)
Approximating U.S. Concepts
1959 68,369 6,286 NA 43,320 18,480 25,850 21,020 NA (4)3,609 23,880
1960 69,628 6,462 NA 44,120 18,520 25,990 20,820 NA (4)3,669 24,130
1961 70,459 6,575 NA 44,610 18,530 26,160 20,830 NA 3,695 24,380
1962 70,614 6,670 NA 45,040 18,720 26,210 20,680 NA 3,718 24,720
1963 71,833 6,805 NA 45,430 19,100 26,290 20,240 NA 3,725 24,940
1964 73,091 6,994 4,559 46,040 19,430 26,270 20,220 NA 3,720 25,070
1965 74,455 7,207 4,689 46,780 19,650 26,360 19,900 NA 3,744 25,240
1966 75,770 7,493 4,862 47,850 19,850 26,290 19,620 NA 3,795 25,320
1967 77,347 7,747 5,022 48,810 20,070 25,730 19,800 NA 3,773 25,290
1968 78,737 7,951 5,140 49,690 20,190 25,690 19,780 NA 3,822 25,180
1969 80,734 8,194 5,284 50,140 20,470 25,960 19,620 NA 3,851 25,160
1970 82,771 8,395 5,478 50,730 20,800 26,240 19,720 NA 3,909 25,110
1971 84,382 8,639 5,624 51,120 21,000 26,380 19,660 NA 3,955 24,950
1972 87,034 8,897 5,752 51,320 21,150 26,470 19,450 NA 3,963 25,190
1973 89,429 9,276 5,901 52,590 21,430 26,780 19,590 5,210 3,971 25,440
1974 91,949 9,639 6,053 52,440 21,660 26,660 19,900 5,290 4,036 25,470
1975 93,775 9,974 6,169 52,530 21,770 26,430 20,090 5,340 4,123 25,730
1976 96,158 (5)10,530 6,244 53,100 22,050 26,290 20,290 5,390 4,148 25,900
1977 99,009 10,860 6,358 53,820 22,380 26,330 20,510 5,480 4,168 26,050
1978 102,251 11,265 6,443 54,610 22,540 26,520 20,570 5,540 4,203 26,260
1979 104,962 11,630 6,519 55,210 22,780 26,860 20,850 5,640 4,262 26,350
1980 106,940 11,983 6,693 55,740 22,930 27,260 21,120 5,870 4,312 26,520
1981 108,670 12,332 6,810 56,320 23,090 27,540 21,320 6,090 4,327 26,590
1982 110,204 12,398 6,910 56,980 23,320 27,710 21,410 6,150 4,350 26,560
1983 111,550 12,610 6,997 58,110 23,400 (5)27,670 21,590 (5)6,120 4,369 26,610
1984 113,544 12,853 7,135 58,480 23,560 27,800 21,670 6,200 4,385 27,110
1985 115,461 13,123 7,300 58,820 23,620 28,020 21,800 6,250 4,418 27,350
1986 117,834 13,378 7,588 59,410 23,760 28,240 (5)22,290 6,380 4,443 27,550
1987 119,865 13,631 7,758 60,050 23,890 28,390 22,350 6,500 (5)4,437 27,870
1988 121,669 13,900 7,974 60,860 23,980 28,610 22,660 (5)6,310 4,494 28,270
1989 123,869 14,151 8,228 61,920 24,170 28,840 22,530 6,430 4,552 28,580
1990 (5)125,840 14,329 8,444 63,050 24,300 29,410 22,670 6,640 4,597 28,730
1991 126,346 14,408 8,490 64,280 24,490 (5)39,120 (5)22,940 6,750 4,591 28,610
1992 128,105 14,482 8,562 65,040 (5)24,550 39,040 22,910 6,950 4,520 28,410
1993 129,200 14,663 8,619 65,470 24,650 39,130 (5)22,760 7,090 4,443 28,310
1994 (5)131,056 14,832 8,776 65,780 24,760 39,210 22,640 7,190 4,418 28,280
1995 132,304 14,928 9,001 65,990 24,820 39,050 22,700 7,270 4,460 28,480
1996 133,943 15,145 9,127 66,450 25,080 39,180 22,820 7,370 4,459 28,620
1997 (5)136,297 15,354 9,221 67,200 25,140 39,450 22,850 7,530 4,418 28,760
1998 (5)137,673 15,632 9,347 67,240 25,390 39,430 23,000 7,720 4,402 28,870
Continued on the following page.
Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2) (1) (3)
Labor Force (thousands)
As published by originating country (6)
1959 68,369 6,242 NA 44,330 18,883 26,337 21,879 4,144 (4)3,603 23,745
1960 69,628 6,411 NA 45,110 18,887 26,518 21,545 4,192 (4)3,662 24,072
1961 70,459 6,521 NA 45,620 18,870 26,772 21,535 4,235 3,688 24,351
1962 70,614 6,615 NA 46,140 19,024 26,845 21,306 4,319 3,712 24,628
1963 71,833 6,748 NA 46,520 19,377 26,930 20,852 4,381 3,720 24,767
1964 73,091 6,933 4,559 47,100 19,664 26,922 20,870 4,467 3,718 24,953
1965 74,455 7,141 4,689 47,870 19,857 27,034 20,612 4,512 3,742 25,139
1966 75,770 (5)7,493 4,862 48,910 20,014 26,962 20,367 4,555 3,792 25,237
1967 77,347 7,747 5,022 49,830 20,198 26,409 20,507 4,580 3,775 25,105
1968 78,737 7,951 5,140 50,610 20,286 26,291 20,555 4,620 3,822 25,022
1969 80,734 8,194 5,284 50,980 20,525 26,535 20,369 4,670 3,855 25,028
1970 82,771 8,395 5,478 51,530 20,857 26,817 20,436 4,725 3,913 25,001
1971 84,382 8,639 5,624 51,860 21,024 26,957 20,404 4,762 3,961 24,820
1972 87,034 8,897 5,752 51,990 21,182 27,121 20,272 4,781 3,970 25,007
1973 89,429 9,276 5,901 53,260 21,456 27,433 20,448 4,780 3,977 25,254
1974 91,949 9,639 6,053 53,100 21,690 27,411 20,650 4,807 4,043 25,340
1975 93,775 9,974 6,169 53,230 21,783 27,184 20,861 4,900 4,129 25,478
1976 96,158 (5)10,530 6,244 53,780 22,062 27,034 21,177 4,932 4,155 25,603
1977 99,009 10,860 6,358 54,520 22,391 27,038 21,476 4,972 4,174 25,701
1978 102,251 11,265 6,443 55,320 22,549 27,212 21,577 5,030 4,209 25,901
1979 104,962 11,630 6,519 55,960 22,779 27,528 21,898 5,101 4,268 26,157
1980 106,940 11,983 6,693 56,500 22,935 27,948 22,171 5,296 4,318 26,183
1981 108,670 12,332 6,810 57,070 23,096 28,305 22,439 5,552 4,332 26,122
1982 110,204 12,398 6,910 57,740 23,325 28,558 22,416 5,665 4,356 26,043
1983 111,550 12,610 6,997 58,890 23,400 28,605 22,697 5,624 4,375 26,242
1984 113,544 12,853 7,135 59,270 23,560 28,659 22,933 5,669 4,391 26,888
1985 115,461 13,123 7,300 59,630 23,620 28,897 23,117 5,710 4,424 27,261
1986 117,834 13,378 7,588 60,200 23,766 29,188 (5)23,467 5,760 4,386 27,410
1987 119,865 13,631 7,758 60,840 23,895 29,386 23,669 (5)6,395 (5)4,373 27,678
1988 121,669 13,900 7,974 61,660 23,984 29,607 23,988 6,543 4,420 28,009
1989 123,869 14,151 8,228 62,700 24,169 29,799 23,870 6,623 4,475 28,200
1990 (5)125,840 14,329 8,444 63,840 24,302 30,369 23,925 6,784 4,524 28,430
1991 126,346 14,408 8,490 65,050 24,491 (5)39,165 (5)24,245 6,934 4,506 28,216
1992 128,105 14,482 8,562 65,780 24,578 38,838 24,257 (5)7,054 4,428 28,095
1993 129,200 14,663 8,619 66,150 24,668 38,640 (5)22,802 7,009 4,320 28,037
1994 (5)131,056 14,832 8,776 66,450 24,816 38,670 22,680 7,123 4,266 28,273
1995 132,304 14,928 9,001 66,660 24,827 38,429 22,734 7,362 4,320 28,179
1996 133,943 15,145 9,127 67,110 25,100 38,388 22,851 7,472 4,310 28,688
1997 (5)136,297 15,354 9,221 67,870 25,222 38,346 22,891 7,628 4,264 28,661
1998 (5)137,673 15,632 9,347 67,930 25,459 38,249 23,034 7,752 4,255 28,742
Continued on the following page.
Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2) (1) (3)
Civilian Employment (thousands)
Approximating U.S. concepts
1959 64,630 5,936 NA 42,340 18,190 25,340 20,020 NA (4)3,549 23,220
1960 65,778 6,042 NA 43,370 18,250 25,710 20,060 NA (4)3,606 23,600
1961 65,746 6,136 NA 43,950 18,300 26,000 20,160 NA 3,640 23,900
1962 66,702 6,302 NA 44,450 18,450 26,060 20,100 NA 3,663 24,050
1963 67,762 6,454 NA 44,840 18,800 26,170 19,760 NA 3,663 24,120
1964 69,305 6,688 4,496 45,500 19,190 26,170 19,680 NA 3,662 24,450
1965 71,088 6,944 4,628 46,210 19,340 26,290 19,210 NA 3,700 24,700
1966 72,895 7,242 4,785 47,200 19,530 26,220 18,890 NA 3,736 24,760
1967 74,372 7,451 4,928 48,180 19,650 25,390 19,130 NA 3,693 24,470
1968 75,920 7,593 5,046 49,100 19,640 25,400 19,080 NA 3,737 24,370
1969 77,902 7,832 5,188 49,570 19,990 25,790 18,940 NA 3,778 24,390
1970 78,678 7,919 5,388 50,140 20,270 26,100 19,080 NA 3,850 24,330
1971 79,367 8,104 5,517 50,480 20,420 26,220 19,020 NA 3,854 23,970
1972 82,153 8,344 5,601 50,590 20,540 26,280 18,710 NA 3,856 24,120
1973 85,064 8,761 5,765 51,910 20,840 26,590 18,870 5,050 3,873 24,610
1974 86,794 9,125 5,891 51,710 21,030 26,240 19,280 5,100 3,956 24,680
1975 85,846 9,284 5,866 51,530 20,860 25,540 19,400 5,070 4,056 24,560
1976 88,752 (5)9,776 5,946 52,020 21,030 25,400 19,500 5,100 4,082 24,360
1977 92,017 9,978 6,000 52,720 21,220 25,430 19,670 5,210 4,093 24,400
1978 96,048 10,320 6,038 53,370 21,320 25,650 19,720 5,260 4,109 24,610
1979 98,824 10,761 6,111 54,040 21,390 26,080 19,930 5,350 4,174 24,940
1980 99,303 11,082 6,284 54,600 21,440 26,490 20,200 5,520 4,226 24,670
1981 100,397 11,398 6,416 55,060 21,330 26,450 20,280 5,550 4,219 23,800
1982 99,526 11,035 6,415 55,620 21,390 26,150 20,250 5,520 4,213 23,560
1983 100,834 11,106 6,300 56,550 21,380 (5)25,770 20,320 (5)5,420 4,218 23,470
1984 105,005 11,402 6,494 56,870 21,200 25,830 20,390 5,490 4,249 23,930
1985 107,150 11,742 6,697 57,260 21,150 26,010 20,490 5,650 4,293 24,290
1986 109,597 12,095 6,974 57,740 21,240 26,380 (5)20,610 5,740 4,326 24,470
1987 112,440 12,422 7,129 58,320 21,320 26,590 20,590 5,850 (5)4,340 25,010
1988 114,968 12,819 7,398 59,310 21,520 26,800 20,870 (5)5,830 4,410 25,850
1989 117,342 13,086 7,720 60,500 21,850 27,200 20,770 5,980 4,480 26,510
1990 (5)118,793 13,165 7,859 61,710 22,100 27,950 21,080 6,230 4,513 26,740
1991 117,718 12,916 7,676 62,920 22,140 (5)36,910 (5)21,360 6,350 4,447 26,090
1992 118,492 12,842 7,637 63,620 21,990 36,420 21,230 6,560 4,265 25,530
1993 120,259 13,015 7,680 63,810 21,740 36,020 (5)20,430 6,620 4,028 25,340
1994 (5)123,060 13,292 7,921 63,860 21,710 35,900 20,080 6,670 3,992 25,550
1995 124,900 13,506 8,235 63,890 21,890 35,850 19,980 6,760 4,056 26,000
1996 126,708 13,676 8,344 64,200 21,950 35,680 20,060 6,900 4,019 26,280
1997 (5)129,558 13,941 8,429 64,900 22,010 35,540 20,050 7,130 3,973 26,740
1998 (5)131,463 14,326 8,597 64,450 22,410 35,720 20,170 7,410 4,034 27,050
Continued on the following page.
Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2) (1) (3)
Employment (thousands)
As published by originating country (6)
1959 64,630 5,870 NA 43,350 18,584 25,797 20,349 4,092 (4)3,543 23,315
1960 65,778 5,965 NA 44,360 18,611 26,247 20,330 4,162 (4)3,599 23,711
1961 65,746 6,055 NA 44,980 18,629 26,591 20,427 4,213 3,633 24,011
1962 66,702 6,225 NA 45,560 18,748 26,690 20,337 4,297 3,657 24,156
1963 67,762 6,375 NA 45,950 19,066 26,744 20,045 4,356 3,659 24,226
1964 69,305 6,609 4,496 46,550 19,413 26,753 19,966 4,445 3,660 24,570
1965 71,088 6,862 4,628 47,300 19,541 26,887 19,502 4,487 3,698 24,800
1966 72,895 (5)7,242 4,785 48,270 19,688 26,801 19,175 4,519 3,733 24,869
1967 74,372 7,451 4,928 49,200 19,762 25,950 19,401 4,505 3,695 24,548
1968 75,920 7,593 5,046 50,020 19,732 25,968 19,383 4,552 3,737 24,447
1969 77,902 7,832 5,188 50,400 20,041 26,356 19,209 4,621 3,782 24,453
1970 78,678 7,919 5,388 50,940 20,328 26,668 19,325 4,679 3,854 24,389
1971 79,367 8,104 5,517 51,210 20,440 26,772 19,295 4,700 3,860 24,165
1972 82,153 8,344 5,601 51,260 20,571 26,875 18,976 4,673 3,862 24,281
1973 85,064 8,761 5,765 52,590 20,863 27,160 19,145 4,670 3,879 24,737
1974 86,794 9,125 5,891 52,370 21,059 26,829 19,539 4,672 3,962 24,820
1975 85,846 9,284 5,866 52,230 20,871 26,110 19,635 4,640 4,062 24,680
1976 88,752 (5)9,776 5,946 52,710 21,040 25,974 19,757 4,654 4,088 24,510
1977 92,017 9,978 6,000 53,420 21,231 26,008 19,938 4,701 4,099 24,538
1978 96,048 10,320 6,038 54,080 21,327 26,219 20,017 4,757 4,115 24,755
1979 98,824 10,761 6,111 54,790 21,392 26,657 20,212 4,821 4,180 25,081
1980 99,303 11,082 6,284 55,360 21,443 27,059 20,487 4,970 4,232 24,817
1981 100,397 11,398 6,416 55,810 21,335 27,033 20,544 5,072 4,225 23,948
1982 99,526 11,035 6,415 56,380 21,396 26,725 20,493 5,010 4,219 23,496
1983 100,834 11,106 6,300 57,330 21,381 26,347 20,557 4,950 4,224 23,452
1984 105,005 11,402 6,494 57,660 21,203 26,393 20,629 4,980 4,255 23,967
1985 107,150 11,742 6,697 58,070 21,146 26,593 20,735 5,076 4,299 24,225
1986 109,597 12,095 6,974 58,530 21,246 26,960 (5)20,857 5,155 4,269 24,303
1987 112,440 12,422 7,129 59,110 21,328 27,157 20,837 (5)5,773 (5)4,281 24,872
1988 114,968 12,819 7,398 60,110 21,528 27,364 21,103 5,934 4,342 25,734
1989 117,342 13,086 7,720 61,280 21,846 27,761 21,004 6,065 4,408 26,416
1990 (5)118,793 13,165 7,859 62,490 22,098 28,486 21,304 6,268 4,449 26,769
1991 117,718 12,916 7,676 63,690 22,142 (5)36,563 (5)21,592 6,444 4,373 25,930
1992 118,492 12,842 7,637 64,360 21,988 35,860 21,459 (5)6,576 4,195 25,330
1993 120,259 13,015 7,680 64,500 21,739 35,221 (5)20,466 6,575 3,964 25,136
1994 (5)123,060 13,292 7,921 64,530 21,709 34,972 20,119 6,634 3,926 25,654
1995 124,900 13,506 8,235 64,570 21,891 34,817 20,010 6,840 3,988 25,873
1996 126,708 13,676 8,344 64,860 21,954 34,423 20,088 6,984 3,963 26,585
1997 (5)129,558 13,941 8,429 65,570 22,014 33,962 20,086 7,209 3,922 27,075
1998 (5)131,463 14,326 8,597 65,140 22,410 33,970 20,197 7,420 3,979 27,395
Continued on the following page.
Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2) (1) (3)
Unemployment (thousands)
Approximating U.S. concepts
1959 3,740 350 NA 980 290 510 1,000 NA (4)60 660
1960 3,852 420 NA 750 270 280 760 NA (4)63 530
1961 4,714 439 NA 660 230 160 670 NA 55 480
1962 3,911 368 NA 590 270 150 580 NA 55 670
1963 4,070 351 NA 590 300 120 480 NA 62 830
1964 3,786 306 63 540 240 100 540 NA 58 620
1965 3,366 263 61 570 310 70 690 NA 44 540
1966 2,875 251 76 650 320 70 730 NA 59 570
1967 2,975 296 94 630 420 340 670 NA 80 830
1968 2,817 358 94 590 550 290 700 NA 85 810
1969 2,832 362 96 570 480 170 680 NA 73 770
1970 4,093 476 91 590 530 140 640 NA 59 770
1971 5,016 535 107 640 580 160 640 NA 101 980
1972 4,882 553 150 730 610 190 740 NA 107 1,070
1973 4,365 515 136 680 590 190 720 160 98 820
1974 5,156 514 162 730 630 420 620 190 80 790
1975 7,929 690 302 1,000 910 890 690 270 67 1,180
1976 7,406 (5)754 298 1,080 1,020 890 790 290 66 1,540
1977 6,991 882 358 1,100 1,160 900 840 270 75 1,660
1978 6,202 945 405 1,240 1,220 870 850 280 94 1,650
1979 6,137 870 408 1,170 1,390 780 920 290 88 1,420
1980 7,637 900 409 1,140 1,490 770 920 350 86 1,850
1981 8,273 934 394 1,260 1,760 1,090 1,040 540 108 2,790
1982 10,678 1,363 495 1,360 1,930 1,560 1,160 630 137 3,000
1983 10,717 1,504 697 1,560 2,020 (5)1,900 1,270 (5)700 151 3,140
1984 8,539 1,450 641 1,610 2,360 1,970 1,280 710 136 3,180
1985 8,312 1,381 603 1,560 2,470 2,010 1,310 600 125 3,060
1986 8,237 1,283 613 1,670 2,520 1,860 (5)1,680 640 117 3,080
1987 7,425 1,208 629 1,730 2,570 1,800 1,760 650 (5)97 2,860
1988 6,701 1,082 576 1,550 2,460 1,810 1,790 (5)480 84 2,420
1989 6,528 1,065 508 1,420 2,320 1,640 1,760 450 72 2,070
1990 (5)7,047 1,164 585 1,340 2,210 1,460 1,590 410 84 1,990
1991 8,628 1,492 814 1,360 2,350 (5)2,210 (5)1,580 400 144 2,520
1992 9,613 1,640 925 1,420 (5)2,560 2,620 1,680 390 255 2,880
1993 8,940 1,649 939 1,660 2,910 3,110 (5)2,330 470 415 2,970
1994 (5)7,996 1,541 856 1,920 3,050 3,320 2,560 520 426 2,730
1995 7,404 1,422 766 2,100 2,920 3,200 2,720 510 404 2,480
1996 7,236 1,469 783 2,250 3,130 3,500 2,760 470 440 2,340
1997 (5)6,739 1,414 791 2,300 3,120 3,910 2,800 400 445 2,020
1998 (5)6,210 1,305 750 2,790 2,980 3,710 2,840 310 368 1,820
Continued on the following page.
Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2) (1) (3)
Unemployment (thousands)
As published by originating country (7)
1959 3,740 372 NA 980 299 540 1,530 49 (4)60 430
1960 3,852 446 NA 750 276 271 1,215 29 (4)63 361
1961 4,714 466 NA 660 241 181 1,108 21 55 340
1962 3,911 390 NA 590 276 154 969 21 55 472
1963 4,070 374 NA 590 311 186 807 24 62 541
1964 3,786 324 63 540 251 169 904 21 58 383
1965 3,366 280 61 570 316 147 1,110 25 44 339
1966 2,875 (5)251 76 650 326 161 1,192 36 59 368
1967 2,975 296 94 630 436 459 1,106 75 80 557
1968 2,817 358 94 590 554 323 1,172 68 85 575
1969 2,832 362 96 570 484 179 1,160 49 73 575
1970 4,093 476 91 590 530 149 1,111 45 59 612
1971 5,016 535 107 640 585 185 1,109 62 101 655
1972 4,882 553 150 730 611 246 1,296 108 107 726
1973 4,365 515 136 680 593 273 1,303 110 98 517
1974 5,156 514 162 730 632 582 1,111 135 80 520
1975 7,929 690 302 1,000 912 1,074 1,226 (5)260 67 798
1976 7,406 (5)754 298 1,080 1,022 1,060 1,420 278 66 1,093
1977 6,991 882 358 1,100 1,160 1,030 1,538 271 75 1,163
1978 6,202 945 405 1,240 1,222 993 1,560 273 94 1,146
1979 6,137 870 408 1,170 1,387 876 1,686 281 88 1,076
1980 7,637 900 409 1,140 1,492 889 1,684 325 86 1,366
1981 8,273 934 394 1,260 1,761 1,272 1,895 480 108 2,174
1982 10,678 1,363 495 1,360 1,929 1,833 1,923 655 137 2,547
1983 10,717 1,504 697 1,560 2,019 2,258 2,140 801 151 2,790
1984 8,539 1,450 641 1,610 2,357 2,265 2,304 822 136 2,921
1985 8,312 1,381 603 1,560 2,474 2,304 2,381 761 125 3,036
1986 8,237 1,283 613 1,670 2,520 2,228 (5)2,611 711 117 3,107
1987 7,425 1,208 629 1,730 2,567 2,229 2,832 686 (5)92 2,806
1988 6,701 1,082 576 1,550 2,456 2,242 2,885 (5)433 78 2,275
1989 6,528 1,065 508 1,420 2,323 2,038 2,865 390 67 1,784
1990 (5)7,047 1,164 585 1,340 2,205 1,883 2,621 346 75 1,661
1991 8,628 1,492 814 1,360 2,349 (5)2,602 (5)2,653 334 133 2,286
1992 9,613 1,640 925 1,420 2,591 2,979 2,799 336 233 2,765
1993 8,940 1,649 939 1,660 2,929 3,419 (5)2,334 415 356 2,901
1994 (5)7,996 1,541 856 1,920 3,106 3,698 2,561 486 340 2,619
1995 7,404 1,422 766 2,100 2,936 3,612 2,725 464 332 2,306
1996 7,236 1,469 783 2,250 3,146 3,965 2,763 440 347 2,103
1997 (5)6,739 1,414 791 2,300 3,207 4,384 2,805 375 342 1,586
1998 (5)6,210 1,305 750 2,790 3,050 4,279 2,837 287 276 1,347
Continued on the following page.
Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2) (1) (3)
Civilian Unemployment Rate (percent)
Approximating U.S. concepts
1959 5.5 5.6 (8)2.1 2.3 1.6 2.0 4.8 NA (4)1.7 2.8
1960 5.5 6.5 (8)1.6 1.7 1.5 1.1 3.7 NA (4)1.7 2.2
1961 6.7 6.7 (8)3.0 1.5 1.2 0.6 3.2 NA 1.5 2.0
1962 5.5 5.5 (8)2.9 1.3 1.4 0.6 2.8 NA 1.5 2.7
1963 5.7 5.2 (8)2.3 1.3 1.6 0.5 2.4 NA 1.7 3.3
1964 5.2 4.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.4 2.7 NA 1.6 2.5
1965 4.5 3.6 1.3 1.2 1.6 0.3 3.5 NA 1.2 2.1
1966 3.8 3.4 1.6 1.4 1.6 0.3 3.7 NA 1.6 2.3
1967 3.8 3.8 1.9 1.3 2.1 1.3 3.4 NA 2.1 3.3
1968 3.6 4.5 1.8 1.2 2.7 1.1 3.5 NA 2.2 3.2
1969 3.5 4.4 1.8 1.1 2.3 0.6 3.5 NA 1.9 3.1
1970 4.9 5.7 1.6 1.2 2.5 0.5 3.2 NA 1.5 3.1
1971 5.9 6.2 1.9 1.3 2.8 0.6 3.3 NA 2.6 3.9
1972 5.6 6.2 2.6 1.4 2.9 0.7 3.8 NA 2.7 4.2
1973 4.9 5.5 2.3 1.3 2.8 0.7 3.7 3.1 2.5 3.2
1974 5.6 5.3 2.7 1.4 2.9 1.6 3.1 3.6 2.0 3.1
1975 8.5 6.9 4.9 1.9 4.2 3.4 3.4 5.1 1.6 4.6
1976 7.7 (5)7.2 4.8 2.0 4.6 3.4 3.9 5.4 1.6 5.9
1977 7.1 8.1 5.6 2.0 5.2 3.4 4.1 4.9 1.8 6.4
1978 6.1 8.4 6.3 2.3 5.4 3.3 4.1 5.1 2.2 6.3
1979 5.8 7.5 6.3 2.1 6.1 2.9 4.4 5.1 2.1 5.4
1980 7.1 7.5 6.1 2.0 6.5 2.8 4.4 6.0 2.0 7.0
1981 7.6 7.6 5.8 2.2 7.6 4.0 4.9 8.9 2.5 10.5
1982 9.7 11.0 7.2 2.4 8.3 5.6 5.4 10.2 3.1 11.3
1983 9.6 11.9 10.0 2.7 8.6 (5)6.9 5.9 (5)11.4 3.5 11.8
1984 7.5 11.3 9.0 2.8 10.0 7.1 5.9 11.5 3.1 11.7
1985 7.2 10.5 8.3 2.6 10.5 7.2 6.0 9.6 2.8 11.2
1986 7.0 9.6 8.1 2.8 10.6 6.6 (5)7.5 10.0 2.6 11.2
1987 6.2 8.9 8.1 2.9 10.8 6.3 7.9 10.0 (5)2.2 10.3
1988 5.5 7.8 7.2 2.5 10.3 6.3 7.9 (5)7.6 1.9 8.6
1989 5.3 7.5 6.2 2.3 9.6 5.7 7.8 7.0 1.6 7.2
1990 (5)5.6 8.1 6.9 2.1 9.1 5.0 7.0 6.2 1.8 6.9
1991 6.8 10.4 9.6 2.1 9.6 (5)5.6 (5)6.9 5.9 3.1 8.8
1992 7.5 11.3 10.8 2.2 (5)10.4 6.7 7.3 5.6 5.6 10.1
1993 6.9 11.2 10.9 2.5 11.8 7.9 (5)10.2 6.6 9.3 10.5
1994 (5)6.1 10.4 9.7 2.9 12.3 8.5 11.3 7.2 9.6 9.7
1995 5.6 9.5 8.5 3.2 11.8 8.2 12.0 7.0 9.1 8.7
1996 5.4 9.7 8.6 3.4 12.5 8.9 12.1 6.4 9.9 8.2
1997 4.9 9.2 8.6 3.4 12.4 9.9 12.3 5.3 10.1 7.0
1998 4.5 8.3 8.0 4.1 11.7 9.4 12.3 4.0 8.4 6.3
Continued on the following page.
Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2) (1) (3)
Unemployment Rate (percent)
As published by originating country (9)
1959 5.5 6.0 (8)2.1 2.2 1.6 2.6 7.0 1.5 (4)1.7 2.2
1960 5.5 7.0 (8)1.6 1.7 1.5 1.3 5.6 0.9 (4)1.7 1.6
1961 6.7 7.2 (8)3.0 1.4 1.3 0.8 5.1 0.6 1.5 1.5
1962 5.5 5.9 (8)2.9 1.3 1.5 0.7 4.5 0.6 1.5 2.0
1963 5.7 5.5 (8)2.3 1.3 1.6 0.8 3.9 0.7 1.7 2.4
1964 5.2 4.7 1.4 1.1 1.3 0.8 4.3 0.6 1.6 1.8
1965 4.5 3.9 1.3 1.2 1.6 0.7 5.4 0.7 1.2 1.5
1966 3.8 (5)3.4 1.6 1.3 1.6 0.7 5.9 1.0 1.6 1.5
1967 3.8 3.8 1.9 1.3 2.2 2.1 5.4 2.0 2.1 2.3
1968 3.6 4.5 1.8 1.2 2.7 1.5 5.7 1.8 2.2 2.5
1969 3.5 4.4 1.8 1.1 2.4 0.9 5.7 1.3 1.9 2.5
1970 4.9 5.7 1.6 1.1 2.5 0.7 5.4 1.1 1.5 2.6
1971 5.9 6.2 1.9 1.2 2.8 0.8 5.4 1.6 2.5 2.6
1972 5.6 6.2 2.6 1.4 2.9 1.1 6.4 2.8 2.7 2.9
1973 4.9 5.5 2.3 1.3 2.8 1.2 6.4 2.8 2.5 2.0
1974 5.6 5.3 2.7 1.4 2.9 2.6 5.4 3.5 2.0 2.0
1975 8.5 6.9 4.9 1.9 4.2 4.7 5.9 (5)5.0 1.6 3.1
1976 7.7 (5)7.2 4.8 2.0 4.6 4.6 6.7 5.3 1.6 4.2
1977 7.1 8.1 5.6 2.0 5.2 4.5 7.2 5.1 1.8 4.4
1978 6.1 8.4 6.3 2.2 5.4 4.3 7.2 5.1 2.2 4.3
1979 5.8 7.5 6.3 2.1 6.1 3.8 7.7 5.1 2.1 4.0
1980 7.1 7.5 6.1 2.0 6.5 3.8 7.6 5.9 2.0 5.1
1981 7.6 7.6 5.8 2.2 7.6 5.5 8.4 9.1 2.5 8.1
1982 9.7 11.0 7.2 2.4 8.3 7.5 8.6 12.6 3.1 9.5
1983 9.6 11.9 10.0 2.6 8.6 9.1 9.4 17.0 3.5 10.5
1984 7.5 11.3 9.0 2.7 10.0 9.1 10.1 17.3 3.1 10.7
1985 7.2 10.5 8.3 2.6 10.5 9.3 10.3 15.9 2.8 10.9
1986 7.0 9.6 8.1 2.8 10.6 9.0 (5)11.1 14.7 2.7 11.2
1987 6.2 8.9 8.1 2.8 10.7 8.9 12.0 13.9 (5)2.1 10.0
1988 5.5 7.8 7.2 2.5 10.2 8.7 12.0 (5)6.5 1.8 8.1
1989 5.3 7.5 6.2 2.3 9.6 7.9 12.0 5.8 1.5 6.3
1990 (5)5.6 8.1 6.9 2.1 9.1 7.2 11.0 5.0 1.7 5.8
1991 6.8 10.4 9.6 2.1 9.6 (5)7.3 (5)10.9 5.4 3.0 8.0
1992 7.5 11.3 10.8 2.2 10.5 8.5 11.5 5.3 5.3 9.7
1993 6.9 11.2 10.9 2.5 11.9 9.8 (5)10.2 6.5 8.2 10.3
1994 (5)6.1 10.4 9.7 2.9 12.5 10.6 11.3 7.5 8.0 9.4
1995 5.6 9.5 8.5 3.2 11.8 10.4 12.0 7.0 7.7 8.1
1996 5.4 9.7 8.6 3.4 12.5 11.5 12.1 6.6 8.1 7.4
1997 4.9 9.2 8.6 3.4 12.7 12.7 12.3 5.5 8.0 5.6
1998 4.5 8.3 8.0 4.1 12.0 12.3 12.3 4.1 6.5 4.7
Continued on the following page.
Table 2. Civilian Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment, 1959-1998--Continued
Footnotes:
NA = Not available.
p = Preliminary.
(1) Published and adjusted data are identical.
(2) Published and adjusted data are identical from 1966 onward. There is a break in the as published
series for Canada as of 1966, resulting from sampling changes and a raising of the lower age limit
from 14 to 15. The effect was to lower the as published unemployment rate by about 0.4 percentage
point. The adjusted series for Canada prior to 1966 are based on BLS estimates and do not show a
break in series.
(3) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany.
(4) The Swedish labor force survey was initiated in 1961. The published data for 1959-1960 are
estimates made by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
(5) Break in series. See General Notes on pages 2-6 for an explanation of the breaks in series.
(6) Including military personnel for Japan, Germany, Italy, and Sweden.
(7) For the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, Italy, and Sweden, unemployment as recorded by
sample labor force surveys; for France, annual estimates of unemployment; and for Germany, the
Netherlands (until 1989), and the United Kingdom, the registered unemployed. Beginning with
1989 for the Netherlands, figures are based on a combination of registered unemployed and
unemployment as recorded by labor force surveys.
(8) The Australian labor force survey was initiated in 1964. Unemployment rates for 1959-1963 are
estimates made by an Australian researcher.
(9) For the United States, Canada, Australia, and France, unemployment as a percent of the civilian
labor force; for Japan, Italy, and Sweden, unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force plus
career military personnel; for Germany, registered unemployed as a percent of civilian employed wage
and salary workers plus the unemployed; for the Netherlands until 1988, registered unemployed as a percent
of wage and salary workers plus the unemployed and beginning with 1988, national estimates of the
unemployed as a percent of the total labor force; for the United Kingdom, registered unemployed as a
percent of the civilian labor force plus military personnel. Published unemployment rates shown for
Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom cannot be computed from data in this table.
Table 3. Quarterly Civilian Unemployment Rates, Seasonally Adjusted, 1993-1999
United United
Period States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2)
1993 6.9 11.2 10.9 2.5 11.8 7.9 10.2 9.3 10.5
I 7.2 11.0 10.9 2.4 11.2 7.4 9.2 8.2 10.6
II 7.1 11.4 10.9 2.5 11.6 7.8 10.3 9.4 10.5
III 6.8 11.4 10.9 2.6 12.0 8.2 10.6 9.8 10.4
IV 6.6 11.2 10.8 2.8 12.4 8.5 10.9 9.9 10.2
1994 (3)6.1 10.4 9.7 2.9 12.3 8.5 11.3 9.6 9.7
I 6.6 10.9 10.4 2.9 12.5 8.6 11.0 10.0 10.0
II 6.2 10.6 10.0 2.9 12.5 8.6 11.2 9.5 9.8
III 6.0 10.1 9.5 3.0 12.3 8.4 11.3 9.7 9.5
IV 5.6 9.7 9.0 2.9 12.0 8.2 11.8 9.4 9.1
1995 5.6 9.5 8.5 3.2 11.8 8.2 12.0 9.1 8.7
I 5.5 9.7 8.8 3.0 12.0 8.0 12.1 9.1 8.9
II 5.7 9.5 8.4 3.2 11.7 8.1 11.8 8.9 8.8
III 5.7 9.5 8.4 3.2 11.6 8.2 12.2 8.9 8.7
IV 5.6 9.4 8.4 3.4 11.8 8.4 12.0 9.4 8.5
1996 5.4 9.7 8.6 3.4 12.5 8.9 12.1 9.9 8.2
I 5.5 9.5 8.5 3.4 12.3 8.8 12.1 9.5 8.4
II 5.5 9.6 8.5 3.5 12.5 8.8 12.1 9.6 8.3
III 5.3 9.8 8.7 3.4 12.6 8.9 12.2 9.9 8.1
IV 5.3 9.9 8.6 3.3 12.6 9.2 12.1 10.5 7.9
1997 4.9 9.2 8.6 3.4 12.4 9.9 12.3 10.1 7.0
I 5.2 9.6 8.7 3.3 12.4 9.8 12.3 10.9 7.4
II 5.0 9.4 8.6 3.4 12.5 9.8 12.3 10.6 7.3
III 4.9 9.0 8.5 3.4 12.5 10.0 12.2 9.7 6.9
IV 4.7 8.9 8.3 3.5 12.3 10.0 12.3 9.1 6.6
1998 4.5 8.3 8.0 4.1 11.7 9.4 12.3 8.4 6.3
I 4.6 8.6 8.1 3.7 12.0 9.9 12.2 8.8 6.4
II 4.4 8.4 8.0 4.2 11.7 9.5 12.3 8.6 6.3
III 4.5 8.3 8.1 4.3 11.7 9.1 12.4 8.5 6.3
IV 4.4 8.0 7.7 4.4 11.5 9.1 12.4 7.7 6.3
1999
I 4.3 7.8 7.4 4.7 11.3 9.0 12.3 7.4 6.3
II 4.3 8.0 7.4 4.8 11.2 9.0 12.1 7.0 6.1
(1) Unified Germany.
(2) Quarterly data are for January, April, July, and October.
(3) Break in series. See General Notes on pages 2-6.
Note: Quarterly figures for France and Germany are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to quarterly
published data, and therefore should be viewed as only approximate indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts.
Table 4. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex, 1960-1998
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Both Sexes
1960 59.4 56.2 NA 67.9 59.5 59.8 56.1 NA 66.5 61.9
1961 59.3 56.2 NA 67.8 58.9 59.9 55.8 NA 66.3 62.1
1962 58.8 55.9 NA 66.9 57.9 59.6 54.7 NA 65.9 62.1
1963 58.7 55.9 NA 65.7 57.5 59.4 53.1 NA 65.3 62.3
1964 58.7 56.2 59.5 64.8 57.6 59.0 52.5 NA 64.5 62.2
1965 58.9 56.5 59.9 64.4 57.4 58.7 51.4 NA 64.1 62.4
1966 59.2 57.3 60.6 64.6 57.3 58.2 50.0 NA 64.2 62.3
1967 59.6 57.6 61.2 64.8 57.4 57.0 50.2 NA 63.3 62.0
1968 59.6 57.6 61.2 64.9 57.1 56.9 49.7 NA 63.8 61.6
1969 60.1 57.9 61.4 64.6 57.3 57.0 49.3 NA 63.8 61.4
1970 60.4 57.8 62.1 64.5 57.5 56.9 49.0 NA 64.0 61.1
1971 60.2 58.1 62.2 64.3 57.4 56.5 48.7 NA 64.2 60.4
1972 60.4 58.6 62.3 63.8 57.2 56.2 47.7 NA 64.1 60.8
1973 60.8 59.7 62.6 64.0 57.3 56.3 47.6 53.4 64.1 62.4
1974 61.2 60.5 63.0 63.1 57.4 55.7 47.7 53.5 64.8 62.2
1975 61.2 61.1 63.2 62.4 57.2 55.0 47.7 54.5 65.9 62.6
1976 61.6 (2)61.5 62.7 62.4 57.5 54.6 48.0 54.1 66.0 62.7
1977 62.3 62.1 62.7 62.5 57.8 54.4 48.2 54.2 65.9 62.7
1978 63.2 63.1 61.9 62.8 57.7 54.4 47.8 54.0 66.1 62.8
1979 63.7 64.0 61.6 62.7 57.8 54.5 48.0 54.2 66.6 62.5
1980 63.8 64.6 62.1 62.6 57.5 54.7 48.2 55.4 66.9 62.5
1981 63.9 65.3 61.9 62.6 57.5 54.7 48.3 56.7 66.8 62.3
1982 64.0 64.7 61.7 62.7 57.5 54.6 47.7 56.6 66.8 61.9
1983 64.0 64.9 61.4 63.1 57.2 (2)54.3 47.5 (2)55.7 66.7 61.6
1984 64.4 65.3 61.5 62.7 57.2 54.4 47.3 55.7 66.6 62.3
1985 64.8 65.8 61.6 62.3 56.8 54.7 47.2 55.5 66.9 62.4
1986 65.3 66.3 62.8 62.1 56.7 54.9 (2)47.8 56.0 67.0 62.5
1987 65.6 66.7 63.0 61.9 56.5 55.0 47.6 56.3 (2)66.4 62.9
1988 65.9 67.2 63.3 61.9 56.2 55.1 47.4 (2)54.2 66.9 63.5
1989 66.5 67.5 64.0 62.2 56.1 55.2 47.3 54.7 67.3 64.0
1990 (2)66.5 67.3 64.6 62.6 56.0 55.3 47.2 56.1 67.4 64.1
1991 66.2 66.7 64.1 63.2 56.0 (2)58.9 (2)47.7 56.5 67.0 63.7
1992 66.4 65.9 63.9 63.4 (2)55.8 58.3 47.5 57.8 65.7 63.1
1993 66.3 65.5 63.6 63.3 55.6 58.0 (2)48.1 58.5 64.5 62.8
1994 (2)66.6 65.3 63.9 63.1 55.5 57.6 47.5 59.0 63.7 62.5
1995 66.6 64.8 64.6 62.9 55.2 57.2 47.5 59.3 64.1 62.7
1996 66.8 64.9 64.6 63.0 55.4 57.4 47.7 59.8 64.0 62.7
1997 67.1 64.8 64.3 63.2 55.2 57.6 47.7 60.7 p63.4 62.8
1998 67.1 65.1 64.4 62.8 55.6 57.6 47.8 62.0 p63.1 62.7
Continued on the following page.
Table 4. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex, 1960-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Male
1960 83.3 82.8 NA 84.2 NA 82.4 82.4 NA NA 86.8
1961 82.9 81.8 NA 84.3 NA 82.7 81.8 NA 87.1 86.6
1962 82.0 81.1 NA 83.6 81.0 82.2 80.6 NA 85.4 86.2
1963 81.4 80.5 NA 82.5 79.8 81.9 79.2 NA 83.7 86.4
1964 81.0 80.1 85.3 81.5 79.9 81.4 78.7 NA 82.7 85.8
1965 80.7 79.9 85.1 81.1 79.2 80.9 77.5 NA 82.2 85.4
1966 80.4 79.8 85.2 81.1 79.1 80.5 76.0 NA 81.6 84.9
1967 80.4 79.3 84.9 81.0 78.8 79.3 76.1 NA 80.5 84.5
1968 80.1 78.6 84.5 81.7 77.8 79.0 75.2 NA 80.1 83.6
1969 79.8 78.3 84.2 81.5 77.7 78.9 74.4 NA 79.3 82.9
1970 79.7 77.8 84.1 81.5 77.4 78.8 73.7 NA 78.5 82.1
1971 79.1 77.3 83.8 81.9 76.5 77.4 73.4 NA 78.0 80.8
1972 79.0 77.5 83.6 81.9 75.7 76.3 72.0 NA 77.3 80.7
1973 78.8 78.2 83.1 81.9 75.5 75.7 71.2 79.4 76.8 82.1
1974 78.7 78.7 82.7 81.6 75.3 74.6 71.0 79.3 76.7 80.5
1975 77.9 78.4 82.2 81.2 74.4 73.4 70.6 80.0 77.0 80.7
1976 77.5 (2)77.8 81.5 81.0 74.1 72.5 70.4 79.2 76.5 80.6
1977 77.7 77.8 81.0 80.4 73.9 71.9 69.5 78.7 75.6 80.1
1978 77.9 78.2 79.8 80.1 73.3 71.6 68.7 77.8 75.1 79.6
1979 77.8 78.6 79.4 79.9 72.8 71.5 68.3 77.0 75.1 78.9
1980 77.4 78.6 79.1 79.6 72.0 71.3 67.9 77.4 74.9 78.7
1981 77.0 78.7 78.8 79.6 71.5 70.8 67.8 77.5 73.8 78.4
1982 76.6 77.3 78.4 79.3 70.8 70.6 66.9 76.1 73.5 77.3
1983 76.4 77.0 77.6 79.2 69.9 (2)70.2 66.2 (2)75.2 72.9 76.5
1984 76.4 76.9 77.3 78.5 69.2 70.1 65.6 74.3 72.4 76.4
1985 76.3 77.0 76.5 77.9 68.4 70.1 65.3 73.8 72.5 76.1
1986 76.3 77.1 76.6 77.6 67.9 70.2 (2)65.2 72.4 72.5 75.5
1987 76.2 77.0 76.1 77.1 67.1 70.0 64.5 71.4 (2)71.3 75.5
1988 76.2 77.0 76.1 76.9 66.5 69.6 63.9 (2)68.0 71.6 75.9
1989 76.4 77.1 76.2 76.8 66.1 69.1 63.4 68.3 72.0 76.1
1990 (2)76.4 76.3 76.3 77.0 65.9 68.4 63.0 69.8 72.0 75.9
1991 75.8 75.1 75.5 77.4 65.7 (2)71.1 (2)63.7 69.4 71.7 75.2
1992 75.8 74.0 75.0 77.8 (2)64.7 70.1 63.1 70.3 70.4 74.1
1993 75.4 73.5 74.5 77.8 64.2 69.6 (2)63.7 70.8 69.2 73.4
1994 (2)75.1 73.3 74.5 77.6 63.8 69.1 62.7 70.2 68.5 72.9
1995 75.0 72.5 74.7 77.5 63.4 68.3 62.2 70.6 68.9 72.9
1996 74.9 72.4 74.5 77.5 63.6 68.0 62.1 70.2 68.7 72.6
1997 75.0 72.5 74.0 77.6 63.3 68.1 61.8 70.9 p68.3 72.3
1998 74.9 72.4 73.8 77.1 63.6 67.3 61.5 73.0 p68.1 NA
Continued on the following page.
Table 4. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex, 1960-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Female
1960 37.7 30.1 NA 52.7 NA 41.1 32.3 NA NA 39.8
1961 38.1 31.0 NA 52.4 NA 41.0 32.5 NA 46.1 40.1
1962 37.9 31.3 NA 51.3 38.2 40.7 31.6 NA 47.1 40.5
1963 38.3 31.9 NA 50.0 38.2 40.7 29.7 NA 47.6 40.7
1964 38.7 32.9 33.8 49.3 38.2 40.3 28.8 NA 46.8 41.2
1965 39.3 33.8 34.8 48.8 38.2 40.0 27.8 NA 46.6 41.7
1966 40.3 35.4 36.3 49.2 38.2 39.4 26.5 NA 47.3 42.1
1967 41.1 36.5 37.8 49.6 38.5 38.4 26.6 NA 46.7 41.9
1968 41.6 37.1 38.3 49.2 38.8 38.5 26.5 NA 48.0 41.9
1969 42.7 38.0 39.0 48.8 39.2 38.5 26.6 NA 48.8 42.0
1970 43.3 38.3 40.4 48.7 39.8 38.4 26.4 NA 50.0 42.2
1971 43.4 39.4 41.0 47.7 40.2 38.5 26.3 NA 50.9 42.0
1972 43.9 40.2 41.2 46.8 40.6 39.0 25.6 NA 51.5 42.8
1973 44.7 41.9 42.4 47.3 41.0 39.5 26.1 28.5 51.7 44.6
1974 45.7 43.0 43.5 45.7 41.4 39.4 26.5 28.7 53.3 45.7
1975 46.3 44.4 44.5 44.8 41.7 39.3 26.8 29.5 55.2 46.2
1976 47.3 (2)45.6 44.3 44.9 42.6 39.3 27.6 29.9 55.9 46.5
1977 48.4 46.7 44.8 45.7 43.3 39.3 28.9 30.6 56.7 47.0
1978 50.0 48.5 44.5 46.4 43.7 39.6 28.8 31.1 57.5 47.6
1979 50.9 49.7 44.3 46.6 44.3 39.9 29.5 32.1 58.5 47.7
1980 51.5 51.0 45.5 46.6 44.5 40.3 30.1 34.3 59.3 47.8
1981 52.1 52.3 45.5 46.7 45.0 40.7 30.4 36.7 60.1 47.7
1982 52.6 52.4 45.4 47.0 45.6 40.7 30.3 37.9 60.5 47.8
1983 52.9 53.1 45.5 48.0 45.8 (2)40.5 30.5 (2)37.1 60.8 48.1
1984 53.6 54.0 46.1 47.8 46.3 40.7 30.5 38.0 61.1 49.4
1985 54.5 55.1 47.0 47.6 46.4 41.1 30.7 37.9 61.5 50.0
1986 55.3 55.8 49.2 47.6 46.7 41.4 (2)31.9 40.2 61.7 50.6
1987 56.0 56.7 50.0 47.6 47.0 41.7 32.1 41.8 (2)61.8 51.3
1988 56.6 57.7 50.7 47.9 47.0 42.3 32.3 (2)40.9 62.4 52.1
1989 57.4 58.3 52.1 48.5 47.0 42.7 32.5 41.7 62.7 52.8
1990 (2)57.5 58.7 53.1 49.1 47.0 43.6 32.7 42.9 63.0 53.2
1991 57.4 58.5 52.9 49.7 47.4 (2)47.8 (2)33.2 44.1 62.4 53.0
1992 57.8 58.0 53.0 49.9 (2)47.7 47.6 33.3 45.9 61.2 52.9
1993 57.9 57.9 52.9 49.6 47.8 47.5 (2)33.7 46.7 60.1 53.0
1994 (2)58.8 57.6 53.6 49.5 48.0 47.2 33.6 47.9 59.2 52.9
1995 58.9 57.4 54.7 49.3 47.9 47.1 34.1 48.3 59.5 53.2
1996 59.3 57.6 55.0 49.3 48.1 47.6 34.5 49.7 59.4 53.5
1997 59.8 57.4 54.9 49.6 47.9 48.0 34.7 50.7 p58.8 53.8
1998 59.8 58.1 55.1 49.4 48.3 48.6 35.2 51.4 p58.2 NA
NA = Not available. p = Preliminary.
(1) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany.
(2) Break in series. See General Notes on pages 2-6.
Table 5. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios by Sex, 1960-1998
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Both Sexes
1960 56.1 52.6 NA 66.7 58.6 59.2 54.0 NA 65.4 60.6
1961 55.4 52.4 NA 66.8 58.2 59.6 54.0 NA 65.3 60.8
1962 55.5 52.8 NA 66.0 57.1 59.3 53.2 NA 64.9 60.4
1963 55.4 53.0 NA 64.8 56.6 59.2 51.9 NA 64.2 60.2
1964 55.7 53.7 58.6 64.1 56.9 58.8 51.1 NA 63.5 60.7
1965 56.2 54.4 59.1 63.6 56.4 58.5 49.6 NA 63.4 61.0
1966 56.9 55.4 59.6 63.7 56.4 58.0 48.1 NA 63.2 60.9
1967 57.3 55.4 60.0 64.0 56.2 56.3 48.5 NA 62.0 60.0
1968 57.5 55.0 60.1 64.1 55.5 56.2 47.9 NA 62.3 59.6
1969 58.0 55.3 60.2 63.9 55.9 56.6 47.6 NA 62.6 59.5
1970 57.4 54.5 61.1 63.8 56.0 56.6 47.4 NA 63.1 59.2
1971 56.6 54.5 61.0 63.4 55.8 56.2 47.1 NA 62.6 58.0
1972 57.0 54.9 60.6 62.9 55.5 55.8 45.9 NA 62.4 58.2
1973 57.8 56.4 61.2 63.2 55.8 55.9 45.8 51.8 62.5 60.3
1974 57.8 57.3 61.3 62.2 55.7 54.8 46.2 51.6 63.6 60.2
1975 56.1 56.9 60.1 61.2 54.8 53.2 46.0 51.7 64.8 59.7
1976 56.8 (2)57.1 59.7 61.1 54.8 52.8 46.1 51.2 64.9 59.0
1977 57.9 57.0 59.2 61.2 54.8 52.5 46.3 51.6 64.8 58.7
1978 59.3 57.9 58.0 61.3 54.6 52.6 45.9 51.3 64.6 58.8
1979 59.9 59.2 57.8 61.4 54.2 52.9 45.9 51.4 65.3 59.2
1980 59.2 59.7 58.3 61.3 53.8 53.1 46.1 52.1 65.6 58.1
1981 59.0 60.4 58.4 61.2 53.1 52.5 45.9 51.7 65.1 55.7
1982 57.8 57.5 57.3 61.2 52.7 51.6 45.2 50.8 64.7 54.9
1983 57.9 57.1 55.3 61.4 52.3 (2)50.6 44.7 (2)49.3 64.4 54.3
1984 59.5 57.9 56.0 61.0 51.4 50.5 44.5 49.3 64.5 55.0
1985 60.1 58.9 56.5 60.6 50.9 50.7 44.4 50.1 65.0 55.5
1986 60.7 59.9 57.7 60.4 50.7 51.3 (2)44.2 50.3 65.2 55.5
1987 61.5 60.8 57.9 60.1 50.4 51.5 43.8 50.7 (2)65.0 56.4
1988 62.3 62.0 58.7 60.4 50.4 51.6 43.7 (2)50.0 65.7 58.1
1989 63.0 62.4 60.1 60.8 50.7 52.0 43.6 50.9 66.2 59.3
1990 (2)62.8 61.9 60.1 61.3 50.9 52.6 43.9 52.6 66.1 59.6
1991 61.7 59.8 57.9 61.8 50.6 (2)55.5 (2)44.5 53.2 64.9 58.0
1992 61.5 58.4 57.0 62.0 49.9 54.4 44.0 54.5 62.0 56.7
1993 61.7 58.2 56.6 61.7 49.0 53.4 (2)43.1 54.7 58.5 56.2
1994 (2)62.5 58.5 57.7 61.3 48.7 52.8 42.1 54.7 57.6 56.5
1995 62.9 58.6 59.1 60.9 48.7 52.5 41.8 55.1 58.3 57.2
1996 63.2 58.6 59.1 60.9 48.5 52.2 41.9 55.9 57.6 57.6
1997 63.8 58.9 58.8 61.0 48.3 51.9 41.8 57.5 p57.0 58.3
1998 64.1 59.7 59.2 60.2 49.1 52.2 41.9 59.5 p57.8 58.8
Continued on the following page.
Table 5. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios by Sex, 1960-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Male
1960 78.9 76.9 NA 82.8 NA 81.8 79.5 NA NA 85.0
1961 77.6 75.8 NA 83.2 NA 82.3 79.4 NA 86.3 84.9
1962 77.7 76.3 NA 82.7 80.1 81.8 78.6 NA 84.2 83.9
1963 77.1 76.1 NA 81.5 79.0 81.6 77.6 NA 82.6 83.5
1964 77.3 76.5 84.5 80.6 79.2 81.1 77.0 NA 81.6 83.7
1965 77.5 76.9 84.4 80.2 78.4 80.7 75.2 NA 81.5 83.5
1966 77.9 77.1 84.2 80.1 78.2 80.3 73.5 NA 80.6 82.9
1967 78.0 76.3 83.8 80.0 77.7 78.2 73.9 NA 78.9 81.5
1968 77.8 75.1 83.5 80.7 76.3 78.1 73.0 NA 78.2 80.6
1969 77.6 74.9 83.2 80.5 76.5 78.5 72.4 NA 77.8 80.0
1970 76.2 73.4 83.2 80.5 76.3 78.4 71.9 NA 77.4 79.2
1971 74.9 72.7 82.7 80.9 75.3 77.1 71.6 NA 76.2 77.3
1972 75.0 73.0 82.0 80.6 74.4 75.8 69.9 NA 75.4 76.8
1973 75.5 74.3 81.8 80.8 74.2 75.3 69.3 77.3 75.1 79.1
1974 74.9 74.9 81.1 80.5 73.9 73.5 69.4 77.1 75.5 77.9
1975 71.7 73.5 79.1 79.5 72.1 70.9 68.8 76.9 76.0 76.7
1976 72.0 (2)72.8 78.3 79.2 71.8 70.3 68.5 75.9 75.6 75.5
1977 72.8 72.1 77.3 78.7 71.2 69.9 67.5 75.7 74.5 74.7
1978 73.8 72.3 75.5 78.2 70.4 69.7 66.8 75.0 73.5 74.5
1979 73.8 73.4 75.3 78.2 69.6 69.8 66.3 74.3 73.7 74.5
1980 72.0 73.1 75.1 77.9 68.9 69.6 66.0 74.1 73.6 72.8
1981 71.3 73.1 75.1 77.8 67.5 68.5 65.6 72.2 72.0 69.4
1982 69.0 68.7 73.4 77.4 66.3 67.0 64.4 69.5 71.3 68.1
1983 68.8 67.6 70.1 77.1 65.2 (2)65.8 63.5 (2)67.4 70.4 67.0
1984 70.7 68.3 70.6 76.4 63.6 65.7 62.9 66.6 70.2 67.2
1985 70.9 69.0 70.4 75.9 62.4 65.8 62.5 67.6 70.5 67.3
1986 71.0 69.8 70.7 75.4 61.9 66.4 (2)61.8 66.7 70.6 66.8
1987 71.5 70.4 70.2 74.9 61.2 66.2 60.9 66.1 (2)69.7 67.4
1988 72.0 71.3 70.9 75.0 61.1 66.0 60.4 (2)64.3 70.3 69.2
1989 72.5 71.4 71.9 75.1 61.2 65.9 59.9 65.0 70.9 70.4
1990 (2)72.0 70.1 71.2 75.4 61.3 65.6 60.0 66.9 70.6 70.3
1991 70.4 66.9 68.0 75.8 60.7 (2)67.8 (2)60.6 66.5 69.2 67.8
1992 69.8 65.1 66.4 76.1 59.3 66.3 59.8 67.2 65.7 65.3
1993 70.0 64.9 65.9 75.9 57.7 64.9 (2)58.8 66.8 61.6 64.2
1994 (2)70.4 65.4 67.0 75.4 57.1 64.0 57.2 65.9 61.0 64.6
1995 70.8 65.5 68.1 75.0 57.1 63.3 56.5 66.4 62.1 65.5
1996 70.9 65.2 67.9 74.9 56.9 62.4 56.2 66.5 61.6 65.6
1997 71.3 65.8 67.5 74.9 56.5 61.7 55.9 68.1 p61.1 66.6
1998 71.6 66.2 67.8 73.9 57.3 61.4 55.6 70.8 p62.2 NA
Continued on the following page.
Table 5. Civilian Employment-Population Ratios by Sex, 1960-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Female
1960 35.5 28.6 NA 51.8 NA 40.4 31.0 NA NA 38.9
1961 35.4 29.4 NA 51.6 NA 40.7 31.1 NA 45.0 39.3
1962 35.6 29.9 NA 50.6 37.4 40.4 30.4 NA 46.3 39.4
1963 35.8 30.5 NA 49.3 37.2 40.4 28.8 NA 46.5 39.4
1964 36.3 31.6 32.9 48.7 37.5 40.1 27.7 NA 46.0 40.1
1965 37.1 32.6 34.0 48.1 37.3 39.9 26.6 NA 45.8 40.8
1966 38.3 34.2 35.4 48.4 37.2 39.3 25.2 NA 46.4 41.2
1967 39.0 35.1 36.6 48.9 37.2 38.0 25.3 NA 45.6 40.7
1968 39.6 35.5 37.1 48.7 37.1 38.0 25.1 NA 47.0 40.8
1969 40.7 36.2 37.7 48.3 37.7 38.2 25.1 NA 47.9 41.1
1970 40.8 36.1 39.3 48.2 38.1 38.1 25.0 NA 49.1 41.2
1971 40.4 36.8 39.7 47.2 38.4 38.2 24.9 NA 49.5 40.7
1972 41.0 37.4 39.6 46.2 38.7 38.6 24.1 NA 50.0 41.4
1973 42.0 39.1 40.9 46.8 39.2 39.1 24.5 27.3 50.3 43.4
1974 42.6 40.2 41.7 45.1 39.4 38.7 25.1 27.1 52.0 44.3
1975 42.0 40.8 41.4 44.0 39.2 37.9 25.3 27.1 54.0 44.3
1976 43.2 (2)41.7 41.5 44.1 39.6 37.8 25.8 27.3 54.7 44.1
1977 44.5 42.3 41.5 44.9 40.0 37.7 26.9 28.2 55.4 44.3
1978 46.4 43.8 41.0 45.5 40.4 37.9 26.9 28.4 56.1 44.6
1979 47.5 45.3 40.7 45.7 40.5 38.4 27.3 29.2 57.2 45.3
1980 47.7 46.7 41.9 45.7 40.3 38.9 27.9 31.0 58.0 44.8
1981 48.0 48.0 42.1 45.7 40.2 38.7 28.0 31.9 58.5 43.4
1982 47.7 46.7 41.5 45.9 40.5 38.1 27.7 32.8 58.4 42.9
1983 48.0 47.0 40.8 46.7 40.7 (2)37.3 27.6 (2)31.9 58.6 42.8
1984 49.5 47.9 41.7 46.5 40.6 37.3 27.6 32.7 59.1 43.9
1985 50.4 49.2 42.9 46.3 40.5 37.6 27.8 33.4 59.7 44.7
1986 51.4 50.3 44.9 46.2 40.7 38.0 (2)28.1 34.7 60.1 45.2
1987 52.5 51.5 45.7 46.2 40.7 38.5 28.3 35.8 (2)60.5 46.4
1988 53.4 52.9 46.8 46.6 40.9 39.0 28.4 (2)36.3 61.2 47.9
1989 54.3 53.7 48.6 47.4 41.2 39.7 28.6 37.4 61.7 49.1
1990 (2)54.3 54.0 49.3 48.0 41.6 40.9 29.2 38.9 61.8 49.8
1991 53.7 52.8 48.1 48.6 41.6 (2)44.5 (2)29.7 40.5 60.6 49.1
1992 53.8 52.0 47.7 48.7 41.5 43.6 29.7 42.3 58.4 48.9
1993 54.1 51.7 47.6 48.3 41.2 43.0 (2)28.8 43.0 55.5 48.8
1994 (2)55.3 51.9 48.6 48.0 41.1 42.5 28.3 43.9 54.3 48.9
1995 55.6 52.1 50.3 47.7 41.1 42.7 28.3 44.1 54.7 49.6
1996 56.0 52.1 50.4 47.7 41.0 42.9 28.8 45.7 53.9 50.1
1997 56.8 52.2 50.3 47.9 41.0 42.9 28.9 47.2 p53.1 50.6
1998 57.1 53.4 50.8 47.4 41.6 43.6 29.3 48.7 p53.6 NA
NA = Not available. p = Preliminary.
(1) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany.
(2) Break in series. See General Notes on pages 2-6.
Table 6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-1998 (in thousands)
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Civilian Employment (2)
1960 65,778 5,965 NA 43,370 18,595 25,877 20,064 4,576 3,581 23,660
1965 71,088 6,862 4,614 46,200 19,540 26,368 19,210 4,933 3,680 24,776
1970 78,678 7,919 5,388 50,140 20,328 26,107 19,083 5,156 3,836 24,381
1971 79,367 8,104 5,517 50,470 20,440 26,222 19,016 5,152 3,842 24,165
1972 82,153 8,344 5,601 50,580 20,571 26,290 18,710 5,136 3,845 24,139
1973 85,064 8,761 5,765 51,900 20,863 26,593 18,874 5,135 3,861 24,716
1974 86,794 9,125 5,891 51,710 21,059 26,247 19,284 5,119 3,944 24,803
1975 85,846 9,284 5,867 51,530 20,871 25,536 19,395 5,109 4,044 24,720
1976 88,752 (3)9,776 5,946 52,020 21,040 25,395 19,504 5,142 4,070 24,509
1977 92,017 9,978 6,000 52,720 21,231 25,426 19,668 5,199 4,081 24,538
1978 96,048 10,320 6,038 53,360 21,327 25,646 19,725 5,265 4,097 24,697
1979 98,824 10,761 6,111 54,040 21,392 26,074 19,932 5,382 4,162 25,079
1980 99,303 11,082 6,284 54,600 21,443 26,486 20,195 5,520 4,214 25,004
1981 100,397 11,398 6,416 55,060 21,335 26,453 20,279 5,542 4,207 24,011
1982 99,526 11,035 6,415 55,620 21,396 26,150 20,246 5,475 4,201 23,584
1983 100,834 11,106 6,300 56,550 21,381 25,765 20,320 5,459 4,206 23,304
1984 105,005 11,402 6,494 56,870 21,203 25,826 20,392 5,528 4,237 23,854
1985 107,150 11,742 6,697 57,260 21,146 26,018 20,492 5,624 4,281 24,250
1986 109,597 12,095 6,794 57,740 21,246 26,383 20,614 5,720 4,314 24,380
1987 112,440 12,422 7,129 58,320 21,328 26,584 20,591 (3)5,773 (3)4,328 24,754
1988 114,968 12,819 7,398 59,310 21,528 26,799 20,868 5,934 4,398 25,708
1989 117,342 13,086 7,720 60,500 21,846 27,201 20,773 6,065 4,468 26,549
1990 (3)118,793 13,165 7,859 61,710 22,098 27,952 21,080 6,268 4,501 26,818
1991 117,718 12,916 7,676 62,910 22,142 (3)36,914 (3)21,364 6,444 4,435 26,302
1992 118,492 12,842 7,637 63,630 22,008 36,420 21,233 (3)6,519 4,253 25,671
1993 120,259 13,015 7,680 63,810 21,739 36,017 20,429 6,571 4,015 25,381
1994 (3)123,060 13,292 7,921 63,860 21,710 35,895 20,085 6,631 3,981 25,579
1995 124,900 13,506 8,235 63,900 21,890 35,848 19,976 6,838 4,044 25,839
1996 126,708 13,676 8,344 64,200 21,954 35,681 20,057 6,983 4,007 26,088
1997 (3)129,558 13,941 8,429 64,900 22,015 35,541 20,049 NA 3,961 NA
1998 (3)131,463 14,326 8,597 p64,550 p22,350 35,715 20,167 NA 4,023 NA
Continued on the following page.
Table 6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-1998 (in thousands)--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Agriculture (4)
1960 5,552 795 NA 12,800 4,305 3,567 6,514 469 564 1,118
1965 4,477 694 448 10,500 3,473 2,840 5,031 391 418 952
1970 3,567 604 434 8,490 2,751 2,218 3,839 329 314 784
1971 3,510 607 426 7,840 2,612 NA 3,817 322 300 764
1972 3,598 575 442 7,310 2,468 NA 3,546 317 287 735
1973 3,572 573 424 6,810 2,345 NA 3,431 311 276 736
1974 3,613 579 410 6,540 2,242 NA 3,362 306 264 699
1975 3,507 564 407 6,380 2,152 NA 3,231 303 261 687
1976 3,453 (3)574 392 6,210 2,072 NA 3,201 295 254 685
1977 3,426 564 400 6,110 1,996 NA 3,100 292 248 684
1978 3,550 584 384 6,100 1,932 NA 3,032 297 250 680
1979 3,508 603 399 5,860 1,880 NA 2,962 291 242 666
1980 3,529 597 410 5,510 1,821 1,373 2,870 285 237 654
1981 3,519 613 419 5,330 1,754 1,335 2,704 288 237 639
1982 3,570 576 415 5,250 1,691 1,292 2,502 288 236 632
1983 3,541 603 418 5,060 1,640 1,247 2,500 287 230 622
1984 3,469 603 405 4,860 1,586 1,206 2,390 288 218 616
1985 3,338 583 414 4,820 1,530 1,163 2,262 289 208 568
1986 3,350 581 429 4,700 1,480 1,141 2,214 287 204 538
1987 3,400 585 415 4,640 1,423 1,093 2,139 (3)285 (3)194 569
1988 3,326 569 435 4,480 1,367 1,050 2,037 285 193 598
1989 3,378 553 429 4,390 1,309 1,000 1,927 287 192 589
1990 (3)3,394 551 440 4,270 1,248 965 1,879 292 178 573
1991 3,429 572 422 3,990 1,196 p(3)1,568 (3)1,807 295 168 592
1992 3,425 542 406 3,910 1,150 p1,376 1,734 (3)268 162 567
1993 3,300 558 411 3,650 (3)1,119 p1,261 1,657 263 159 518
1994 (3)3,586 545 405 3,560 1,071 p1,199 1,563 271 154 534
1995 3,592 555 412 3,510 1,038 p1,130 1,483 265 143 533
1996 3,570 565 424 3,390 1,010 p1,072 1,392 278 131 511
1997 (3)3,538 537 438 3,320 990 p1,074 1,358 NA 122 NA
1998 (3)3,509 551 428 p3,330 p976 p1,041 1,332 NA 119 NA
Continued on the following page.
Table 6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-1998 (in thousands)--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Industry (5)
1960 21,995 1,906 NA 12,380 6,976 11,905 6,855 1,786 1,419 10,900
1965 24,311 2,233 1,653 15,010 7,486 12,497 7,174 1,952 1,550 11,117
1970 26,080 2,360 1,866 17,880 7,812 12,706 7,586 1,933 1,456 10,531
1971 25,182 2,383 1,895 18,140 7,869 NA 7,613 1,881 1,424 10,156
1972 25,828 2,439 1,877 18,290 7,929 NA 7,463 1,829 1,396 9,940
1973 27,258 2,586 1,924 19,210 8,076 NA 7,450 1,801 1,401 10,110
1974 27,213 2,688 1,942 19,020 8,131 NA 7,609 1,755 1,434 10,080
1975 25,302 2,613 1,850 18,370 7,889 NA 7,630 1,697 1,449 9,632
1976 26,310 (3)2,785 1,846 18,520 7,826 NA 7,521 1,662 1,416 9,345
1977 27,343 2,758 1,825 18,510 7,800 NA 7,612 1,666 1,375 9,324
1978 28,810 2,836 1,772 18,550 7,682 NA 7,570 1,673 1,328 9,312
1979 29,797 2,982 1,770 18,740 7,581 NA 7,578 1,670 1,326 9,344
1980 29,136 3,033 1,798 19,180 7,523 11,373 7,694 1,642 1,327 9,059
1981 28,995 3,093 1,814 19,300 7,322 11,162 7,642 1,573 1,286 8,242
1982 27,070 2,803 1,759 19,210 7,192 10,806 7,523 1,505 1,237 7,817
1983 27,016 2,717 1,634 19,470 7,009 10,473 7,347 1,488 1,223 7,453
1984 28,617 2,824 1,657 19,630 6,758 10,400 7,036 1,508 1,228 7,736
1985 28,805 2,866 1,694 19,820 6,556 10,437 6,890 1,494 1,244 7,788
1986 29,130 2,938 1,717 19,760 6,456 10,521 6,816 1,493 1,258 7,749
1987 29,209 3,020 1,745 19,560 6,358 10,493 6,710 (3)1,517 (3)1,242 7,635
1988 29,676 3,168 1,805 20,120 6,318 10,463 6,783 1,524 1,246 7,927
1989 30,051 3,233 1,907 20,600 6,373 10,588 6,749 1,568 1,269 8,152
1990 (3)29,834 3,117 1,865 20,890 6,425 10,875 6,842 1,620 1,268 8,128
1991 28,452 2,868 1,725 21,520 6,335 p(3)14,655 (3)6,913 1,613 1,207 7,686
1992 27,853 2,758 1,692 21,850 6,120 p13,987 6,847 (3)1,599 1,087 7,237
1993 27,659 2,739 1,715 21,670 p(3)5,748 p13,515 6,718 1,579 982 7,034
1994 (3)28,319 2,856 1,770 21,490 p5,592 p13,098 6,583 1,520 956 6,900
1995 28,788 2,957 1,805 21,160 p5,596 p12,663 6,490 1,557 1,011 6,900
1996 29,030 2,969 1,807 21,130 p5,511 p12,324 6,470 1,559 1,008 7,006
1997 (3)29,771 3,091 1,807 21,260 p5,431 p12,267 6,444 NA 992 NA
1998 (3)29,871 3,189 1,814 p20,430 p5,421 p12,142 6,464 NA 1,005 NA
Continued on the following page.
Table 6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-1998 (in thousands)--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Manufacturing
1960 17,149 1,471 NA 9,430 5,250 8,901 4,813 1,326 1,133 8,517
1965 19,190 1,636 1,207 11,450 5,373 9,480 4,894 1,410 1,200 8,666
1970 20,746 1,768 1,312 13,750 5,593 10,305 5,293 1,381 1,064 8,465
1971 19,606 1,766 1,330 13,820 5,676 NA 5,329 1,348 1,054 8,202
1972 19,943 1,823 1,316 13,810 5,749 NA 5,217 1,310 1,046 7,934
1973 21,054 1,927 1,346 14,420 5,882 NA 5,259 1,298 1,066 7,979
1974 21,025 1,978 1,351 14,250 5,953 NA 5,420 1,287 1,120 8,030
1975 19,457 1,871 1,249 13,430 5,802 NA 5,424 1,251 1,138 7,654
1976 20,261 (3)1,983 1,262 13,440 5,757 NA 5,406 1,214 1,100 7,411
1977 20,889 1,951 1,254 13,350 5,741 NA 5,437 1,206 1,060 7,461
1978 21,784 2,021 1,199 13,220 5,664 NA 5,380 1,196 1,023 7,427
1979 22,459 2,145 1,198 13,290 5,586 NA 5,364 1,183 1,026 7,395
1980 21,942 2,187 1,222 13,630 5,530 8,998 5,433 1,176 1,025 7,081
1981 21,817 2,204 1,230 13,800 5,362 8,828 5,328 1,155 984 6,365
1982 20,286 2,010 1,190 13,740 5,288 8,567 5,228 1,098 946 6,005
1983 19,946 1,961 1,122 14,010 5,186 8,284 5,074 1,069 941 5,668
1984 20,995 2,046 1,125 14,330 5,046 8,285 4,876 1,084 953 (6)5,894
1985 20,879 2,064 1,114 14,480 4,906 8,403 4,761 1,094 968 (6)5,972
1986 20,962 2,098 1,124 14,390 4,817 8,515 4,715 1,100 984 (6)5,979
1987 20,935 2,127 1,137 14,200 4,709 8,506 4,636 (3)1,121 (3)953 (6)5,737
1988 21,320 2,214 1,171 14,500 4,651 8,479 4,719 1,113 956 (6)5,999
1989 21,652 2,235 1,202 14,800 4,681 8,594 4,726 1,157 968 (6)6,011
1990 (3)21,346 2,105 1,170 15,010 4,708 8,839 4,755 1,196 943 (6)5,971
1991 20,580 1,956 1,092 15,460 4,635 p(3)11,629 (3)4,729 1,178 884 (6)5,720
1992 20,120 1,879 1,079 15,650 4,480 p10,809 4,863 (3)1,191 804 (6)5,441
1993 19,711 1,893 1,073 15,260 NA p10,251 4,995 1,161 734 (6)5,338
1994 (3)20,157 1,949 1,111 14,920 NA p9,700 4,930 1,105 726 4,909
1995 20,493 2,061 1,117 14,520 NA p9,373 4,874 1,123 770 4,940
1996 20,518 2,083 1,120 14,420 NA p9,124 4,872 1,108 773 5,066
1997 (3)20,835 2,167 1,141 14,390 NA NA 4,852 NA 763 NA
1998 (3)20,733 2,254 1,104 p13,790 NA NA 4,908 NA 774 NA
Continued on the following page.
Table 6. Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-1998 (in thousands)--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Services (7)
1960 38,212 3,264 NA 18,190 7,314 10,405 6,696 2,322 1,598 11,642
1965 42,301 3,934 2,514 20,690 8,581 11,031 7,005 2,587 1,713 12,709
1970 49,031 4,955 3,088 23,770 9,765 11,183 7,658 2,895 2,066 13,066
1971 50,675 5,114 3,197 24,510 9,959 NA 7,584 2,950 2,118 13,246
1972 52,727 5,330 3,282 24,980 10,173 NA 7,701 2,991 2,162 13,466
1973 54,234 5,602 3,417 25,880 10,442 NA 7,992 3,024 2,185 13,870
1974 55,968 5,858 3,539 26,140 10,686 NA 8,313 3,059 2,246 14,024
1975 57,037 6,107 3,610 26,770 10,830 NA 8,533 3,108 2,334 14,404
1976 58,989 (3)6,417 3,708 27,290 11,142 NA 8,782 3,186 2,400 14,474
1977 61,248 6,656 3,775 28,100 11,435 NA 8,956 3,241 2,458 14,530
1978 63,688 6,900 3,877 28,720 11,713 NA 9,122 3,294 2,519 14,705
1979 65,519 7,176 3,939 29,440 11,931 NA 9,392 3,422 2,594 15,068
1980 66,638 7,452 4,072 29,910 12,099 13,740 9,631 3,593 2,650 15,291
1981 67,883 7,692 4,180 30,430 12,259 13,956 9,933 3,681 2,684 15,129
1982 68,886 7,656 4,239 31,160 12,513 14,052 10,220 3,682 2,728 15,135
1983 70,277 7,786 4,246 32,020 12,732 14,045 10,473 3,684 2,753 15,229
1984 72,919 7,975 4,431 32,380 12,859 14,220 10,966 3,732 2,792 15,502
1985 75,006 8,293 4,588 32,620 13,060 14,418 11,340 3,841 2,828 15,894
1986 77,117 8,576 4,828 33,280 13,310 14,721 11,584 3,940 2,852 16,093
1987 79,832 8,817 4,969 34,120 13,547 14,998 11,742 (3)3,971 (3)2,892 16,550
1988 81,966 9,082 5,158 34,710 13,843 15,286 12,047 4,125 2,958 17,183
1989 83,913 9,300 5,385 35,510 14,164 15,614 12,097 4,210 3,008 17,808
1990 (3)85,565 9,497 5,554 36,550 14,425 16,112 12,355 4,356 3,056 18,117
1991 85,837 9,476 5,529 37,400 14,611 p(3)20,691 (3)12,646 4,536 3,060 18,024
1992 87,214 9,542 5,540 37,870 14,738 p21,057 12,651 (3)4,652 3,004 17,867
1993 89,300 9,718 5,554 38,490 p(3)14,872 p21,241 12,055 4,730 2,875 17,829
1994 (3)91,155 9,891 5,746 38,810 p15,047 p21,598 11,939 4,840 2,871 18,145
1995 92,520 9,994 6,018 39,230 p15,256 p22,055 12,007 5,016 2,891 18,406
1996 94,108 10,142 6,113 39,680 p15,433 p22,285 12,194 5,147 2,868 18,571
1997 (3)96,249 10,312 6,184 40,320 p15,594 p22,200 12,248 NA 2,847 NA
1998 (3)98,083 10,587 6,354 p40,800 p15,954 p22,532 12,373 NA 2,899 NA
NA = Not available. p = Preliminary.
(1) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany.
(2) Employment totals differ from those in Table 2 for some countries because sectoral data have not been fully
adjusted for comparability with U.S. definitions. Because of rounding, subtotals may not add to totals.
(3) Break in series. See General Notes on pages 2-6.
(4) Agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing.
(5) Manufacturing, mining, and construction.
(6) Includes mining. In 1983 and 1994, employment in mining accounted for 1.4 and 0.4 percent of total employment.
(7) Transportation, communication, public utilities, trade, finance, public administration, private household
services, and miscellaneous services.
Table 7. Percent Distribution of Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-1998
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Civilian Employment (2)
Each Year 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Agriculture (3)
1960 8.5 13.3 NA 29.5 23.2 13.9 32.5 10.3 15.8 4.7
1965 6.3 10.1 9.7 22.7 17.8 10.7 26.2 7.9 11.4 3.8
1970 4.5 7.6 8.1 16.9 13.5 8.5 20.1 6.4 8.2 3.2
1971 4.4 7.5 7.7 15.5 12.8 NA 20.1 6.3 7.8 3.2
1972 4.4 6.9 7.9 14.4 12.0 NA 19.0 6.2 7.5 3.0
1973 4.2 6.5 7.4 13.1 11.2 NA 18.2 6.1 7.1 3.0
1974 4.2 6.4 7.0 12.6 10.6 NA 17.4 6.0 6.7 2.8
1975 4.1 6.1 6.9 12.4 10.3 NA 16.7 5.9 6.5 2.8
1976 3.9 (4)5.9 6.6 11.9 9.8 NA 16.4 5.7 6.2 2.8
1977 3.7 5.7 6.7 11.6 9.4 NA 15.8 5.6 6.1 2.8
1978 3.7 5.7 6.4 11.4 9.1 NA 15.4 5.7 6.1 2.8
1979 3.6 5.6 6.5 10.8 8.8 NA 14.9 5.4 5.8 2.7
1980 3.6 5.4 6.5 10.1 8.5 5.2 14.2 5.2 5.6 2.6
1981 3.5 5.4 6.5 9.7 8.2 5.0 13.3 5.2 5.6 2.7
1982 3.6 5.2 6.5 9.4 7.9 4.9 12.4 5.3 5.6 2.7
1983 3.5 5.4 6.6 8.9 7.7 4.8 12.3 5.3 5.5 2.7
1984 3.3 5.3 6.2 8.5 7.5 4.7 11.7 5.2 5.2 2.6
1985 3.1 5.0 6.2 8.4 7.2 4.5 11.0 5.1 4.9 2.3
1986 3.1 4.8 6.1 8.1 7.0 4.3 10.7 5.0 4.7 2.2
1987 3.0 4.7 5.8 8.0 6.7 4.1 10.4 (4)4.9 (4)4.5 2.3
1988 2.9 4.4 5.9 7.6 6.3 3.9 9.8 4.8 4.4 2.3
1989 2.9 4.2 5.6 7.3 6.0 3.7 9.3 4.7 4.3 2.2
1990 (4)2.9 4.2 5.6 6.9 5.6 3.5 8.9 4.7 4.0 2.1
1991 2.9 4.4 5.5 6.3 5.4 p(4)4.2 (4)8.5 4.6 3.8 2.3
1992 2.9 4.2 5.3 6.1 5.2 p3.8 8.2 (4)4.1 3.8 2.2
1993 2.7 4.3 5.3 5.7 (4)5.1 p3.5 8.1 4.0 4.0 2.0
1994 (4)2.9 4.1 5.1 5.6 4.9 p3.3 7.8 4.1 3.9 2.1
1995 2.9 4.1 5.0 5.5 4.7 p3.2 7.4 3.9 3.5 2.1
1996 2.8 4.1 5.1 5.3 4.6 p3.0 6.9 4.0 3.3 2.0
1997 (4)2.7 3.9 5.2 5.1 4.5 p3.0 6.8 NA 3.1 NA
1998 (4)2.7 3.8 5.0 p5.2 p4.4 p2.9 6.6 NA 2.9 NA
Continued on the following page.
Table 7. Percent Distribution of Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Industry (5)
1960 33.4 32.0 NA 28.5 37.5 46.0 34.2 39.0 39.6 46.1
1965 34.2 32.5 35.8 32.5 38.3 47.4 37.4 39.6 42.1 44.9
1970 33.1 29.8 34.6 35.7 38.4 48.7 39.8 37.5 38.0 43.2
1971 31.7 29.4 34.3 35.9 38.5 NA 40.0 36.5 37.1 42.0
1972 31.4 29.2 33.5 36.2 38.5 NA 39.9 35.6 36.3 41.2
1973 32.0 29.5 33.4 37.0 38.7 NA 39.5 35.1 36.3 40.9
1974 31.4 29.5 33.0 36.8 38.6 NA 39.5 34.3 36.4 40.6
1975 29.5 28.1 31.5 35.6 37.8 NA 39.4 33.2 35.8 39.0
1976 29.6 (4)28.5 31.0 35.6 37.2 NA 38.6 32.3 34.8 38.1
1977 29.7 27.6 30.4 35.1 36.7 NA 38.7 32.0 33.7 38.0
1978 30.0 27.5 29.4 34.8 36.0 NA 38.4 31.8 32.4 37.7
1979 30.2 27.7 29.0 34.7 35.4 NA 38.0 31.0 31.9 37.3
1980 29.3 27.4 28.6 35.1 35.1 42.9 38.1 29.7 31.5 36.2
1981 28.9 27.1 28.3 35.0 34.3 42.2 37.7 28.4 30.6 34.3
1982 27.2 25.4 27.4 34.5 33.6 41.3 37.2 27.5 29.4 33.1
1983 26.8 24.5 25.9 34.4 32.8 40.6 36.2 27.3 29.1 32.0
1984 27.2 24.6 25.5 34.5 31.9 40.3 34.5 27.3 29.0 32.4
1985 26.9 24.4 25.3 34.6 31.0 40.1 33.6 26.6 29.1 32.1
1986 26.6 24.3 24.6 34.2 30.4 39.9 33.1 26.1 29.2 31.8
1987 26.0 24.3 24.5 33.5 29.8 39.5 32.6 (4)26.3 (4)28.7 30.8
1988 25.8 24.7 24.4 33.9 29.3 39.0 32.5 25.7 28.3 30.8
1989 25.6 24.7 24.7 34.0 29.2 38.9 32.5 25.9 28.4 30.7
1990 (4)25.1 23.7 23.7 33.9 29.1 38.9 32.5 25.8 28.2 30.3
1991 24.2 22.2 22.5 34.2 28.6 p(4)39.7 (4)32.4 25.0 27.2 29.2
1992 23.5 21.5 22.2 34.3 27.8 p38.4 32.2 (4)24.5 25.6 28.2
1993 23.0 21.0 22.3 34.0 p(4)26.4 p37.5 32.9 24.0 24.5 27.7
1994 (4)23.0 21.5 22.3 33.7 p25.8 p36.5 32.8 22.9 24.0 27.0
1995 23.0 21.9 21.9 33.1 p25.6 p35.3 32.5 22.8 25.0 26.7
1996 22.9 21.7 21.7 32.9 p25.1 p34.5 32.3 22.3 25.1 26.9
1997 (4)23.0 22.2 21.4 32.8 p24.7 p34.5 32.1 NA 25.0 NA
1998 (4)22.7 22.3 21.1 p31.6 p24.3 p34.0 32.1 NA 25.0 NA
Continued on the following page.
Table 7. Percent Distribution of Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Manufacturing
1960 26.1 24.7 NA 21.7 28.2 34.4 24.0 29.0 31.6 36.0
1965 27.0 23.8 26.2 24.8 27.5 36.0 25.5 28.6 32.6 35.0
1970 26.4 22.3 24.4 27.4 27.5 39.5 27.7 26.8 27.7 34.7
1971 24.7 21.8 24.1 27.4 27.8 NA 28.0 26.2 27.4 33.9
1972 24.3 21.8 23.5 27.3 27.9 NA 27.9 25.5 27.2 32.9
1973 24.8 22.0 23.3 27.8 28.2 NA 27.9 25.3 27.6 32.3
1974 24.2 21.7 22.9 27.6 28.3 NA 28.1 25.1 28.4 32.4
1975 22.7 20.2 21.3 26.1 27.8 NA 28.0 24.5 28.1 31.0
1976 22.8 (4)20.3 21.2 25.8 27.4 NA 27.7 23.6 27.0 30.2
1977 22.7 19.6 20.9 25.3 27.0 NA 27.6 23.2 26.0 30.4
1978 22.7 19.6 19.9 24.8 26.6 NA 27.3 22.7 25.0 30.1
1979 22.7 19.9 19.6 24.6 26.1 NA 26.9 22.0 24.6 29.5
1980 22.1 19.7 19.4 25.0 25.8 34.0 26.9 21.3 24.3 28.3
1981 21.7 19.3 19.2 25.1 25.1 33.4 26.3 20.8 23.4 26.5
1982 20.4 18.2 18.6 24.7 24.7 32.8 25.8 20.1 22.5 25.5
1983 19.8 17.7 17.8 24.8 24.3 32.2 25.0 19.6 22.4 24.3
1984 20.0 17.9 17.3 25.2 23.8 32.1 23.9 19.6 22.5 (6)24.7
1985 19.5 17.6 16.6 25.3 23.2 32.3 23.2 19.5 22.6 (6)24.6
1986 19.1 17.3 16.1 24.9 22.7 32.3 22.9 19.4 22.8 (6)24.5
1987 18.6 17.1 15.9 24.3 22.1 32.0 22.5 (4)19.4 (4)22.0 (6)23.2
1988 18.5 17.3 15.8 24.4 21.6 31.6 22.6 18.8 21.8 (6)23.3
1989 18.5 17.1 15.6 24.5 21.4 31.6 22.8 19.1 21.7 (6)22.6
1990 (4)18.0 16.0 14.9 24.3 21.3 31.6 22.6 19.1 20.9 (6)22.3
1991 17.5 15.1 14.2 24.6 20.9 p(4)31.5 (4)22.1 18.3 19.9 (6)21.7
1992 17.0 14.6 14.1 24.6 20.4 p29.7 22.9 (4)18.3 18.9 (6)21.2
1993 16.4 14.5 14.0 23.9 NA p28.5 24.5 17.7 18.3 (6)21.0
1994 (4)16.4 14.7 14.0 23.4 NA p27.0 24.5 16.7 18.2 19.2
1995 16.4 15.3 13.6 22.7 NA p26.1 24.4 16.4 19.0 19.1
1996 16.2 15.2 13.4 22.5 NA p25.6 24.3 15.9 19.3 19.4
1997 (4)16.1 15.5 13.5 22.2 NA NA 24.2 NA 19.3 NA
1998 (4)15.8 15.7 12.8 p21.4 NA NA 24.3 NA 19.3 NA
Continued on the following page.
Table 7. Percent Distribution of Civilian Employment by Economic Sector, 1960-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1)
Services (7)
1960 58.1 54.7 NA 41.9 39.3 40.2 33.4 50.8 44.6 49.2
1965 59.5 57.3 54.5 44.8 43.9 41.8 36.5 52.4 46.5 51.3
1970 62.3 62.6 57.3 47.4 48.0 42.8 40.1 56.2 53.9 53.6
1971 63.8 63.1 57.9 48.6 48.7 NA 39.9 57.3 55.1 54.8
1972 64.2 63.9 58.6 49.4 49.5 NA 41.2 58.2 56.2 55.8
1973 63.8 63.9 59.3 49.9 50.1 NA 42.3 58.9 56.6 56.1
1974 64.5 64.2 60.1 50.6 50.7 NA 43.1 59.8 56.9 56.5
1975 66.4 65.8 61.5 52.0 51.9 NA 44.0 60.8 57.7 58.3
1976 66.5 (4)65.6 62.4 52.5 53.0 NA 45.0 62.0 59.0 59.1
1977 66.6 66.7 62.9 53.3 53.9 NA 45.5 62.3 60.2 59.2
1978 66.3 66.9 64.2 53.8 54.9 NA 46.2 62.6 61.5 59.5
1979 66.3 66.7 64.5 54.5 55.8 NA 47.1 63.6 62.3 60.1
1980 67.1 67.2 64.8 54.8 56.4 51.9 47.7 65.1 62.9 61.2
1981 67.6 67.5 65.1 55.3 57.5 52.8 49.0 66.4 63.8 63.0
1982 69.2 69.4 66.1 56.0 58.5 53.7 50.5 67.3 64.9 64.2
1983 69.7 70.0 67.4 56.6 59.5 54.5 51.5 67.5 65.5 65.3
1984 69.4 69.9 68.2 56.9 60.6 55.1 53.8 67.5 65.9 65.0
1985 70.0 70.6 68.5 57.0 61.8 55.4 55.3 68.3 66.1 65.5
1986 70.4 70.9 69.2 57.6 62.6 55.8 56.2 68.9 66.1 66.0
1987 71.0 71.0 69.7 58.5 63.5 56.4 57.0 (4)68.8 (4)66.8 66.9
1988 71.3 70.8 69.7 58.5 64.3 57.0 57.8 69.5 67.3 66.8
1989 71.5 71.1 69.7 58.7 64.8 57.4 58.2 69.4 67.3 67.1
1990 (4)72.0 72.1 70.7 59.2 65.3 57.6 58.6 69.5 67.9 67.6
1991 72.9 73.4 72.0 59.5 66.0 p(4)56.1 (4)59.2 70.4 69.0 68.5
1992 73.6 74.3 72.5 59.5 67.0 p57.8 59.6 (4)71.4 70.6 69.6
1993 74.3 74.7 72.3 60.3 p(4)68.4 p59.0 59.0 72.0 71.6 70.2
1994 (4)74.1 74.4 72.5 60.8 p69.3 p60.2 59.4 73.0 72.1 70.9
1995 74.1 74.0 73.1 61.4 p69.7 p61.5 60.1 73.4 71.5 71.2
1996 74.3 74.2 73.3 61.8 p70.3 p62.5 60.8 73.7 71.6 71.2
1997 (4)74.3 74.0 73.4 62.1 p70.8 p62.5 61.1 NA 71.9 NA
1998 (4)74.6 73.9 73.9 p63.2 p71.4 p63.1 61.4 NA 72.1 NA
NA = Not available. p = Preliminary.
(1) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany.
(2) Because of rounding, subtotals may not add to totals.
(3) Agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing.
(4) Break in series. See General Notes on pages 2-6.
(5) Manufacturing, mining, and construction.
(6) Includes mining. In 1983 and 1994, employment in mining accounted for 1.4 and 0.4 percent of total employment.
(7) Transportation, communication, public utilities, trade, finance, public administration, private household
services, and miscellaneous services.
Table 8. Civilian Unemployment Rates by Sex, 1960-1998
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2)
Male
1960 5.4 7.1 NA NA NA 0.8 3.4 NA NA 2.1
1961 6.4 7.3 NA NA NA 0.5 2.9 NA 1.0 1.9
1962 5.2 6.0 NA NA 1.0 0.4 2.4 NA 1.4 2.7
1963 5.2 5.5 NA NA 1.1 0.4 2.1 NA 1.4 3.4
1964 4.6 4.5 0.9 NA 0.9 0.3 2.2 NA 1.4 2.4
1965 4.0 3.7 0.9 NA 1.0 0.2 3.0 NA 0.8 2.1
1966 3.2 3.3 1.1 NA 1.1 0.3 3.2 NA 1.3 2.3
1967 3.1 3.9 1.3 NA 1.5 1.4 2.9 NA 2.0 3.5
1968 2.9 4.6 1.2 NA 1.9 1.0 2.9 NA 2.3 3.6
1969 2.8 4.3 1.2 NA 1.5 0.6 2.7 NA 1.8 3.5
1970 4.4 5.6 1.1 1.2 1.5 0.5 2.5 NA 1.4 3.5
1971 5.3 6.0 1.3 1.2 1.7 0.5 2.5 NA 2.4 4.3
1972 5.0 5.8 1.9 1.5 1.8 0.7 2.9 NA 2.5 4.8
1973 4.2 4.9 1.6 1.3 1.6 0.6 2.7 2.6 2.2 3.6
1974 4.9 4.8 1.9 1.4 1.8 1.5 2.3 2.8 1.7 3.2
1975 7.9 6.2 3.8 1.8 3.0 3.3 2.5 3.9 1.4 5.0
1976 7.1 (3)6.4 3.9 2.2 3.1 3.0 2.7 4.1 1.3 6.4
1977 6.3 7.3 4.6 2.0 3.6 2.9 2.8 3.8 1.5 6.7
1978 5.3 7.6 5.4 2.2 3.9 2.7 2.8 3.6 2.1 6.3
1979 5.1 6.7 5.2 1.9 4.4 2.3 3.0 3.6 1.9 5.6
1980 6.9 6.9 5.1 1.7 4.4 2.3 2.9 4.2 1.7 7.4
1981 7.4 7.1 4.8 2.0 5.5 3.3 3.3 6.9 2.4 11.5
1982 9.9 11.1 6.4 2.1 6.3 5.0 3.8 8.6 3.0 11.9
1983 9.9 12.2 9.7 2.5 6.7 (3)6.2 4.1 (3)10.4 3.4 12.4
1984 7.4 11.2 8.7 2.5 8.2 6.2 4.2 10.4 3.0 12.0
1985 7.0 10.4 7.9 2.4 8.8 6.2 4.3 8.4 2.8 11.6
1986 6.9 9.4 7.7 2.4 8.9 5.5 (3)5.2 7.9 2.6 11.6
1987 6.2 8.6 7.8 2.5 8.7 5.4 5.5 7.4 (3)2.2 10.7
1988 5.5 7.4 6.8 2.5 8.1 5.3 5.5 (3)5.7 1.8 8.8
1989 5.2 7.3 5.7 2.0 7.4 4.6 5.4 4.8 1.5 7.4
1990 (3)5.7 8.1 6.7 1.9 7.0 4.2 4.8 4.4 1.9 7.4
1991 7.2 10.9 9.9 1.8 7.6 (3)4.6 (3)4.9 4.2 3.4 9.9
1992 7.9 12.1 11.4 1.8 (3)8.4 5.4 5.3 4.3 6.7 12.0
1993 7.2 11.8 11.5 1.9 10.1 6.8 (3)7.6 5.7 11.0 12.5
1994 (3)6.2 10.8 10.0 NA 10.5 7.3 8.7 6.4 11.0 11.4
1995 5.6 9.8 8.8 NA 9.9 7.3 9.2 5.6 9.9 10.2
1996 5.4 9.9 8.8 NA 10.6 8.3 9.4 4.9 10.4 9.6
1997 4.9 9.2 8.8 NA 10.7 9.4 9.5 3.9 10.4 7.9
1998 4.4 8.5 8.2 NA 9.9 8.7 9.5 3.1 8.7 7.0
Continued on the following page.
Table 8. Civilian Unemployment Rates by Sex, 1960-1998--Continued
United Nether- United
Year States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy lands Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2)
Female
1960 5.9 4.9 NA NA NA 1.5 4.1 NA NA 2.3
1961 7.2 5.0 NA NA NA 0.8 4.1 NA 2.4 2.0
1962 6.2 4.4 NA NA 2.3 0.8 3.8 NA 1.7 2.7
1963 6.5 4.4 NA NA 2.5 0.6 3.2 NA 2.2 3.3
1964 6.2 4.1 2.6 NA 1.9 0.5 3.8 NA 1.8 2.5
NA
1965 5.5 3.5 2.4 NA 2.4 0.3 4.4 NA 1.7 2.1
1966 4.8 3.4 2.7 NA 2.6 0.3 4.9 NA 2.0 2.1
1967 5.2 3.7 3.2 NA 3.4 1.1 4.7 NA 2.3 2.9
1968 4.8 4.4 3.2 NA 4.3 1.3 5.2 NA 2.1 2.5
1969 4.7 4.7 3.2 NA 3.8 0.7 5.4 NA 1.9 2.3
1970 5.9 5.8 2.8 2.2 4.2 0.6 5.2 NA 1.7 2.3
1971 6.9 6.6 3.1 3.0 4.6 0.8 5.2 NA 2.8 3.3
1972 6.6 7.0 3.9 3.4 4.7 0.8 5.9 NA 3.0 3.3
1973 6.0 6.7 3.6 2.6 4.6 0.9 6.2 4.3 2.8 2.6
1974 6.7 6.4 4.1 3.2 4.7 1.8 5.2 5.6 2.4 3.0
1975 9.3 8.1 7.0 3.9 6.1 3.5 5.8 8.2 2.0 4.0
1976 8.6 (3)8.4 6.4 3.9 7.0 3.9 6.5 8.6 2.0 5.3
1977 8.2 9.4 7.5 4.3 7.6 4.3 6.8 7.6 2.2 5.8
1978 7.2 9.6 7.9 4.3 7.7 4.2 6.8 8.6 2.4 6.2
1979 6.8 8.7 8.2 4.1 8.6 3.9 7.3 8.8 2.3 5.0
1980 7.4 8.4 7.9 3.3 9.5 3.6 7.4 9.7 2.3 6.3
1981 7.9 8.3 7.4 3.5 10.6 4.8 8.1 12.9 2.7 9.0
1982 9.4 10.8 8.5 3.5 11.1 6.5 8.6 13.3 3.4 10.4
1983 9.2 11.6 10.4 3.7 11.2 (3)7.9 9.4 (3)13.9 3.5 10.9
1984 7.6 11.3 9.5 3.3 12.4 8.5 9.4 13.9 3.2 11.3
1985 7.4 10.7 8.8 3.1 12.8 8.6 9.4 11.9 2.9 10.6
1986 7.1 9.8 8.7 3.3 12.9 8.1 (3)11.8 13.7 2.7 10.6
1987 6.2 9.3 8.6 3.7 13.4 7.8 12.2 14.2 (3)2.2 9.6
1988 5.6 8.3 7.9 3.2 12.9 7.8 12.3 (3)11.1 1.9 8.2
1989 5.4 7.8 6.8 3.0 12.3 7.2 12.1 10.4 1.7 7.0
1990 (3)5.5 8.1 7.2 2.7 11.7 6.1 10.8 9.3 1.8 6.4
1991 6.4 9.7 9.2 2.4 12.1 (3)7.0 (3)10.4 8.6 2.8 7.4
1992 7.0 10.4 10.0 2.5 (3)12.9 8.4 10.8 7.5 4.5 7.7
1993 6.6 10.6 10.1 3.0 13.8 9.6 (3)14.9 8.0 7.6 8.0
1994 (3)6.0 9.9 9.4 NA 14.5 9.9 15.7 8.4 8.2 7.4
1995 5.6 9.2 8.1 NA 14.1 9.4 16.7 8.6 8.1 6.9
1996 5.4 9.4 8.3 NA 14.7 9.8 16.6 8.0 9.3 6.4
1997 5.0 9.2 8.3 NA 14.5 10.6 16.9 6.9 9.7 6.0
1998 4.6 8.1 7.7 NA 13.9 10.3 16.9 5.2 8.0 5.5
NA = Not available. p = Preliminary.
(1) Data are for February or March. The rates for 1977-80 and 1984-93 are from special surveys taken in
March 1977-80 and February 1984-93. Rates for March 1970-76 are based on the March 1977 adjustment factors;
rates for March 1981-83, on March 1980 and February 1984 adjustment factors. See General Notes on page 2.
(2) Unified Germany for 1991 onward. Prior to 1991, data relate to the former West Germany.
(3) Break in series. See General Notes on pages 2-6.
Table 9. Civilian Unemployment Rates by Age, 1994-1998
Age United United
Group States Canada Australia Japan France Germany Italy Sweden Kingdom
(1) (2) (1)
1994
All working ages 6.1 10.4 9.7 2.9 12.8 8.5 11.3 9.6 9.6
Under 25 years 12.5 16.5 17.3 5.5 29.1 8.5 32.4 23.0 16.2
Teenagers (3) 17.6 18.9 23.0 7.7 36.9 6.0 37.0 25.0 18.6
20-24 years 9.7 15.0 13.8 5.0 27.9 9.4 30.8 22.4 14.9
25 years and over 4.8 9.2 7.6 2.5 10.8 8.5 7.8 7.8 8.3
1995
All working ages 5.6 9.5 8.5 3.2 12.0 8.2 12.0 9.1 8.6
Under 25 years 12.1 15.6 15.4 6.2 27.4 8.4 33.8 19.9 15.3
Teenagers (3) 17.3 18.5 20.6 8.4 30.9 7.0 37.2 21.1 17.3
20-24 years 9.1 13.7 12.0 5.7 26.8 9.0 32.6 19.5 14.2
25 years and over 4.3 8.3 6.6 2.7 10.2 8.2 8.4 7.7 7.3
1996
All working ages 5.4 9.7 8.6 3.4 12.6 8.9 12.1 9.9 8.2
Under 25 years 12.0 16.1 15.7 6.7 27.8 9.4 33.9 21.4 14.7
Teenagers (3) 16.7 20.1 20.8 9.3 32.1 7.7 36.8 22.8 17.8
20-24 years 9.3 13.6 12.3 6.2 27.1 10.1 33.3 21.0 13.0
25 years and over 4.2 8.5 6.7 2.9 10.8 8.9 8.7 8.5 6.9
1997
All working ages 4.9 9.2 8.6 3.4 12.8 9.9 12.3 10.1 7.1
Under 25 years 11.3 16.7 16.3 6.7 29.3 10.5 33.7 21.4 13.5
Teenagers (3) 16.0 21.8 20.6 9.3 33.7 8.7 36.5 24.5 NA
20-24 years 8.5 13.6 13.4 6.2 28.5 11.3 32.8 20.4 NA
25 years and over 3.8 7.8 6.6 3.0 11.0 9.8 9.0 8.7 5.9
1998
All working ages 4.5 8.3 8.0 4.1 12.2 9.4 12.3 8.4 6.1
Under 25 years 10.4 15.2 15.2 7.8 26.5 9.7 33.6 17.2 12.3
Teenagers (3) 14.6 20.0 20.0 10.9 NA 8.3 37.0 21.2 NA
20-24 years 7.9 12.3 11.9 7.2 NA 10.4 32.5 15.9 NA
25 years and over 3.4 7.0 6.2 3.6 10.7 9.4 9.1 7.3 5.0
NA = Not available.
(1) Data are for the Spring.
(2) Unified Germany.
(3) 16-to 19-year-olds in the United States, France, Sweden and the United Kingdom; 15-to 19-year-olds in
Canada, Australia, Japan, and Italy.
Table 10. BLS, OECD, and EUROSTAT Comparative Unemployment Rates, Selected Countries, 1995-1998
OECD SURS
BLS Series and EUROSTAT
Civilian Basis Total Basis Civilian Basis
(1) (2,3)
1995
France 11.8 11.5 11.7
Germany (4) 8.2 8.1 8.2
Italy 12.0 11.9 11.9
Netherlands 7.0 7.0 6.9
Sweden 9.1 9.0 8.8
United Kingdom 8.7 8.6 8.7
1996
France 12.5 12.2 12.4
Germany (4) 8.9 8.8 8.9
Italy 12.1 12.0 12.0
Netherlands 6.4 6.3 6.3
Sweden 9.9 9.8 9.6
United Kingdom 8.2 8.1 8.2
1997
France 12.4 12.2 12.3
Germany (4) 9.9 9.8 9.9
Italy 12.3 12.1 12.1
Netherlands 5.3 5.3 5.2
Sweden 10.1 10.0 9.9
United Kingdom 7.0 7.0 7.0
1998
France 11.7 11.5 11.7
Germany (4) 9.4 9.3 9.4
Italy 12.3 12.2 12.3
Netherlands 4.0 4.0 4.0
Sweden 8.4 8.3 8.3
United Kingdom 6.3 6.3 6.3
(1) Includes armed forces.
(2) Beginning in Autumn 1996, OECD adopted the comparable unemployment rates produced by EUROSTAT
for the European Union countries. OECD has revised their historical series as well to be in accord with
EUROSTAT. The OECD and EUROSTAT rates are now identical.
(3) Excludes conscripts but includes career military.
(4) Unified Germany.
Prepared by:
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Office of Productivity and Technology
October 22, 1999